Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Principles of Immunological Diagnostic Tests for Cancers

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Cancer Immunology

  • 3366 Accesses

Abstract

Many of the immunological methods currently used in laboratory testing for cancer are based on the use of antibodies, including many diagnostic and prognostic tests, as well as some tests intended to inform treatment decisions. Unlocking the genetics of antibodies (Abs) has allowed researchers to manipulate their structure and harness the immense array of possible specificities granted to the immune system by evolution. The platforms that rely on Abs for detection are numerous and include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), flow cytometry, radioimmunoassay (RIA), immunohistochemistry and immunocytochemistry (IHC/ICC), and Ab arrays. Here we will provide a brief background on the ways in which the immunoglobulin protein can be manipulated and used as a tool for the detection of targets of interest. In addition, we will describe the principles behind many of the immunological methods used in testing in patients with cancer.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Ricart AD, Tolcher AW. Technology insight: cytotoxic drug immunoconjugates for cancer therapy. Nat Clin Pract Oncol. 2007;4(4):245–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Sofou S, Sgouros G. Antibody-targeted liposomes in cancer therapy and imaging. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2008;5(2):189–204.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Tanaka K, Fukase K. PET (positron emission tomography) imaging of biomolecules using metal-DOTA complexes: a new collaborative challenge by chemists, biologists, and physicians for future diagnostics and exploration of in vivo dynamics. Org Biomol Chem. 2008;6(5):815–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. van Dongen GA, Visser GW, Lub-de Hooge MN, de Vries EG, Perk LR. Immuno-PET: a navigator in monoclonal antibody development and applications. Oncologist. 2007;12(12):1379–89.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Weber WA, Czernin J, Phelps ME, Herschman HR. Technology insight: novel imaging of molecular targets is an emerging area crucial to the development of targeted drugs. Nat Clin Pract Oncol. 2008;5(1):44–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Cooper HM, Paterson Y. Production of polyclonal antisera. Curr Protoc Mol Biol. 2008. Chapter 11:Unit 11.12.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Mechetner E. Development and characterization of mouse hybridomas. In: Albitar M, editor. Monoclonal antibodies: methods and protocols. Totowa: Humana Press; 2007. p. 1–13.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  8. Zhang ZJ, Albitar M. Monoclonal antibodies. In: Walker JM, Rapley R, editors. Molecular biomethods handbook. 2nd ed. Totowa: Humana Press; 2008. p. 547–61.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  9. Donzeau M, Knappik A. Recombinant monoclonal antibodies. In: Albitar M, editor. Monoclonal antibodies: methods and protocols. Totowa: Humana Press; 2007. p. 15–31.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  10. Haugland RP. Antibody conjugates for cell biology. Curr Protoc Cell Biol. 2001. Chapter 16:Unit 16.5.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Hirsch JD, Haugland RP. Conjugation of antibodies to biotin. Methods Mol Biol. 2005;295:135–54.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Haugland RP, Bhalgat MK. Preparation of avidin conjugates. Methods Mol Biol. 2008;418:1–12.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Bonifacino JS, Dell’Angelica EC, Springer TA. Immunoprecipitation. Curr Protoc Immunol. 2001. Chapter 8:Unit 8.3.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Gallagher S, Winston SE, Fuller SA, Hurrell JG. Immunoblotting and immunodetection. Curr Protoc Mol Biol. 2004. Chapter 10:Unit 10.8.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Zamrazilova L, Kazihnitkova H, Lapcik O, Hill M, Hampl R. A novel radioimmunoassay of 16alpha-hydroxy-dehydroepiandrosterone and its physiological levels. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2007;104(3–5):130–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Yalow RS, Berson SA. Immunoassay of endogenous plasma insulin in man. J Clin Invest. 1960;39:1157–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Hornbeck P. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Curr Protoc Immunol. 2001. Chapter 2:Unit 2.1.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Bulanova E, Budagian V, Duitman E, Orinska Z, Krause H, Ruckert R, et al. Soluble Interleukin IL-15Ralpha is generated by alternative splicing or proteolytic cleavage and forms functional complexes with IL-15. J Biol Chem. 2007;282(18):13167–79.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Kocinsky HS, Girardi AC, Biemesderfer D, Nguyen T, Mentone S, Orlowski J, et al. Use of phospho-specific antibodies to determine the phosphorylation of endogenous Na+/H+ exchanger NHE3 at PKA consensus sites. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2005;289(2):F249–58.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Liang Z, Wong RP, Li LH, Jiang H, Xiao H, Li G. Development of pan-specific antibody against trimethyllysine for protein research. Proteome Sci. 2008;6:2.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Spoettl T, Hausmann M, Klebl F, Dirmeier A, Klump B, Hoffmann J, et al. Serum soluble TNF receptor I and II levels correlate with disease activity in IBD patients. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2007;13(6):727–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Sumbayev VV, Yasinska IM. Protein S-nitrosation in signal transduction: assays for specific qualitative and quantitative analysis. Methods Enzymol. 2008;440:209–19.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Takada K, Nasu H, Hibi N, Tsukada Y, Ohkawa K, Fujimuro M, et al. Immunoassay for the quantification of intracellular multi-ubiquitin chains. Eur J Biochem. 1995;233(1):42–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Hofman F. Immunohistochemistry. Curr Protoc Immunol. 2002. Chapter 21:Unit 21.4.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Polak JM, Van Noorden S. Introduction to immunocytochemistry. 3rd ed. Oxford: BIOS Scientific Publishers Ltd; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Sharrow SO. Overview of flow cytometry. Curr Protoc Immunol. 2002; Chapter 5: Unit 5 1

    Google Scholar 

  27. Darzynkiewicz Z, Huang X. Analysis of cellular DNA content by flow cytometry. Curr Protoc Immunol. 2004. Chapter 5:Unit 5.7.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Donahue AC, Fruman DA. Distinct signaling mechanisms activate the target of rapamycin in response to different B-cell stimuli. Eur J Immunol. 2007;37(10):2923–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Donahue AC, Kharas MG, Fruman DA. Measuring phosphorylated Akt and other phosphoinositide 3-kinase-regulated phosphoproteins in primary lymphocytes. Methods Enzymol. 2007;434:131–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Foster B, Prussin C, Liu F, Whitmire JK, Whitton JL. Detection of intracellular cytokines by flow cytometry. Curr Protoc Immunol. 2007. Chapter 6:Unit 6.24.

    Google Scholar 

  31. June CH, Moore JS. Measurement of intracellular ions by flow cytometry. Curr Protoc Immunol. 2004. Chapter 5:Unit 5.5.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Schulz KR, Danna EA, Krutzik PO, Nolan GP. Single-cell phospho-protein analysis by flow cytometry. Curr Protoc Immunol. 2007. Chapter 8:Unit 8.17.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Irish JM, Czerwinski DK, Nolan GP, Levy R. Kinetics of B cell receptor signaling in human B cell subsets mapped by phosphospecific flow cytometry. J Immunol. 2006;177(3):1581–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Krutzik PO, Nolan GP. Fluorescent cell barcoding in flow cytometry allows high-throughput drug screening and signaling profiling. Nat Methods. 2006;3(5):361–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Jilani I, Kantarjian H, Faraji H, Gorre M, Cortes J, Ottmann O, et al. An immunological method for the detection of BCR-ABL fusion protein and monitoring its activation. Leuk Res. 2008;32(6):936–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Jilani I, Kantarjian H, Gorre M, Cortes J, Ottmann O, Bhalla K, et al. Phosphorylation levels of BCR-ABL, CrkL, AKT and STAT5 in imatinib-resistant chronic myeloid leukemia cells implicate alternative pathway usage as a survival strategy. Leuk Res. 2008;32(4):643–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Kellar KL, Douglass JP. Multiplexed microsphere-based flow cytometric immunoassays for human cytokines. J Immunol Methods. 2003;279(1–2):277–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Gu AD, Xie YB, Mo HY, Jia WH, Li MY, Li M, et al. Antibodies against Epstein-Barr virus gp78 antigen: a novel marker for serological diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma detected by xMAP technology. J Gen Virol. 2008;89(Pt 5):1152–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Borrebaeck CA, Wingren C. High-throughput proteomics using antibody microarrays: an update. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2007;7(5):673–86.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Haab BB. Antibody arrays in cancer research. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2005;4(4):377–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Jaras K, Ressine A, Nilsson E, Malm J, Marko-Varga G, Lilja H, et al. Reverse-phase versus sandwich antibody microarray, technical comparison from a clinical perspective. Anal Chem. 2007;79(15):5817–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Hematology/Oncology Research and Development, Quest Diagnostics-Nichols Institute, 33608 Ortega Highway, San Juan Capistrano, CA, 92675, USA

    Amber C. Donahue PhD & Yen-lin Peng MS

Authors
  1. Amber C. Donahue PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yen-lin Peng MS
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Amber C. Donahue PhD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran, Iran

    Nima Rezaei

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Donahue, A.C., Peng, Yl. (2015). Principles of Immunological Diagnostic Tests for Cancers. In: Rezaei, N. (eds) Cancer Immunology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44006-3_24

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44006-3_24

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-44005-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-44006-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation