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Ocular Infections pp 169–180Cite as

Emergent Ocular Infections

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Part of the book series: Essentials in Ophthalmology ((ESSENTIALS))

Abstract

Arthropod vector-borne diseases are among the most important emergent and resurgent infections. They are transmitted to humans by the bite of mosquito, tick, or other arthropod. Most of them are prevalent in warm regions, but they tend to spread into new regions around the world mainly due to climate changes and globalization. Most human infections are subclinical or manifest as a mild febrile illness, but a severe, potentially lethal systemic involvement can occur. Several emergent infections including West Nile virus infection, dengue fever, Chikungunya, Rift Valley fever, and rickettsioses have been recently associated with an array of ocular manifestations. These include anterior uveitis, retinitis, chorioretinitis, retinal vasculitis, and optic nerve involvement. Diagnosis of any of these infectious diseases is primarily based on epidemiological data, history, systemic symptoms and signs, and the pattern of ocular involvement. The diagnosis is usually confirmed by serology and/or detection of the causative agent.

There is currently no proven specific treatment for arboviral diseases, and therapy is mostly supportive. Doxycycline is the drug of choice in the management of rickettsial disease. Prevention, including public measures to reduce the number of mosquitoes and personal protection, remains the mainstay for arthropod vector disease control.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ophthalmology, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, Monastir, Tunisia

    Moncef Khairallah MD, Salim Ben Yahia MD & Sana Khochtali MD

  2. Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia

    Moncef Khairallah MD, Salim Ben Yahia MD & Sana Khochtali MD

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  1. Moncef Khairallah MD
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  2. Salim Ben Yahia MD
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  3. Sana Khochtali MD
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Correspondence to Moncef Khairallah MD .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ophthalmology, The Eye Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Khalid F. Tabbara

  2. Department of Ophthalmology, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Ahmed M. Abu El-Asrar

  3. Department of Ophthalmology, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, Monastir, Tunisia

    Moncef Khairallah

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Khairallah, M., Yahia, S.B., Khochtali, S. (2014). Emergent Ocular Infections. In: Tabbara, K., El-Asrar, A., Khairallah, M. (eds) Ocular Infections. Essentials in Ophthalmology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-43981-4_15

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