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Handling Societal Complexity pp 491–519Cite as

Policymaking and Summary

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Abstract

In this chapter, Policymaking and Summary, special attention will be given to the problem handling phases 1.1–1.3, the phases of becoming aware of the problem, extending the mental idea, and putting the problem on the political agenda. We address the use of the Theory of Methodology of Societal Complexity in relation with the education of policymakers. In the intertwined and global world of today there are many complex societal problems: worldwide man-made complex problems such as the credit crisis and the climate change; local man-made complex societal problems like traffic, energy, and pollution. Policymakers have the task to handle these problems. However, most policymakers are neither well educated for, nor very capable of or familiar with, handling these problems properly. In everyday life most policymakers tend to make only a shallow analysis of the situation they are confronted with and often only react to the effects of the problem without addressing its causes. To improve this situation policymakers should be more aware of the complexity of the problems they are dealing with and learn to handle them accordingly.

This chapter, Policymaking and Summary, is based on Chap. 10 of DeTombe (1994) and on the articles: OECD (2006) and DeTombe (2010; 2013a).

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Notes

  1. 1.

    See Chap. 10.

  2. 2.

    See Chap. 11.

  3. 3.

    See Chap. 3.

  4. 4.

    See Chaps. 7, 10, and 11.

  5. 5.

    See Sect. 4.3.9.1.

  6. 6.

    See Fig. 4.1.

  7. 7.

    The Netherlands experimented from 2000 on with legalization of prostitution; however this did not stop the trafficking of women. The evaluation of the experiment was not very positive (Dekker et al. 2006). Therefore the law on prostitution became more restricted since 2011. In Thailand there is a huge prostitution industry of very young girls and boys fed by the tourist industry and more or less tolerated by the government (Farr 2005).

  8. 8.

    Men are not excluded from being raped. In the case of raping men the word “abuse” is often used instead of rape.

  9. 9.

    See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanking_Massacre .

  10. 10.

    Wartime rape is not yet recognized worldwide as a complex societal problem. Slowly people are becoming aware of the terrible impact of wartime rape (Mochmann et al. 2010) and are organizing conferences to put the issue on the political agenda. See http://www.prio.no/Events/Event/?oid = 1990254.

  11. 11.

    http://genderbytes.wordpress.com/2011/08/09/documentary-film-on-female-feticide-and-female-infanticide/

    See also documentary of Davis (2012).

  12. 12.

    See Chap. 9.

  13. 13.

    See Chap. 13.

  14. 14.

    See also Chap. 10.

  15. 15.

    Vietnam was a colony of France from 1858 to 1884. Japan occupied Vietnam from 1940 till 1945. Vietnam declared itself independent in 1945. This was the start of the Vietnam wars between France and Vietnam from 1945 to 1954 and between the USA and Vietnam in the period of 1956–1975, mainly because of the threat of the communist northern part of Vietnam.

  16. 16.

    The cold war was between the NATO countries (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) and the USSR from 1947 to 1991.

  17. 17.

    This attack on 11 September 2001 became known as 9/11.

  18. 18.

    The HIV/Aids problem has for a long time been defined as a medical problem. It took about 8 years to recognize this problem as a complex societal problem (see Chap. 8).

  19. 19.

    Like applying chess rules within the chess game (see Chap. 2).

  20. 20.

    The way the credit crisis of 2008 has been handled in the years from 2008 to 2011 is a poignant example of the powerlessness and lack of knowledge of politicians. Regulations introduced by politicians in Europe and the USA to handle the stability of the Euro, the debts of the USA, and the financial crises of Spain, Greece, and Portugal have had no, or too short, or even a contradictory effect on the stability and sustainability of the financial balance for Europe and the USA (New York Times, NRC Handelsblad, Frankfurter Allgemeine, Die Zeit, Le Monde; period 2008–2013; The New York Times 2010, NRC Handelsblad 2008c, Die Zeit 2008, 2012; D’Inka et al. 2008).

  21. 21.

    See Fig. 4.2.

  22. 22.

    See the discussion of the quality of life in Chaps. 9 and 12.

  23. 23.

    See the discussion on chaos theory in Chap. 2 and the discussion of white and blind spots in Chap. 4.

  24. 24.

    See Fig. 7.5.

  25. 25.

    See Chap. 4.

  26. 26.

    This kind of unpredictability is sometimes called deep uncertainty.

  27. 27.

    See also Chap. 3.

  28. 28.

    Among meta-cognitive skills are auto-regulation and auto-control skills.

  29. 29.

    See also Chap. 3.

  30. 30.

    Because the author is one of the creators of the report together with Japanese researchers from the University of Tokyo and the members of the workshop, the author takes the freedom to quote some pages of the “Final Consensus Report” (OECD 2006). From the Science and Technology OECD Report on Global Safety, July 2006, OECD 2006 p. 1, 2, point 2 and 3. http://www.oecd.org/LongAbstract/0,2546,en_2649_34269_37163752_119666_1_1_1,00.html .

  31. 31.

    S & T stands for Science & Technology.

  32. 32.

    The estimated deaths of the regimes of the twentieth century caused by Nazism (1933–1945) by Adolf Hitler are 56 million, among them six million Jews (Robberts 1999, p. 432), by Joseph Stalin (1920–1953) about 50 million, by Mao Zedong about 50 million (1949–1976), by Pol Pot 2 million, about 25 % of the population (1976–1979) (Robberts 1999, p. 613), and by the regimes of North Korea of Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-Il (from 1948 on) 3.5 million deaths; meanwhile, many more people died of famine and abuse as a consequence of the extreme mismanagement by their political leaders (Robberts 1999; Dikötter 2010).

  33. 33.

    This period is known as “Guerra Suci” which means dirty war. More than 10,000 people “disappeared.” In 1988 the Asamblea por los Derechos Humanos (APDH or Assembly for Human Rights) published its findings on the disappearances and deaths and concluded that 12,261 people were killed or disappeared during this Dirty War (from Wikipedia).

  34. 34.

    Genocide.

  35. 35.

    The ideas of Newell and Simon are central in the formation of theories on problem solving in Cognitive Psychology and in Artificial Intelligence. Newell and Simon’s ideas (Newell and Simon 1972) have influenced many researchers. See Chap. 3.

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DeTombe, D. (2015). Policymaking and Summary. In: Handling Societal Complexity. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-43917-3_14

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