Skip to main content

Olefin Polymerization with Non-metallocene Catalysts (Early Transition Metals)

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Organometallic Reactions and Polymerization

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Chemistry ((LNC,volume 85))

Abstract

In this chapter, recent developments of so called non-metallocene early transition metal (group 3–5) complexes as the catalyst precursors for olefin polymerization have been described. These catalysts display unique characterisitics especially for ethylene (co)polymerization, and high isospecificity ([mmmm] > 99.6 %) in propylene polymerization has been achieved in some catalyses. The ligand modification plays an essential key role not only for the catalytic activity, but also for control of tacticity and/or living nature in these catalyses.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Sinn H, Kaminsky W (1980) Adv Organomet Chem 18:99

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Sinn H, Kaminsky W, Vollmer HJ, Woldt R (1980) Angew Chem Int Ed 19:390

    Google Scholar 

  3. Brintzinger HH, Fischer D, Mülhaupt R, Rieger B, Waymouth RM (1995) Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 34:1143

    Google Scholar 

  4. Kaminsky W (1996) Macromol Chem Phys 197:3907

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Kaminsky W, Arndt M (1997) Adv Polym Sci 127:143

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Suhm J, Heinemann J, Wörner C, Müller P, Stricker F, Kressler J, Okuda J, Mülhaupt R (1998) Macromol Symp 129:1

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Gladysz JA (2000) Chem Rev 100:1167

    Google Scholar 

  8. Ittel SD, Johnson LK, Brookhart M (2000) Chem Rev 100:1169

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Alt HG, Köppl A (2000) Chem Rev 100:1205

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Chen EY-X, Marks TJ (2000) Chem Rev 100:1391

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. McKnight AL, Waymouth RM (1998) Chem Rev 98:2587

    Google Scholar 

  12. Braunschweig H, Breitling FM (2006) Coord Chem Rev 250:2691

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Cano J, Kunz K (2007) J Organomet Chem 692:4411

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Stephan DW (2005) Organometallics 24:2548

    Google Scholar 

  15. Nomura K, Liu J, Padmanabhan S, Kitiyanan B (2007) J Mol Catal A 267:1

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Nomura K (2009) Dalton Trans 8811

    Google Scholar 

  17. Nomura K, Liu J (2011) Dalton Trans 40:7666

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Scollard JD, McConville DH (1996) J Am Chem Soc 118:10008

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Scollard JD, McConville DH, Payne NC, Vittal JJ (1996) Macromolecules 29:5241

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Britovsek GJP, Gibson VC, Wass DF (1999) Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 38:428

    Google Scholar 

  21. Gibson VC, Spitzmesser SK (2003) Chem Rev 103:283

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Bolton PD, Mountford P (2005) Adv Synth Catal 347:355

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Nomura K, Zhang S (2011) Chem Rev 111:2342

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Makio H, Terao H, Iwashita A, Fujita T (2011) Chem Rev 111:2363

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Milani B, Claver C (eds) (2009) Dalton Trans 8769

    Google Scholar 

  26. Coates GW, Hustad PD, Reinartz S (2002) Angew Chem Int Ed 41:2236

    Google Scholar 

  27. Domski GJ, Rose JM, Coates GW, Bolig AD, Brookhart M (2007) Prog Polym Sci 32:30

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Sita LR (2009) Angew Chem Int Ed 48:2464

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Baumann R, Davis WM, Schrock RR (1997) J Am Chem Soc 119:3830

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Scollard JD, McConville DH, Rettig SJ (1997) Organometallics 1810:16

    Google Scholar 

  31. Averbuj C, Tish E, Eisen MS (1998) J Am Chem Soc 121:8755

    Google Scholar 

  32. Volkis V, Shmulinson M, Averbuj C, Lisovkii A, Edelmann FT, Eisen MS (1998) Organometallics 17:3155

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Shmulinson M, Galan-Fererea M, Lisovskii A, Nelkenbaum E, Semiat R, Eisen MS (2000) Organometallics 19:1208

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Volkis V, Nelkenbaum E, Lisovskii A, Hasson G, Semiat R, Kapon M, Botoshansky M, Eishen Y, Eisen MS (2003) J Am Chem Soc 125:2179

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Tshuva EY, Goldberg I, Kol M (2000) J Am Chem Soc 122:10706

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Segal S, Goldberg I, Kol M (2005) Organometallics 24:200

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Tshuva EY, Goldberg I, Kol M, Weitman H, Goldchmidt Z (2000) Chem Commun 379

    Google Scholar 

  38. Tshuva EY, Goldberg I, Kol M, Weitman H, Goldchmidt Z (2001) Chem Commun 2120

    Google Scholar 

  39. Tshuva EY, Goldberg I, Kol M, Goldchmidt Z (2001) Organometallics 20:3017

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Tshuva EY, Groysman S, Goldberg I, Kol M, Goldchmidt Z (2002) Organometallics 21:662

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Groysman S, Goldberg I, Kol M, Genizi E, Gildschmidt Z (2003) Organometallics 22:3013

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Gryosman S, Tshuva EY, Goldberg I, Kol M, Goldschmidt Z, Shuster M (2004) Organometallics 23:5291

    Google Scholar 

  43. Press K, Cohen A, Goldberg I, Venditto V, Mazzeo M, Kol M (2011) Angew Chem Int Ed 50:3529

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Matsui S, Mitani M, Saito J, Tohi Y, Makio H, Matsukawa N, Takagi Y, Tsuru K, Nitabaru M, Nakano T, Tanaka H, Kashiwa N, Fujita T (2001) J Am Chem Soc 123:6847

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Matsui S, Fujita T (2001) Catal Today 66:63

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Mitani M, Mohri J, Yoshida Y, Saito J, Ishii S, Tsuru K, Matsui S, Furuyama R, Nakano T, Tanaka H, Kojoh S, Matsugi T, Kashiwa N, Fujita T (2002) J Am Chem Soc 124:3327

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Mitani M, Furuyama R, Mohri J, Saito J, Ishii S, Terao H, Kashiwa N, Fujita T (2002) J Am Chem Soc 124:7888

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Mitani M, Furuyama R, Mohri J, Saito J, Ishii S, Terao H, Nakano T, Tanaka H, Fujita T (2003) J Am Chem Soc 125:4293

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Furuyama R, Mitani M, Mohri J, Mori R, Tanaka H, Fujita T (2005) Macromolecules 38:1546

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Matsugi T, Matsui S, Kojoh S, Takagi Y, Inoue Y, Nakano T, Fujita T, Kashiwa N (2002) Macromolecules 35:4880

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Yoshida Y, Matsui S, Takagi Y, Mitani M, Nakano T, Tanaka H, Kashiwa N, Fujita T (2001) Organometallics 20:4793

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Yoshida Y, Saito J, Mitani M, Takagi Y, Matsui S, Ishii S, Nakano T, Kashiwa N, Fujita T (2002) Chem Commun 1298

    Google Scholar 

  53. Yoshida Y, Mohri J, Ishii S, Mitani M, Saito J, Matsui S, Makio H, Nakano T, Tanaka H, Onda M, Yamamoto Y, Mizuno A, Fujita T (2004) J Am Chem Soc 126:12023

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Arriola DJ, Carnahan EM, Hustad PD, Kuhlman RL, Wenzel TT (2006) Science 312:714

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Boussie TR, Diamond GM, Goh C, Hall KA, LaPointe AM, Leclerc M, Lund C, Murphy V, Shoemaker JAW, Tracht U, Turner H, Zhang J, Uno T, Rosen RK, Stevens JC (2003) J Am Chem Soc 125:4306

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Boussie TR, Diamond GM, Goh C, Hall KA, LaPointe AM, Leclerc M, Murphy V, Shoemaker JAW, Turner H, Rosen RK, Stevens JC, Alfano F, Busico V, Cipullo R, Talarico G (2006) Angew Chem Int Ed 45:3278

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Britovsek GJP, Cohen SA, Gibson VC, Maddox PJ, van Meurs M (2002) Angew Chem Int Ed 41:489

    Google Scholar 

  58. Britovsek GJP, Cohen SA, Gibson VC, Maddox PJ, van Meurs M (2004) J Am Chem Soc 126:10701

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. van Meurs M, Britovsek GJP, Gibson VC, Cohen SA (2005) J Am Chem Soc 127:9913

    Google Scholar 

  60. Mitani M, Nakano T, Fujita T (2003) Chem Eur J 9:2396

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Deckers PJW, Hessen B, Teuben JH (2001) Angew Chem Int Ed 40:2516

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Hu W, Sun X, Wang C, Gao Y, Tang Y, Shi L, Xia W, Sun J, Dai H, Li X, Yao X, Wang X (2004) Organometallics 23:1684

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Wang C, Sun X, Guo Y, Gao Y, Liu B, Ma Z, Xia W, Shi L, Tang Y (2005) Macromol Rapid Commun 26:1609

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Wang C, Ma Z, Sun X, Gao Y, Guo Y, Tang Y, Shi L (2006) Organometallics 25:3259

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Suzuki Y, Kinoshita S, Shibahara A, Ishii S, Kawamura K, Inoue Y, Fujita T (2010) Organometallics 29:2394

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Wang W, Fujiki M, Nomura K (2004) Macromol Rapid Commun 25:504

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Gurubasavaraj PM, Nomura K (2010) Organometallics 29:3500

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Padmanabhan S, Katao S, Nomura K (2007) Organometallics 26:1616

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Capacchione C, Proto A, Ebeling H, Mülhaupt R, Möller K, Spaniol TP, Okuda J (2003) J Am Chem Soc 125:4964

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Beckerle K, Capacchione C, Ebeling H, Manivannan R, Mülhaupt R, Proto A, Spaniol TP, Okuda J (2004) J Organomet Chem 689:4636

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Capacchione C, Manivannan R, Barone M, Beckerle K, Centore R, Oliva L, Proto A, Tuzi A, Spaniol TP, Okuda J (2005) Organometallics 24:2971

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Carrick WL (1958) J Am Chem Soc 80:6455

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Carrick WL, Kluiber RW, Bonner EF, Wartman LH, Rugg FM, Smyth JJ (1960) J Am Chem Soc 82:3883

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Phillips GW, Carrick WL (1962) J Polym Sci 59:401

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Junghanns E, Gumboldt O, Bier G (1962) Makromol Chem 58:18

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Natta G, Mazzanti G, Valvassori A, Sartori G, Fiumani D (1961) J Polym Sci 51:411

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Christman DL, Keim GI (1968) Macromolecules 1:358

    Google Scholar 

  78. Doi Y, Ueki S, Keii T (1978) Macromolecules 12:814

    Google Scholar 

  79. Doi Y, Hizal G, Soga K (1987) Makromol Chem 188:1273

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Doi Y, Koyama T, Soga K (1985) Makromol Chem 186:11

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Natta G, Zambelli A, Lanzi G, Pasquon I, Mognaschi ER, Segre AL, Centola P (1965) Makromol Chem 81:161

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Zambelli A, Pasquon I, Signorini R, Natta G (1968) Makromol Chem 112:160

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Lehr MH (1968) Macromolecules 1:178

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Lehr MH (1969) Macromolecules 2:217

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Gumboldt A, Helberg J, Schleitzer G (1967) Makromol Chem 101:229

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Christman DL (1972) J Polym Sci Part A-1 10:471

    Google Scholar 

  87. For recent reviews (vanadium catalysts), see: Hagen H, Boersma J, van Koten G (2002) Chem Soc Rev 31:357

    Google Scholar 

  88. Gambarotta S (2003) Coord Chem Rev 237:229

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Nomura K (2005) In: Bevy LP (ed) New developments in catalysis research, NOVA Science Publishers, New York, USA, p 199

    Google Scholar 

  90. Redshaw C (2010) Dalton Trans 39:5595

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Feghali K, Harding DJ, Reardon D, Gambarotta S, Yap G, Wang Q (2002) Organometallics 21:968

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Janas Z, Jerzykiewicz LB, Sobota P, Richards RL (1999) Chem Commun 1015

    Google Scholar 

  93. Janas Z, Jerzykiewicz LB, Przybylak S, Richards RL, Sobota P (2000) Organometallics 19:4252

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Janas Z, Wiśniewska D, Jerzykiewicz LB, Sobota P, Drabenta K, Szczegot K (2007) Dalton Trans 2065

    Google Scholar 

  95. Hagen H, Boersma J, Lutz M, Spek AL, van Koten, G (2001) Eur J Inorg Chem 117

    Google Scholar 

  96. Lorber C, Wolff F, Choukroun R, Vendier L (2005) Eur J Inorg Chem 2850

    Google Scholar 

  97. Lorber C (2009) Pure Appl Chem 81:1205

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Golisz SR, Bercaw JE (2009) Macromolecules 42:8751

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Tang L-M, Wu J-Q, Duan Y-Q, Pan L, Li Y-G, Li Y-SJ (2008) Polym Sci Part A Polym Chem 46:2038

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Wu J-Q, Li B-X, Zhang S-W, Li Y-SJ (2010) Polym Sci Part A Polym Chem 48:3062

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Wu J-Q, Pan L, Hu N-H, Li Y-S (2008) Organometallics 27:3840

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Wu J-Q, Pan L, Liu S-R, He L-P, Li Y-S (2009) J Polym Sci Part A Polym Chem 47:3573

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Wu J-Q, Pan L, Li Y-G, Liu S-R, Li Y-S (2009) Organometallics 1817:28

    Google Scholar 

  104. Houghton J, Simonovic S, Whitwood AC, Douthwaite RE, Carabineiro SA, Yuan J-C, Marques MM, Gomes PT (2008) J Organomet Chem 693:717

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Xu B-C, Hu T, Wu J-Q, Hu N-H, Li Y-S (2009) Dalton Trans 8854

    Google Scholar 

  106. Reardon D, Conan F, Gambarotta S, Yap G, Wang Q (1999) J Am Chem Soc 121:9318

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Schmidt R, Welch MB, Knudsen RD, Gottfried S, Alt HG (2004) J Mol Catal A 222:17

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Lang JRV, Denner CE, Alt HG (2010) J Mol Catal A 322:45

    Google Scholar 

  109. Britovsek GJP, Gibson VC, Kimberley BS, Maddox PJ, McTavish SJ, Solan GA, White AJP, Williams DJ (1998) Chem Commun 849

    Google Scholar 

  110. Britovsek GJP, Bruce M, Gibson VC, Kimberely BS, Maddox PJ, Mastroianni S, McTavish SJ, Redshaw C, Solan GA, Stromberg S, White AJD, Williams DJ (1999) J Am Chem Soc 121:8728

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Britovsek GJP, Dorer BA, Gibson VC, Kimberely BS, Solan GA (1999) WO 99/12981

    Google Scholar 

  112. Small BL, Brookhart M, Bennett AMA (1998) J Am Chem Soc 120:4049

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Small BL, Brookhart M (1998) J Am Chem Soc 120:7143

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Small BL, Brookhart M (1999) Macromolecules 32:2120

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Bennett AMA (1998) WO 98/27174

    Google Scholar 

  116. McGuinness DS, Gibson VC, Steed JW (2004) Organometallics 23:6288

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Lorber C, Donnadieu B, Choukroun R (2000) Dalton Trans 4497

    Google Scholar 

  118. Lorber C, Choukroun R, Donnadieu B (2002) Inorg Chem 41:4217 (synthesis)

    Google Scholar 

  119. Desmangles N, Gambarotta S, Bensimon C, Davis S, Zahalka H (1998) J Organomet Chem 562:53

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Cuomo C, Milione A, Grassi A (2006) J Polym Sci Part A Polym Chem 44:3279

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Białek M, Czaja K, Szydło E (2009) J Polym Sci Part A Polym Chem 47:565

    Google Scholar 

  122. Białek M, Czaja K (2008) J Polym Sci Part A Polym Chem 46:6940

    Google Scholar 

  123. Białek M, Czaja K (2008) Polimery 53:364

    Google Scholar 

  124. Devore DD, Lichtenhan JD, Takusagawa F, Maatta E (1987) J Am Chem Soc 109:7408

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Buijink J-KF, Teubin JH, Kooijman H, Spek AL (1994) Organometallics 13:2922

    Google Scholar 

  126. Nomura K, Davis WM, Schrock RR (1996) Inorg Chem 35:3695

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Murphy VJ, Turner H (1997) Organometallics 16:2495

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Yamada J, Nomura K (2005) Organometallics 24:2248

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Nomura K, Onishi Y, Fujiki M, Yamada J (2008) Organometallics 27:3818

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Zhang W, Nomura K (2008) Organometallics 27:6400

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Nomura K, Zhang W (2010) Chem Sci 1:161

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Nomura K, Sagara A, Imanishi Y (2001) Chem Lett 36

    Google Scholar 

  133. Wang W, Yamada J, Fujiki M, Nomura K (2003) Catal Commun 4:159

    Google Scholar 

  134. Nomura K, Sagara A, Imanishi Y (2002) Macromolecules 35:1583

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Wang W, Nomura K (2006) Adv Synth Catal 348:743

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Wang W, Nomura K (2005) Macromolecules 38:5905

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Macchioni A (2005) Chem Rev 105:2039

    Google Scholar 

  138. Li H, Marks TJ (2006) Nuclearity and cooperatively effects in binuclear catalysts and cocatalysts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:15295

    Google Scholar 

  139. Zhang S, Nomura K (2010) J Am Chem Soc 132:4960

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Igarashi A, Zhang S, Nomura K (2012) Organometallics 31:3573

    Google Scholar 

  141. Hayes PG, Piers WE, McDonald R (2002) J Am Chem Soc 124:2133

    Google Scholar 

  142. Bambirra S, Bouwkamp MW, Meetsma A, Hessen B (2004) J Am Chem Soc 126:9182

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Ward BD, Bellemin-Laponnaz S, Gade LH (2005) Angew Chem Int Ed 44:1668

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Luo Y, Baldamus J, Hou Z (2004) J Am Chem Soc 126:13910

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Li X, Baldamus J, Hou Z (2005) Angew Chem Int Ed 44:962

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Cui D, Nishiura M, Hou Z (2005) Macromolecules 38:4089

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Li X, Hou Z (2005) Macromolecules 38:6767

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Ge S, Bambirra S, Meetsma A, Hessen B (2006) Chem Commun 3320

    Google Scholar 

  149. Ge S, Meetsma A, Hessen B (2007) Organometallics 26:5278

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Bambirra S, van Leusen D, Tazelaar CGJ, Meetsma A, Hessen B (2007) Organometallics 1014:26

    Google Scholar 

  151. Tredget CS, Clot E, Mountford P (2008) Organometallics 27:3458

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Zimmermann M, Törnroos KW, Waymouth RM, Anwander R (2008) Organometallics 27:4310

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Jian Z, Cui D (2012) Dalton Trans 41:2367

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Mashima K, Fujikawa S, Tanaka Y, Urata H, Oshiki T, Tanaka E, Nakamura A (1995) Organometallics 14:2633

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Feng S, Roof GR, Chen EYX (2002) Organometallics 21:832

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Jaffart J, Nayral C, Choukroun R, Mathieu R, Etienne M (1998) Eur J Inorg Chem 425

    Google Scholar 

  157. Spannenberg A, Fuhrmann H, Arndt P, Baumann W, Kempe R (1998) Angew Chem Int Ed 37:3363

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Hakala K, Lofgren B (1997) Macromol Chem Rapid Commun 18:635

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Michiue K, Oshiki T, Takai K, Mitani M, Fujita T (2009) Organometallics 28:6450

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. McGuinness DS (2011) Chem Rev 111:2321

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kotohiro Nomura .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Nomura, K., Zhang, W. (2014). Olefin Polymerization with Non-metallocene Catalysts (Early Transition Metals). In: Osakada, K. (eds) Organometallic Reactions and Polymerization. Lecture Notes in Chemistry, vol 85. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-43539-7_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics