Skip to main content

Retinoblastoma: Staging and Grouping

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Clinical Ophthalmic Oncology

Abstract

A commonly used tumor classification is essential in order to plan initial treatment, determine prognosis, assess treatment response, compare outcomes, and plan clinical trials. Berman maintains that for tumor classifications to be successful, they must reflect clinical reality and must be changed as information is accrued. Almost never does the staging of the tumor rest solely with the subspecialty surgeon. It usually results from interaction between pathologists and oncologists. In almost all solid childhood malignancies, except retinoblastoma, survival of the patient is the sole end point against which to assess treatment efficacy and side effects.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 159.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Fleming I. Staging of pediatric cancers: problems in the development of a national system. Semin Surg Oncol. 1992;8(2):94–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Berman JJ. Tumor classification: molecular analysis meets Aristotle. BMC Cancer. 2004;4:10.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Reese A, Ellsworth R. The evaluation and current concept of retinoblastoma therapy. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. 1963;67:164–72.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Ellsworth RM. The practical management of retinoblastoma. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1969;67:462–534.

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Pratt CB, Fontanesi J, Lu X, et al. Proposal for a new staging scheme for intraocular and extraocular retinoblastoma based on an analysis of 103 globes. Oncologist. 1997;2(1):1–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. AJCC. Retinoblastoma. 6th ed. New York: Springer; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Wolff J, Boesel C, Ellsworth R. Extraocular retinoblastoma. Childrens Cancer Study Group Protocol CCSG 962. 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Grabowski E, Abramson DH. Intraocular and extraocular retinoblastoma. Hematol Oncol Clin N Am. 1978;1:721–35.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Stannard C, Sealy R, Hering E, et al. Postenucleation orbits in retinoblastoma: treatment with 125I brachytherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002;54(5):1446–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Kivela T, Kujala E. Prognostication in eye cancer: the latest tumor, node, metastasis classification and beyond. Eye (Lond). 2013;27(2):243–52.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Chantada G, Doz F, Antoneli CB, et al. A proposal for an international retinoblastoma staging system. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2006;47(6):801–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Chantada GL, Sampor C, Bosaleh A, et al. Comparison of staging systems for extraocular retinoblastoma: analysis of 533 patients. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2013;131(9):1127–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Sastre X, Chantada GL, Doz F, et al. Proceedings of the consensus meetings from the International Retinoblastoma Staging Working Group on the pathology guidelines for the examination of enucleated eyes and evaluation of prognostic risk factors in retinoblastoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2009;133(8):1199–202.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. de Graaf P, Goricke S, Rodjan F, et al. Guidelines for imaging retinoblastoma: imaging principles and MRI standardization. Pediatr Radiol. 2012;42(1):2–14.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Murphree AL. The case for a new group classification of intraocular retinoblastoma. Ophthalmol Clin North Am. 2005;18:41–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Novetsky DE, Abramson DH, Kim JW, Dunkel IJ. Published international classification of retinoblastoma (ICRB) definitions contain inconsistencies – an analysis of impact. Ophthalmic Genet. 2009;30(1):40–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Guillermo L. Chantada MD, PhD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Murphree, A.L., Chantada, G.L. (2015). Retinoblastoma: Staging and Grouping. In: Singh, A., Murphree, A., Damato, B. (eds) Clinical Ophthalmic Oncology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-43451-2_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-43451-2_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-43450-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-43451-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics