Zusammenfassung
Seit Entdeckung des Erregers der Cryptococcose durch Busse (24, 25, 26) und Buschke (23) vor rund 65 Jahren (7) ist diese weltweit verbreitete, durch einen Sproßpilz verursachte Krankheit annähernd 500mal beim Menschen nachgewiesen worden [vgl. (37, 42, 66, 111 u. a.)], sporadisch und epizootisch ferner beim Milchvieh sowie vereinzelt beim Affen, Schwein, Pferd, Hund, Katze, Meerschweinchen und bei anderen Tierarten [Zusammenfassung s. (61, 111)].
Aus dem Hygiene-Institut der Rheinischen Friedrich Wilhelms-Universität Bonn/Rh. (Direktor: Prof. Dr. Dr. H. Eyer).
Herrn Prof. Dr. E. Rodenwaldt zum 80. Geburtstag gewidmet.
Ein Teil der experimentellen Untersuchungen wurde mit Mitteln der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft durchgeführt.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Literatur
Ajello, L., V. Q. Grant, and M. A. Gutske: The effect of tubercle bacillus concentration procedures on fungi causing pulmonary mycosis. J. Lab. clin. Med. 38, 486–491 (1951).
Ajello, L., V. Q. Grant, and M. A. Gutske: Soil as a natural reservoir for human pathogenic fungi. Science 123, 876–879 (1956).
Ajello, L., Occurrence of Cryptococcus neoformans in soils. Amer. J. Hyg. 67, 72–77 (1958).
Ajello, L., V. Q. Grant and M. A. Gutske: Use of mineral oil in the maintenance of cultures of fungi pathogenic for humans Arch. Derm. Syph. (Chicago) 63, 747–749 (1951).
Arzt, L.: Zur Klinik und Pathologie der SproBpilzerkrankungen. Arch. Derm. Syph. (Berl.) 145, 311–312 (1924).
Asohner, M., J. Mager and J. Leibowitz: Production of extracellular starch in cultures of capsulated yeasts. Nature (Lond.) 156, 295 (1945).
Asohner, M., and A. Cury: Starch production in the genus Trichosporon. J. Bact. 62, 350–352 (1952).
Ashbel, R., and A. Dolb: 60 years discovery of C. neoformans (Sanfelice) Vuillemin (Torula histolytica). Harefuah, 49, 108–113 (1955).
Ashner, M., and D. Godinger: An ecological study of yeasts of the genus Cryptococcus. Harefuah 49, 107–108 (1955).
Bauer, H: Mikroskopisch-chemischer Nachweis von Glykogen und einigen anderen Polysacchariden. Z. mikr -anat. Forsch. 33, 143–160 (1933).
Benham, RH.: Cryptococci–their identification by morphology and serology. J. infect. Dis. 57, 255–274 (1937).
Benham, RH.: Cryptococcosis and blastomycosis. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 50, 1199–1214 (1955).
Benham, RH.: The genus Cryptococcus: the present status and criteria for the identification of species. Trans. N.Y. Acad. Sci., Ser. II, 17, 418–429 (1955).
Benham, RH.: The genus Cryptococcus. Beet. Rev. 20, 189–196 (1956).
Benham, RH.: Cryptococcus neoformans: An ascomycete. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N. Y.) 89, 243–245 (1955).
Beijerinck, M. W.: L’auxanographie, ou la méthode de l’hydrodiffusion dans la gelatine appliquée aux recherches microbiologiques. Arch. néerl. Sci. 23, 367–372 (1889).
Bieberdorf, F. W.: A study of the growth response of some fungi to various concentrations of isonicotinic acid hydrazide. Antibiot. and Chemother. (Basel) 3, 513–520 (1953).
Bocobo, F. C., A. C. Curtis, W. D. Block, E. R. Harrell, E. E. Evans, and R. F. Haines: Evaluation of nitrostyrenes as antifungal agents. Antibiot. and Chemother. (Basel) 6, 385–390 (1956).
Brian, P. W., and J. C. McGowan: Viridin: a highly fungistatic substance produced by Trichoderma viride. Nature (Lond.) 156, 144–145 (1945).
Brockmann, D. D.: The in vitro effect of atabrine on Cryptococcus neoformans. Amer. J. trop. Med. 28, 295–297 (1948).
Brown, R., and E. Hazen: Nystatin and actidione: Two antifungal agents produced by Streptomyces noursei. In Sternberg and Newcomer, Therapy of fungus diseases, p. 164–167. Boston and Toronto: Little, Brown & Comp. 1955.
Buell, C. B., and W. H. Weston: Application of the mineral oil conservation method to maintaining collection of fungus cultures. Amer. J. Bot. 34, 555–561 (1947).
Burke, R. D., J. H. Swartz, S. S. Chapman, and W. Y. Huang: Mycoticin, a new anti-fungal antibiotic. J. invest. Derm. 23, 163–168 (1957).
Buschke, A.: Über eine durch Coccidien hervorgerufene Krankheit des Menschen. Dtsch. med. Wschr. 1895, 14.
Busse, O.: Über parasitäre Zelleinschlüsse und ihre Züchtung. Zbl. Bakt., I. Abt. Orig. 16, 175–180 (1894).
Busse, O.: Über Saccharomycosis hominis. Virchows Arch. path. Anat. 140, 23–46 (1895).
Busse, O.: Experimentelle Untersuchungen über Saccharomycosis. Virchows Arch. path. Anat. 144, 360–372 (1896).
Caldwell, D. C., and S. S. Raphael: A case of cryptococcal meningitis. J. clin. Path. 8, 32–37 (1955).
Carson, L. E., and C. C. Campbell: The inhibition effect of three antihistaminic compounds on the growth of fungi pathogenic for man. Science 111, 689–691 (1950).
Carter, A. S., and J. L. Young: Note on the isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans from a sample of milk J Path. Beet. 62, 271 (1950).
Carvajal, F.: Fluvomycin: an antibiotic effective against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Antibiot. and Chemother. (Basel) 3, 765–772 (1953).
Carton, C. A.: Treatment of central nervous system cryptococcosis; a review and report of four cases treated with actidione. Ann. intern. Med. 37, 123–154 (1952).
Carton, C. A., and CH. S. Liebig: Treatment of central nervous system cryptococcosis; laboratory studies. Arch. intern. Med. 91, 773–783 (1953).
Christensen, W. B.: Urea decomposition as a means of differentiating Proteus and Paracolon cultures from each other and from Salmonella and Shigella types. J. Bact. 52, 461–466 (1946).
Christison, J. G., N. F. Conant, and C. K. Bradsher: The sensitivity of Histoplasma capsulatum to rhodanine and related compounds. In Sternberg and Newcomer, Therapy of fungus diseases, p. 268–278. Boston and Toronto: Little, Brown & Comp. 1955.
Ciferri, R.: Studi sulli torulopsidaceae. Atti Ist. Bot. Univ. Pisa, Ser. Iii 2, 147–301 (1925).
Ciferri, R.: A neglected definition of the genus Cryptococcus made by Rivolta (1873). Mycopathologia (Den Haag) 6, 135–136 (1951).
Conant, N. F., D. T. Smith, R. D. Baker, J. L. Callaway, and D. ST. Martin: Manual of clinical mycology, 2. edit. Philadelphia and London: W. B. Saunders Company 1954.
Connell, G. H., and C. E. Skinner: The origin of some species of the genus Candida in non-pseudomycelium-producing anaskosporogenous yeasts. Mycopathologia (Den Haag) 6, 65–71 (1951).
Connell, G. H., and C. E. Skinner: The external surface of the human body as a habitat for nonfermenting non-pigmented yeasts. J. Bact. 66, 627–633 (1953).
Connell, G. H., C. E. Skinner, and R. C. Hurd: Lipomyces starkeyi on the skin surface of the human body. Mycologia (N. Y.) 46, 12–15 (1954).
Costantin, M. J.: Sur les levures des animaux. Soc. Mycol. France 17, 145–148 (1901).
Cox, L. B., and J. C. Tolhurst: Human Torulosis, p. 149. Melbourne: University Press 1946.
Crone, J. T., A. F. de Groat and J. G. Wahlin: Torula infection. Amer. J. Path. 13, 863–879 (1937).
Ciirtis, A. C., F. C. Boeobo, E. R. Harrell, and W. D. Block: Further studies on antifungal activity on some cinnamic acid derivatives and nitrostyrenes. Arch. Derm. Syph. (Chicago) 70, 786–798 (1954).
Danowski, T. S., and M. Tager: Thiourea and the inhibition of growth by fungi. J. infect. Dis. 82, 119–125 (1948).
Beurmann, L. DE, R. GouGerot: Les exascoses, endomycoses et parendomycoses (Muguet), saccharomycoses (mycose de Busse-Buschge) et parasaccharomycosezymonématoses (mycose Gilchrist). R.vision et démembrement de l’ancien groupe des blastomycoses. Trib. méd. Paris 42, 501–505, 517–524 (1909).
Diddens, H. A., u. J. Lodder: Die anaskosporogenen Hefen, 2. Hälfte. Amsterdam: Noord-Hollandsche Uitgevers Mantschappij 1942.
Dimenna, M. E.: Cryptococcus terreus n. sp., from soil in New Zealand J gen. Microbiol. 11, 195–197 (1954).
Dodge, C. W.: Medical mycology. St. Louis: C. V. Mosby Comp. 1935.
Drake, C. H.: Antigenicity of Cryptococcus neoformans. Soc. Amer. Bact., Proc. 1948, p. 57.
Drouhet, E., et G. Segretain: Sur l’action de la lactoflavine â l’égard de Torulopsis histolytica (T. neoformans) et d’autres champignons pathogènes. C. R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 142, 316–318 (1948).
Drouhet, E., et G. Segretain: Action de hyaluronidase sur la capsule de Torula histolytica. C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 228, 424–425 (1949).
Drouhet, E., et G. Segretain: Biologie et pouvoir pathogène de torulopsis neoformans (Torula histolytica). Rev. Path. comp. 50, 37–43 (1950).
Drouhet, E., G. Segretain, et J. P. Aubert: Polyoside capsulaire d’un champignon pathogène Torulopsis neoformans. Relation avec la virulence. Ann. Inst. Pasteur 79, 891–900 (1950).
Drouhet, E., et M. Couteau: Sur les variations sectorielles des colonies de Torulopsis neoformans. Ann. Inst. Pasteur 80, 456–457 (1951).
Drouhet, E., et G. Segretain: Actions réciproques entre phagocytes et Torulopsis neoformans. Bull. sci. roum. Sect. Sci. méd. 1, 40–44 (1952).
Einbinder, J. M., RH. W. Benham, and C. T. Nelson: Chemical analysis of the capsular substance of Cryptococcus neoformans. J. invest. Derm. 22, 279–283 (1954).
Emmons, Ch.: In Henrici, Molds, yeasts and actinomycetes, 2. edit. New York and London: John Wiley & Sons 1947.
Emmons, Ch.: The natural occurrence in animals and soil of fungi which cause disease in man. Proc. 7. Int. Bot. Congr., Stockholm 1950, p. 416–421.
Emmons, Ch.: Isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans from soil. Bact. Proc. 2, 113 (1951).
Emmons, Ch.: Isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans from soil. J. Bact. 62, 685–690 (1951).
Emmons, Ch.: Cryptococcus neoformans strains from severe outbreak of bovine mastitis. Mycopathologia (Den Haag) 6, 231–234 (1952).
Emmons, Ch.: The significance of saprophytism in the epidemiology of the mycoses. Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Ser. II 17, 157–166 (1954).
Emmons, Ch.: Saprophytic sources of Cryptococcus neoformans associated with the pidgeon (Columbia livia). Amer. J. Hyg. 62, 227–232 (1955).
Evans, E. E.: An immunologic comparison of twelve strains of Cryptococcus neoformans (Torula histolytica). Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N. Y.) 71, 644–646 (1949).
Evans, E. E.: The antigenic composition of Cryptococcus neoformans. I. A serologic classification by means of the capsular and agglutination reactions. J. Immunol. 64, 423–430 (1950).
Evans, E. E., and J. W. Mehl: A qualitative analysis of capsular polysaccharides from Cryptococcus neoformans by filter paper chromatography. Science 114, 10–11 (1951).
Evans, E. E., and J. F. Kessel: The antigenic composition of Cryptococcus neoformans. II. Serologic studies with the capsular polysaccharides. J. Immunol. 67, 109–114 (1951).
Evans, E. E., and E. R. Harrell jr.: Cryptococcosis (Torulosis): A review of recent cases. Univ. Mich. med. Bull. 18, 43–63 (1952).
Evans, E. E., and R. J. Theriault: The antigenic composition of Cryptococcus neoformans IV. The use of paper chromatography for following purification of the capsular polysaccharide. J. Bact. 65, 571–577 (1953).
Evans, E. E., L. J. Sorensen and K. W. Walls: The antigenic composition of Cryptococcus neoformans. V. A survey of cross-reactions among strains of Cryptococcus and other antigens. J. Bact. 66, 287–293 (1953).
Evans, E. E., and R. F Haines: The agglutination of ion exchange resin particles coated with polysaccharide. J. Bact. 68, 130–131 (1.954).
Evans, E. E., H. P R Seeliger, L. Kornfeld and C. Garcia: Failure to demonstrate capsular swelling in Cryptococcus neoformans. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N. Y.) 93, 257–260 (1956).
Fischer, J B, and N. A. Labzoffsky: Preparation of complement fixing antigen from C. neoformans. C.nad. J. Microbiol. 1, 451–454 (1955).
Fisher, A. M.: The clinical picture associated with infections due to Cryptococcus neoformans (Torula histolytica). Report of three cases with some experimental studies. Bull. John Hopk. Hosp. 86, 383–414 (1950).
Florestano, H. J., and M. E. Bahler: Antifungal properties of the polymyxins. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N. Y.) 79, 141–143 (1952).
Foley, G. E., and L. L. Uzman: Studies on the biology of Cryptococcus. IV. Isolation of a highly polymerized polysaccharide from encapsulated strains. J. infect. Dis. 90, 38–43 (1952).
Freeman, W.: Torula meningo-encephalitis; comparative histopathology in seventeen cases. Trans. Amer. neurol. Ass. 203–217 (1930).
Giordano, A.: Studia micologica de Debaryomyces neoformans (Sanfelice) Redaelli, Ciferri et Giordano e significata della specie nella patologia animale. Mycopathologia (Den Haag) 1, 274–304 (1939).
Gold, W., H. A. Stout, J. F. Pagano, and R. Donovick: Amphothericins A and B; antifungal antibiotics produced by a streptomycete. Antibiot. Ann 1955/56, 576–586.
Gonzalez-Ochoa, A., L. F. Bojalil-Jaser y R. Soto Pacheco: Acciòn estimulante de las sulfonamidas–cobre y de la penicillina sobre el desarrollo de Cryptococcus neoformans y Sporotrichum schenckii, respectivamente. Rev. Soc. Mex. Hist. Nat. 11, 35–41 (1950).
Gonzalez-Ochoa, A., L. F. Bojalil-Jaber y R. Soto Pacheco: Actividades „in vitro“ de complejos sulfa-cotre sobre algunos hongos pathogénos. Rev. Inst. Salubr. Enferm. trop. (Méx.) 11, 79–91 (1950).
Gottlieb, D.: Filipin, an antibiotic inhibiting fungi. In Sternberg and Newcomer, Therapy of fungus diseases, p. 142–146. Boston and Toronto: Little, Brown & Comp. 1955.
Granits-Thurner, J., u. H. Schirmer: Über die Wirkung von Zimtsäurederivaten auf hautpathogene Pilze. Mykosen 1, 60–63 (1957).
Gridley, R. G.: A stain for fungi in tissue sections. Amer. J. clin. Path. 23, 303–307 (1953).
Grocott, R. G.: A stain for fungi in tissue sections and smears using Gomori’s methenamin-silver nitrate technic. Amer. J. clin. Path. 25, 975–979 (1955).
Grunberg, E., and R. J. Schnitzer: A chemotherapeutic study of antimonials in the experimental infection of mice with Cryptococcus neoformans. Yale J. Biol. Med. 26, 132–138 (1953).
Haskins, R. H., and J. A. Thorn: Biochemistry of the ustilaginales. Vii. Antibiotic activity of ustilagic acid. Canad. J. Bot. 29, 585–592 (1951).
Hazen, E. L., and R. Brown: Fungicidin, an antibiotic produced by a soil actinomycete. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 76, 93–97 (1951).
Hehre, E. J., A. S Carlson, and D. M. Hamilton: Crystalline amylose from cultures of a pathogenic yeast (Torula histolytica). J. biol. Chem. 177, 289–293 (1949).
Hickey, R. J., C. J. Corum, P. H. Hidy, J. R. Cohen, U. F. B. Nager, and E. Kropp: Ascosin, an antifungal antibiotic produced by a streptomycete. Antibiot. and Chemother. (Basel) 2, 472–483 (1952).
Hirth, L., et E. Drouret: Inhibition du virus de la mosaïque du tabac par le polyoside capsulaire de Torulopsis neoformans. Ann Inst. Pasteur 84, 437–440 (1953).
Hobby, G. L., P. P. Regna, N. Dougherty and W. E. Stieg: The antifungal activity of antibiotic XG. J. clin. Invest. 28, 927–933 (1949).
Hoff, C. L.: Immunity studies of Cryptococcus hominis (Torula histolytica) in mice. J. Lab. clin. Med. 27, 751–754 (1942).
Hoffmeister, W.: Die Torulopsis neoformans-Infektion. Klin Wschr. 1951, 301–307.
Hotchkiss, R. D.: A microchemical reaction resulting in the staining of polysaccharide structures in fixed tissue preparations. Arch. Biochem. 16, 131–141 (1948).
Johnson, C. W., J. W. Joyner and R. P. Perry: The inhibitory effect of 4 thiosemicarbazones on Cryptococcus neoformans. Antibiot. and Chemother. (Basel) 2 636–638 (1952).
Johnson, C. W., E. A., and K. L. Burdon: Eumycin - a new antibiotic active against pathogenic fungi and higher bacteria, including bacilli of tuberculosis and diphtheria. J. Bact. 51, 591 (1946).
Kaufmann, W.: Die seroiogische Differenzierung von Torulopsis neoformans und Torulopsis albida mittels der Präzipitation und Agglutination. Zbl. Bakt., II. Abt. 106, 434–437 (1944/45).
Keeney, E. L., L. Ajello and E. Lankford: Studies on common pathogenic fungi and on Actinomyces bovis. II. In vitro effect of sulfonamides. Bull. Johns Hopk. Hosp. 75, 393–409 (1944).
Kligman, A. M.: Studies of the capsular substance of Torula histolytica and the immunologic properties of Torula cells. J. Immunol. 57, 395–401 (1947).
Kligman, A. M., and F. D. Weidman: Experimental studies on treatment of human torulosis. Arch. Derm. Syph. (Chicago) 60, 726–741 (1949).
Kligman, A. M., and E. D. DE Lamater: The immunology of the human mycoses. Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 1950, 283–312.
Kligman, A. M., H. Mescon and E. D. DE Lamater: Hotchkiss-McManus-Stain for histopathologic diagnosis of fungus diseases. Amer. J. clin. Path. 21, 86–91 (1951).
Kligman, A. M., A. P. Crane and R. F. Norris: Effect of temperature on survival of chick embryos infected intravenously with Cryptococcus neoformans (Torula histolytica). Amer. J. med. Sci. 221, 273–278 (1951).
Kligman, A. M., and F. S. Lewis: In vitro and in vivo activity of candicidin on pathogenic fungi. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 82, 399–404 (1953).
Koch, H.: Experimentelle Untersuchungen über den Einfluß neuerer Sulfonamide auf hautpathogene und andere Pilze. Arch. klin. exp. Derm. 205, 1–21 (1957).
Königsbauer, H.: Experimenteller Beitrag zur Behandlung der Torulose mit D 25 (2,2-Dioxy-5,5-dichlordiphenylsulfid). Zbl. Bakt., I. Abt. Orig. 164, 466–471 (1955).
Kuhn, L. R.: Growth and viability of Cryptococcus hominis at mouse and rabbit body temperatures. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 41, 573–574 (1939).
Kuhn, L. R.: Effect of elevated body temperatures on cryptococcosis in mice. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 71, 341–343 (1949).
Landy, M., S. B. Rosenman, and G. H. Warren: An antibiotic from Bacillus subtilis active against pathogenic fungi. J. Bact. 54, 24 (1947).
Langeron, M.: Précis de mycologie. Paris: Marion 1945.
Larsh, H. W., ST. L. Silberg, and A. Hinton: Use of the tissue culture method in evaluating antifungal agents. Antibiot. Ann. 1956/57, 918–922.
Larsh, H. W., A. Hinton and ST. L. Silberg: The use of the tissue culture method in evaluating antifungal agents against systemic fungi. Antibiot. Ann. 1957/58, 988–991.
Littman, M. L., and L. E. Zimmerman: Cryptococcosis. New York and London: Grune & Stratton 1956.
Littman, M. L.: An improved method for detection of urea hydrolysis by fungi. J. infect. Dis. 101, 51–61 (1957).
Littman, M. L.: Antimycotic effect of chorquinaldol. Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 18, 161–177 (1955).
Lodder, J.: Die anaskosporogenen Hefen, 1. Hälfte. Verh. Kon. Akad. Wet., Amsterdam Afd. Naturk. 32, 1–256 (1934).
Lodder, J.: Torulopsis or Cryptococcus. Mycopathologia (Den Haag) 1, 62–67 (1938).
Lodder, J., and A. DE Minjer: On the biology of the pathogenic Torulopsidoideae. In W. J. Nickerson, Biology of pathogenic fungi. Waltham, Mass.: Chronica Botanica 1947.
Lodder, J., and N. J. Kreger-Van Rij: The yeasts. A taxonomic study, 1, ed., p. 713. Amsterdam: North Holland Publ. Comp. 1952.
Ludwig, K. A., F. Y. Murray, J. K. Smith, C. R. Thompson and H. W. Werner: Laboratory studies on β-di-ethyleminoethylfencholate, a new antifungal agent. Antibiot. and Chemother. (Basel) 4, 56–61 (1954).
Mager, J., and M. Aschner: Starch reaction as aid in identification of causative agent of European Blastomycosis. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 62, 71–72.
Mager, J., and M. Aschner: Biological studies on capsulated yeasts. J. Bact. 53, 283–295 (1947).
McManus, J. F. A.: Histological and histochemical uses of periodic acid. Stain Technol. 23, 99–108 (1948).
Mezey, C. M., and R. Fowler: Cerebrospinal cryptococcosis. J. Amer. med. Ass. 132, 632–634 (1946).
Miller, J M, E B. Schoenbach, P. II. Long, J. S. Schuttlework, and G. E. Snider: Treatment of infections due to Cryptococcus neoformans with stilbamidine, antibiotics and chemotherapy. Antibiot. and Chemother. (Basel) 2, 444–446 (1952).
Molnar, J.: Über die dichroitische Färbung der Kapsel des Cryptococcus neoformans Schweiz. Z. Path. 19, 82–87 (1956).
Molnar, J.: Meningo-encephalitis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans. Acta morph. Acad. Sei. hung. 6, 233–239 (1955).
Mosberg jr., W. H., and J. A. Alvarez-DE Choudens: Torulosis of the central nervous System. Lancet 1951 I, 1259–1260.
Mosberg jr., W. H., and J. C. Arnold jr.: Torulosis of the central nervous system. Ann. intern. Med. 32, 1153–1183 (1950).
Negroni, P., y C. Briz DE Negroni: Estudios sobre el Cryptococcus neoformans (Sanfelice). II. Aspecto micromorfologico y citologia. Ann. Soc. Ci. argent. 151, 71–76 (1951).
Negroni, P., y C. A. Lanata: Estudios sobre el Cryptococcus neoformans (Sanfelice). Iii. La formation capsular. Ann. Soc. Ci. argent. 113, 200–211 (1952).
Neill, J. M., C. G. Castillo, R. H. Smith, and CH. E. Kapros: Capsular reactions and soluble antigens of Torula histolytica and of Sporotrichum schenckii. J. exp. Med. 89, 93–106 (1949).
Neill, J. M., and CH. E. Kapros: Serological tests on soluble antigens from mice infected with Cryptococcus neoformans and Sporotrichum schenckii. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N. Y.) 73, 557–559 (1950).
Neill, J. M., I. Abrahams, and CH. E. Kapros: A comparison of the immunogenicity of weekly encpasulated and strongly encapsulated strains of Cryptococcus neoformans. J. Bact. 59, 263–275 (1950).
Neill, J. M., J. V. SuGG and D. W. McCauley: Serologically reactive material in spinal fluid, blood and urine from a human case of cryptococcosis (torulosis). Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N. Y.) 77, 775–778 (1951).
Nickerson, W. J.: Studies on film forming yeasts. Mycologia (N. Y.) 36, 224–233 (1944).
Nino, F. A.: Contribución al estudio de las blastomicosis en la republica argentina: Cap. V. Granuloma criptococcico. Bol. Inst. Clin. quir. Univ. B. Aires 14, 656–755 (1938).
Petru, M., u. M. Vojtéchovseal: Zur Frage der sog. Vaginal-Kryptokokken. Zbl. Bakt. I. Abt. Orig. 166, 218–224 (1956).
Pounder, W. D., J. M. Amberson and R. F. Jaeger: A severe mastitis problem associated with Cryptococcus neoformans in a large dairy herd. Amer. J. vet. Res. 13, 121–128 (1957).
Raper, K. B., and D. F. Alexander: Preservation of molds by the lyophil process. Micologia (N. Y.) 37, 499–525 (1945).
Rappaport, B. Z., and B. Kaplan: Generalized Torula mycosis. Arch. Path. (Chicago) 1, 720–741 (1926).
Ratcliffe, H. E., and W. R. Cook: Cryptococcosis; review of the literature and report of a case with initial pulmonary findings. U.S. armed Forces med. J. 1, 957–969 (1950).
Redaelli, P.: Il problema della Torulopsidaceae e dei loro rapporti con l’uomo e con la pathologica umana studiato particolarmente in Italia. Vi. biol. 13, 171–235 (1931)
Redaelli, P., R. Ciferri e A. Giordano: Debaryomyces neoformans (Sanfelice) nobis, n. comb., pour les espèces de la groupe Saccharomyces hominis — Cryptococcus neoformans — Torula histolytica. Soz. internaz. Microbiol. Boll. sez. ital. 9, 24–28 (1937).
Reid, J. D.: The influence of Vitamin B complex on the growth of Torulopsis (Cryptococcus) neoformans on a synthetic medium. J. Bact. 58, 777–782 (1949).
Reilly, H. C., A. Schatz and S. A. Waksman: Antifungal properties of antibiotic substances. J. Bact. 49, 585–594 (1945).
Ribi, E., S. B. Salvin and W. R. Brown: Antigens from the yeast phase of Histoplasma capsulatum. I. Morphology of the cell as revealed by the electron microscope. Exp. Cell Res. 10, 394–404 (1956).
Rinehart, J. F., and S. K. Abdul-Haj: An improved method for histologic demonstration of acid mucopolysaccharides. Arch. Path. (Chicago) 52, 189–194 (1951).
Roberts, C.: Observations on the yeast Lipomyces. Nature (Lond.) 179, 1198–1199 (1957).
Salvin, S. B.: Quantitative studies as the serologic relationships of fungi. J. Immunol. 65, 617–626 (1950).
Salvin, S. B.: Endotoxins in pathogenic fungi. J. Immunol. 69, 89–99 (1952).
Sanfelice, F.: Über eine für Tiere pathogene SproBpilzart und über die morphologische Übereinstimmung, welche sie bei ihrem Vorkommen in den Geweben mit den vermeintlichen Krebscoccidien zeigt. Zbl. Bakt., I. Abt. Orig. 17, 113–118 (1895).
Sanfelice, F.: Über einen neuen pathogenen Blastomyceten, welcher innerhalb der Gewebe unter Bildung kalkartig aussehender Massen degeneriert. Zbl. Bakt., I. Abt. Orig. 18, 521–526 (1895).
Sanfelice, F.: Sulla azione patogena dei blastomiceti. Ann. Ist. Ig. Univ. Roma 5, 239–262 (1895).
Sasakawa, M.: Zur Systematik pathogener und parasitischer Hefen. Morphologisch-biochemische Studie. Zbl. Bakt., I. Orig. 88, 269–285 (1922).
Scherr, G. H., and R. H. Weaver: The dimorphism phenomenon in yeasts. Bact. Rev. 17, 51–92 (1933).
Schmidt, E. G., J. A. Alvarez-Dechoudens, N. F. McElvain, J. Beardsley and S. A. A. Tawab: A microbiological study of Cryptococcus neoformans. Arch. Biochem. 26, 15–24 (1950).
Schmidt, W. J.: Dichroitische Färbung tierischer und pflanzlicher Gewebe. In Handbuch der biologischen Arbeitsmethoden, Abt. V, 2/2, S. 1835. Wien: Urban & Schwarzenberg 1932.
Seeliger, H. P. R.: Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur mykologischen Serodiagnostik. Habil.-Schrift Bonn 1954.
Seeliger, H. P. R.: Zur Anwendungsmöglichkeit der Präzipitation im Agar-Gel bei der 0-Antigenanalyse von Bakterien und Pilzen. Z. Hyg. Infekt.-Kr. 141, 110–121 (1955).
Seeliger, H. P. R.: Ein neues Medium zur Pseudomyzelbildung von Candida albicans. Z. Hyg. Infekt.-Kr. 141, 488–494 (1955).
Seeliger, H. P. R.: Lungenmykosen und ihre Immunbiologie. Med. Wschr. 1954, 692–698.
Seeliger, H. P. R.: Mykologie und Serologie der Pneumomykosen. Tuberk.-Arzt 9, 451–463 (1955).
Seeliger, H. P. R.: Use of a urease test for the screening and identification of Cryptococci. J. Bact. 72, 127–131 (1956).
Seeliger, H. P. R.: Pilzbefall und Mykosen des Menschen. Röntgen-u. Lab.-Prax. 9, 192–203, 221–233 (1956).
Seeliger, H. P. R.: Mykologische Serodiagnostik. Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth 1958.
Seeliger, H. P. R., u. P. Crist: Zur Schnelldiagnose der Cryptococcus-Meningitis mittels der Liquorpräzipitation. Mykosen 1, 88–92 (1958).
Seeliger, H. P. R.: Über die pilzhemmende Wirkung eines neuen Benzimidazolderivats. Mykosen 1, 162–171 (1958).
Seeliger, H. P. R.: Cryptococcose (Torulose). Mitt. der Schering-Werke 19 (1958).
Seeliger, H. P. R.: Unveröffentlichte Untersuchungen, 1953–1957.
Segretanv, G., et E. Drouhet: L’action de la streptomycine sur Torulopsis histolytica (T. neoformans) in vitro et in vivo. C. R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 142, 319–320 (1948).
Segretanv, G., E. Drouhet, et F. Mariat: Essai de mise en évidence à l’état frais de la capsule d’une levure pathogène. Bull. Microscop. appl., Sér. II 2, 17–18 (1952).
Seneca, H., J. H. Kane and J. Rockenbach: Bactericidal, protozoicidal and fungicidal properties of thiolutin. Antibiot. and Chemother. (Basel) 2, 357–360 (1952).
Sheppe, W. M.: Torula infection in man. Amer. J. med. Sci. 167, 91–108 (1924).
Shimwell, J. L.: A simple staining method for the detection of askospores in yeasts. J. Inst. Brewing 35, 474 (1938).
Siegel, M.: Fungistatic activity of methylparaben and propylparaben. Antibiot. and Chemother. (Basel) 3, 478–480 (1953).
Simon, J.: In vitro inhibition of mixed strains of Cryptococcus neoformans isolated from cattle. Amer. J. vet. Res. 16, 394–396 (1955).
Skinner, CH. E., CH. W. Emmons and A. M. Tsuchiya: In Henrici’s molds, yeasts and (actinomycetes, 2. edit. New York and London: John Wiley & Sons 1947.
Skinner, CH. E., CH. W. Emmons and A. M. Tsuchiya: Generic name for imperfect yeasts, Cryptococcus and Torulopsis. Amer. Midld. Naturalist 43, 242–250 (1950).
Solotorovsky, M. H., E. J. Ironson, F. J. Gregory and S. Winsten: Activity of certain diamidines against blastomycosis and Candida infections in mice. Antibiot. and Chemother. (Basel) 4, 165–168 (1954).
Stanley, N. F.: Polysaccharide haptens from Torula histolytica. Amer. J. exp. Biol. Med. Sci. 27, 409–415 (1949).
Steward, R. A., and K. F. Meyer: Isolation of C immitis (Stiles) from soil. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N. Y.) 29, 937–938 (1932). Zit. nach Emmons (60).
Stoddard, J. L., and E. C. Cutler: Torula infection in man Monogr. Rockefeller Inst. med. Res. No 6 (1916), 98 S.
Symmers, W. F.: Torulosis. Lancet 1953 II, 1068–1074.
Tager, M., and T. S. Danowski: Inhibition of the growth of fungi by thiourea derivatives, particularly hydrazine dithiocarbamyl. J. infect. Dis. 82, 126–130 (1948).
Tager, M., A. B. Hales and T. S. Danowsxi: Studies on the suppression of fungus growth by thiourea. Iii. The effects of protein fractions, amino acids and thiol compounds. J. infect. Dis. 84, 284–289 (1949).
Thayer, J. D., W. Arson and A. J. Walker: The in vitro and in vivo effect of circulin on Cryptococcus neoformans. J. Bact. 62, 112 (1951).
Todd, R. L., and W. W. Hermann: The life cycle of the organism causing yeast-meningitis. J. Bact. 32, 89–102 (1936).
Tomcsik, J., and S. Guex-Holzer: Demonstration of the bacterial capsule by means of a pH-dependant salt-like combination with protein. J. gen. Microbiol. 10, 97–109 (1954).
Uzman, L. L., H. RosEN and G. E. Foley: Studies on the biology of Cryptococcus. VI. Amino acid composition of the somatic proteins of Cryptococcus neoformans. J. infect. Diss. 98, 208–210 (1956).
Vanbreuseghem, R.: Torulosis et Torulopsis neoformans. Ann. Soc. belge Méd. trop. 23, 495–501 (1953).
Verdun, P.: Précis de parasitologie humaine, parasites animaux et végétaux, les bactéries exceptées. 2. edit. Paris: V. Doin 1912.
Vuillemin, P.: Les blastomycètes pathogènes. Rev. gén. Sci 12, 732–751 (1901).
Waksman, S. A.: Outstanding problems in the study of antibacterial and antifungal antibiotics (with special reference to the antibiotics or actinomycetes). In Sternberg and Newcomer, Therapy of fungus diseases, p. 3–12. Boston and Toronto: Little, Brown & Comp. 1955.
Walton, R. B., and H. B. Woodruff: A crystalline antifungal agent, mycosubtilin, isolated from Subtilis broth. J. clin. Invest. 28, 924–926 (1949).
Weiss, J. D.: Four pathogenic Torulae (blastomycetes). J. med. Res. 2, 280–311 (1902).
Whiffen, A. J., N. BonoNos and R. L. Emerson: The production of an antifungal antibiotic by Streptomyces griseus. J. Bact. 52, 610–611 (1946).
Wickerham, L. J.: A critical evaluation of the nitrogen assimilation tests commonly used in the classification of yeasts. J. Bact. 52, 293–301 (1946).
Wickerham, L. J., and K. A. Burton: Carbon assimilation tests for the classification of yeasts. J. Bact. 56, 363–371 (1948).
Wickerham, L. J., and M. H. Flickinger: Viability of yeasts preserved two years by the lyophil process. Brewers Digest 21, No 4 (1946).
Wickerham, L. J.: Recent advances in the taxonomy of yeasts. Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 6, 317–332 (1952).
Wilson, H. M., and A. W. Duryea: Cryptococcus meningitis (Torulosis) treated with a new antibiotic, actidione. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. (Chicago) 66, 470–480 (1951).
Wolf, F. T.: Inhibition of pathogenic fungi by p-hydroxymethylbenzoate. Mycopathologia (Den Haag) 5, 117–119 (1950).
Wolfram, ST., u. F. Zach: Über durch niedere Pilze verursachte Nagelerkrankungen beim Menschen. Arch. Derm. Syph. (Berl.) 170, 681–694 (1934).
Beutmann, W.: Immunbiologische und serologische Studien an Hefen. Arch. Mikrobiol 29, 227–256 (1958).
Burcik, E., u. W. Beutmann: Zuckerbausteine wasserlöslicher Hefepolysaccharide von Haptencharakter. Naturwiss. 43, 427–428 (1956).
Eveland, W. C., J. D. Marshall and A. M. Silverstein: Rapid identification of pathogenic microorganisms using fluorescent antibodies of contrasting colors. Abstracts of communications, 7. Internat. Congr. for Microbiology, Stockholm, S. 313. 1958.
Holtz: Briefl. Mitt., Juli 1958.
Klatzo, I., and P. H. Geisler: Demonstration of Cryptococcus neoformans in polarized light. Stain Technol. 33, 55–56 (1958).
Staib, F.: Resistenz on Hefen und hefeartigen Pilzen gegen Schwefelsäure. Z. Hyg. Infekt.-Kr. 145, 26–33 (1958).
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1959 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Seeliger, H.P.R. (1959). Das kulturell-biochemische und serologische Verhalten der Cryptococcus-Gruppe. In: Kikuth, W., Meyer, K.F., Nauck, E.G., Pappenheimer, A.M., Tomcsik, J. (eds) Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie Immunitätsforschung und Experimentellen Therapie. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 32. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-42618-0_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-42618-0_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-02385-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-42618-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive