Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Methods For Somatic Classification Of Pilots According To Status Of Functional Muscular, Circulatory And Respiratory Capacities, And Possibilities Of Further Development During Training

  • Chapter
Basic Environmental Problems of Man in Space

  • 32 Accesses

Abstract

In the Swedish Defence Forces, especially the Air Force, testing of the physical capability of personnel at different ages has been carried out systematically for a number of years. A full series of measurements would appraise (a) certain body dimensions, such as height, weight, adipose tissue and lean body mass, skeletal length and breadth, total heart volume in the horizontal body position, and total blood volume; (b) functional muscular capacity, judged from the maximal isometric force of contraction in representative muscle groups; (c) functional circulatory and respiratory capacities, judged from the ventilation, oxygen uptake, heart rate, respiratory rate, blood lactate concentration and Ecg reaction etc., under steady-state conditions during stepwise increasing work loads of submaximal intensity and under non-steady-state conditions during maximum work load; from the circulatory responses to orthostatic testing; and from vital capacity and maximal ventilatory volume; (d) some index of endurance for work of very long duration.

The results of the dynamic tests are evaluated as indices of maximal functional output and of maximal steady-state level. These indices of physical capability depend on the dimensional prerequisites as well as on the efficacy of the homeostatic regulative functions. The different indices are mutually interrelated, to a greater or lesser degree, in the normal individual. Appraisal of these interrelationships is an important part of the testing procedure.

Results from testing large personnel groups with some of the above-mentioned methods will be mentioned.

Physical training of the circulatory system results in e.g. increased circulatory dimensions and increased maximal functional output, and apparently also in a higher efficacy of the homeostatic regulation - the orthostatic circulatory changes are less pronounced, and a higher proportion of the maximal output can be used under conditions of steady state.

Results from longitudinal studies of physical capability in large personnel groups during periods of physical training will be mentioned.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. E. Asmussen, K. Heeböll-Nielsen and Sv. Molbech, Methods for Evaluation of Muscle Strength. Comm. Testing Observ. Inst. Danish Nat. Ass. Infantile Paralysis, Copenhagen, 5, 3–13 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  2. E. Asmussen, K. Heeböll-Nielsen and Sv. Molbech, Description of Muscle Tests and Standard Values of Muscle Strength in Children. Comm. Testing Observ. Inst. Danish Nat. Ass. Infantile Paralysis, Copenhagen, 5, Suppl., 3–59 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  3. E. Asmussen and K. Heeböll-Nielsen, Isometric Muscle Strength of Adult Men and Women. Comm. Testing Observ. Inst. Danish Nat. Ass. Infantile Paralysis, Copenhagen, 11., 3–43 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  4. R. Hellström, Body Build, Muscular Strength, and Certain Circulatory Factors in Military Personnel. Acta Med. Scand., Suppl. 371, 1–84 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  5. G. Tornvall, Assessment of Physical Capabilities, with Special Reference to the Evaluation of Maximal Voluntary Isometric Muscle Strength and Maximal Working Capacity. Acta Physiol. Scand. 58, Suppl. 201, 1–102 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  6. S. Robinson, Experimental Studies of Physical Fitness in Relation to Age. Arbeitsphysiol. 10, 251 (1938).

    Google Scholar 

  7. T. Sjöstrand, Die pathologische Physiologie der Korrelationen zwischen Herz und GefĂ¤ĂŸsystem. Verh. Dtsch. Ges. Kreislaufforsch. 22, 143–157 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  8. T. Sjöstrand, Relationen zwischen Bau und Funktion des Kreislaufsystems und ihre Veränderungen under pathologischen Bedingungen. Forum Cardiologicum (Mannheim-Waldhof: Boehringer & Söhne) 3, No. 3, 1–95 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  9. E. Asmussen and M. Nielsen, Cardiac Output during Muscular Work and Its Regulation. Physiol. Rev. 35, 778–800 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  10. W. von Döbeln, Human Standard and Maximal Metabolic Rate in Relation to Fatfree Body Mass. Acta Physiol. Scand. 37, Suppl. 126, 1–79 (1956).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. A. Holmgren and T. Strandell, The Relationship between Heart Volume, Total Hemoglobin and Physical Working Capacity in Former Athletes. Acta Med. Scand. 163, 149–160 (1959).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. C. G. Engström and G. Ström, Relationship between Physical Working Capacity and Heart Volume in Standing Position in Pilots and Applicants in the Swedish Air Force. Medd. Flyg- och Navalmed. Nämnd., Stockholm, 7, 36–38 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  13. A. Holmgren and Đ¡. O. Ovenfors, Heart Volume at Rest and during Muscular Work in the Supine and in the Sitting Position. Acta Med. Scand. 167. 267–277 (1960).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. S. Bevegard, A. Holmgren and B. Jonsson, The Effect of Body Position on the Circulation at Rest and during Exercise, with Special Reference to the Influence on the Stroke Volume. Acta Physiol. Scand. 49, 279–298 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  15. T. Sjöstrand, Changes in the Respiratory Organs of Workmen at an Ore Smelting Works. Acta Med. Scand., Suppl. 196, 687–699 (1947).

    Google Scholar 

  16. H. Wahlund, Determination of Physical Working Capacity. Acta Med. Scand., Suppl. 215 (1948).

    Google Scholar 

  17. W. von Döbeln, C. G. Engström and G. Ström, Physical Working Capacity of Swedish Air Force Pilots. J. Aviat. Med. 30, 162–166 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  18. P. O. Astrand and I. Ryhming, A Nomogram for Calculation of Aerobic Capacity (Physical Fitness) from Pulse Rate during Sub-maximal Work. J. Appl. Physiol. 7, 218–221 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  19. I. Astrand, Aerobic Work Capacity in Men and Women with Special Reference to Age. Acta Physiol. Scand. 49, Suppl. 169, 1–92 (I960).

    Google Scholar 

  20. A. Holmgren and G. Ström, Blood Lactate Concentration in Relation to Absolute and Relative Work Load in Normal Men, and in Mitral Stenosis, Atrial Septal Defect and Vasoregulatory Asthenia. Acta Med. Scand. 163, 185–193 (1959).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. P. O. Astrand, Experimental Studies of Physical Working Capacity in Relation to Sex and Age, p. 1–171. Copenhagen:Z E. Munksgaard, 1952.

    Google Scholar 

  22. P. O. Astrand, Human Physical Fitness with Special Reference to Sex and Age. Physiol. Rev. 36, 307–335 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  23. E. Asmussen, K. Klausen, Sv. Molbech and E. Poulsen, Evaluation of Fitness for Work from Pulse Increase and Speed. Comm. Testing Observ. Inst. Danish Nat. Ass. Infantile Paralysis, Copenhagen, 9, 3–10 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  24. W. von Döbeln, Đ¡. G. Engström, G. Malmstrom and G. Ström, Maximal Heart Rate and Maximal Working Capacity in Military Personnel Groups of Different Age. Manuscript in preparation (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  25. A. R. Frisk, L. Werkö, A. Holmgren and G. Ström, Stockholm’s City Health Survey. Acta Med. Scand. 163, 1–14 (1959).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. W. von Döbeln, Đ¡. G. Engström and G. Ström, Physical Training and Physical Working Capacity in Swedish Air Force Staff Personnel. Medd. Flyg- och Navalmed. Nämnd., Stockholm, 7, 34–35 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  27. K. Linroth, Physical Working Capacity in Conscripts during Military Service. Acta Med. Scand., Suppl. 324, 1–127 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  28. I. Astrand, The Physical Work Capacitiy of Workers 50-64 Years Old. Acta Physiol. Scand. 42, 73–86 (1958).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. I. Astrand, Clinical and Physiological Studies of Manual Workers 50-64 Years Old at Rest and during Work. Acta Med. Scand. 162, 155–164 (1958).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. L. Linder, N. B. Nordlander, G. Ström and I. Werner, The Uppsala City and County Health Surveys 1961-1962. Manuscript in preparation (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  31. A. Holmgren, F. Mossfeldt, T. Sjöstrand and G. Ström, Effect of Training on Work Capacity, Total Hemoglobin, Blood Volume, Heart Volume and Pulse Rate in Recumbent and Upright Positions. Acta Physiol. Scand. 50, 72–83 (1960).1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. K. Linroth and G. Ström, Physical Profile in Military Personnel. Manuscript in preparation (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  33. I. Ryhming, A Modified Harvard Step Test for the Evaluation of Physical Fitness. Arbeitsphysiol. 15, 235–250 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  34. J. H. Mitchell, B. J. Sproule and S. B. Chapman, The Physiological Meaning of the Maximal Oxygen Intake Test. J. Clin. Invest. 37, 538–546 (1958).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. P. O. Astrand and B. Saltin, Oxygen Uptake during the First Minutes of Heavy Muscular Exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 16, 971–976 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  36. P. O. Astrand and B. Saltin, Maximal Oxygen Uptake and Heart Rate in Various Types of Muscular Activity. J. Appl. Physiol. 16, 977–981 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  37. J. E. Deitrick, G. D. Whedon and E. Shorr, Effect of Immobilization upon Various Metabolic and Physiologic Functions of Normal Men. Amer. J. Med. 4, 3–36 (1948).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. F. B. Petersen, The Effect of Training with Varying Work Intensities on Muscle Strength and on Circulatory Adaptation to Work. Comm. Testing Observ. Inst. Danish Nat. Ass. Infantile Paralysis, Copenhagen, 12, 3–11 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  39. B. Lindegard, Body-build, Body-function, and Personality. Kungl. Fysiogr. Sällsk. Handl., Lund, 67, No. 4–10 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  40. H. Ljunggren, Studies on Body Composition. Acta Endocrinol., Copenhagen, Suppl. 33, 1–58 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  41. A. Holmgren, B. Jonsson, M. Levander, H. Linderholm, Đ¢. Sjöstrand and G. Ström, Low Physical Working Capacity in Suspected Heart Cases Due to Inadequate Adjustment of Peripheral Blood Flow feldt, T. Sjöstrand and G. Ström, Physical Training of Patients with Vasoregulatory Asthenia. Acta Med. Scand. 158, 437–446 (1957)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. A. Holmgren, B. Jonsson, M. Levander, H. Linderholm, F. Moss-Vasoregulatory Asthemia. Acta Med. Scand. 158, 437–446 (1957).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. A. Holmgren, B. Jonsson, M. Levander, H. Linderholm, F. Moss-feldt, T. Sjöstrand and G. Ström, Effect of Physical Training in Vasoregulatory Asthenia, in Da Costa’s Syndrome, and in Neurosis without Heart Symptoms. Acta Med. Scand. 165, 89–103 (1959).

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Clinical Physiology, University Hospital Uppsala, Sweden

    Gunnar Ström (Scientific Advisor to the Swedish Defense Medical Board)

Authors
  1. Gunnar Ström
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Schweden

    Hilding Bjurstedt M. D. (Professor) (Professor)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1965 Springer-Verlag Wien

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ström, G. (1965). Methods For Somatic Classification Of Pilots According To Status Of Functional Muscular, Circulatory And Respiratory Capacities, And Possibilities Of Further Development During Training. In: Bjurstedt, H. (eds) Basic Environmental Problems of Man in Space. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-40307-5_26

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-40307-5_26

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-39276-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-40307-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation