Abstract
The conceptualization and application of the intelligence test has gradually but persistently evolved and expanded in scope. This has been reflected in part in a shift away from a limited preoccupation with the global IQ score to a broader focus on the diverse tasks of an intelligence test as an assessment of ego functions. Increased interest has also been shown in the principles and patterns in which these various ego functions are organized and integrated into various types or modes of adaptation. Thus, while the purpose of early intelligence testing was to evaluate an individual’s general intellectual capacity by comparing it to appropriate norms and standardization groups more recent conceptualization and utilization of intelligence tests have increasingly questioned the arbitrary separation of intelligence, as a functional concept, and personality. To some extent the interrelationship of intelligence and personality was recognized at the outset, but in the somewhat static concept that personality factors could influence and interfere with test efficiency. For example, it was noted relatively early that many patients showed a decline or deterioration as well as marked variability in their intellectual functioning, and interest was focused on the relationship between the range of the scores and various psychopathological conditions. This conceptualization of the relationship of psychopathology to gross scatter of test scores was then refined to include the hypothesis that the variability (or scatter) reflected selective impairments that were specific to various psychopathological states. The development of the Wechsler-Bellevue in the mid-1940’s with its subtests, each of which was administered to all subjects, was an important stimulus to this revised, more refined concept of test scatter because the Wechsler scales permitted more specific and consistent comparisons (Rabin, 1965). It was also with the development of the Wechsler scales that some of the guideposts were established for clarifying the inseparability of intelligence and total personality functioning. The addition of a theoretical analysis of the various psychological functions assessed by the different subtests (Rapaport, Gill & Schafer, 1945; Wechsler, 1944) supplied an interpretive rationale for viewing the interrelationship of the various psychological functions reflected in subtest scores with personality organization. In large measure, this new approach reflected the systematic application to intelligence tests of the hypothesis that each act of the individual bears the imprint of his unique personality organization (the projective hypothesis). This more dynamic conception of intelligence as an integral aspect of personality organization has been re-emphasized, expanded and extended in more recent years (Fromm, Erika, 1954, 1955, 1957, 1960; Mayman, Schafer & Rapaport, 1951; Waite, 1961)
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Allen, R. M. The real question in Digit Span performance. Psychol. Rep., 1962, 11, 218.
Allison, J., Blatt, S. J., & Zimet, C. N. The Interpretation of Psychological Tests. New York: Harper and Row, 1967.
Anastasi, Anne. Psychological Testing, 2nd ed. New York: Macmillan, 1961.
Balthazar, E. E. Cerebral unilateralization in chronic epileptic cases: The Wechsler Object Assembly subtest. I. clin. Psychol, 1963, 19, 169–171.
Blatt, S. J. Recall and recognition vocabulary: implications for intellectual deterioration. AMA Arch. gen. Psychiat., 1959, 1, 473–476.
Blatt, S. J., Allison, J., & Baker, B. L. The Wechsler Object Assembly subtest and bodily concerns. J. consult. Psychol, 1965, 29, 223–230.
Blatt, S. J., & Quinlan, P. Punctual and procrastinating students: a study of temporal parameters. J. consult. Psychol, 1967, 31, 169–174.
Burik, T. E. Relative roles of the learning and motor factors in the Digit Symbol subtest. J. Psychol, 1950, 30, 33–42.
Capretta, P. J. & Berkun, M. M. Validity and reliability of certain measures of psychological stress. Psychol Rep., 1962, 10, 875–878.
Clark, J. H., & Moore, J. H. The relationship of Wechsler-Bellevue patterns of psychiatric diagnosis of Army and Air Force prisoners. J. consult. Psychol, 1950, 14, 493–495.
Corotto, L. V. The relation of performance to verbal IQ in acting out juveniles. J. psychol Stud., 1961, 21, 162–164.
Craddick, R. A. Wechsler-Bellevue IQ scores of psychopathic and non-psychopathic prisoners. J. psychol Stud., 1961, 12, 167–172.
Craddick, R. A., & Grossman, K. Effects of visual distraction upon the WAIS Digit Span. Psychol Rep., 1962, 10, 642.
Cronbach, L. J. Essentials of Psychological Testing, 2nd ed. New York: Harper, 1960.
Dana, R. H. Manifest anxiety, intelligence and psychopathology. J. consult. Psychol, 1957, 21, 38–40.
Dickstein, L. S., & Blatt, S. J. Death concern, futurity, and anticipation. J. consult. Psychol, 1966, 30, 11–17.
Dickstein, L. S., & Blatt, S. J. The WAIS Picture Arrangement subtest as a measure of anticipation. J. proj. Tech. Pers. Assess., 1967, 31, 32–38.
Diller, Judith C. A comparison of the test performances of male and female juvenile delinquents. J. genet. Psychol, 1955, 86, 217–236.
Fenichel, O. The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis. New York: Norton, 1945.
Fields, J. G. The Performance-Verbal IQ discrepance in a group of sociopaths. J. clin. Psychol, 1960, 16, 321–322.
Fisher, G. C. Selective and differentially accelerated intellectual dysfunction in specific brain damage. J. clin. Psychol, 1958, 14, 395–398.
Fisher, G. M. Discrepancy in Verbal and Performance IQ in adolescent sociopaths. J. clin. Psychol, 1961, 17, 60.
Foster, A. L. A note concerning the intelligence of delinquents. J. clin. Psychol, 1959, 15, 78–79.
Fox, Elizabeth, & Blatt, S. J. WAIS Digits backwards and forwards and Rorschach white space responses. Unpublished manuscript, 1965.
Fromm, Erika. Projective aspects of intelligence testing. In A. I. Rabin & Mary R. Haworth (Eds.). Projective Techniques with Children. New York: Grune and Stratton, 1960.
Fromm, Erika, Sc Hartman, Lenore, D. Intelligence: A Dynamic Approach. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1955.
Fromm, Erika, Hartman, Lenore, D. & Marschak, Marian. A contribution to a dynamic theory of intelligence testing of children. J. clin. experim. Psychopath., 1954, 15, 73–95.
Fromm, Erika, Hartman, Lenore, D., & Marschak, Marian. Children’s intelligence tests as a measure of dynamic personality functioning. Amer. J. Orthopsychiat., 1957, 27, 134-144.
Frost, B. P., & Frost, R. The pattern of WISC scores in a group of juvenile sociopaths. J. clin. Psychol, 1962, 18, 354–355.
Gallahar, P. Effects of increased verbal scale difficulty and failure on WAIS digit symbol performance. Dissert. Abstr., 1964, 24, 179.
Gardner, R., Holzman, P. S., Klein, G. S., Linton, Harriet B., & Spence, D. P. Cognitive control: a study of individual consistencies. Psychol. Iss., 1959, 1, no. 4.
Gardner, R. W., Jackson, D. N., & Messick, S. J. Personality organization in cognitive controls and intellectual abilities. Psychol. Iss., 1960, 2, no. 4.
Gilhooly, F. M. Wechsler-Bellevue reliability and the validity of certain diagnostic signs of the neuroses. J. consult. Psychol, 1950, 14, 82–87.
Ginnett, L. E., & Moran, L. J. Stability of vocabulary performance by schizophrenics. J. consult. Psychol, 1964, 28, 178–179.
Goodstein, L. D., & Farber, I. E. On the relation between A-scale scores and Digit Symbol performance. J. consult. Psychol, 1957, 21, 152–154.
Criffiths, J. S. The effects of experimentally induced anxiety on certain subtests of the Wechsler-Bellevue. Dissert. Abstr., 1958, 18, 655–656.
Guertin, W. H. Auditory interference with Digit Span performance. J. clin. Psychol, 1959, 15, 349.
Guertin, W. H., Rabin, A. I., Frank, G., & Ladd, C. Research with the Wechsler Intelligence scales for Adults. Psychol Bull, 1962, 59, 1–25.
Gurvitz, M. S. The Wechsler-Bellevue Test and the diagnosis of psychopathic personality. J. din. Psychol., 1950, 6, 397–401.
Hafner, A. J., Pollie, D. M., & Wapner, I. The relationship between the CMAS and WISC functioning. J. clin. Psychol., 1960, 16, 322–323.
Hartmann, H. Ego Psychology and the Problem of Adaptation. New York: International Universities Press, 1958.
Holt, R. R., & Havel, J. A method for assessing primary and secondary process in the Rorschach. In M. Rickers-Ovsiankina (Ed.). Rorschach Psychology. New York: Wiley, 1960. Pp. 263–319.
Hunt, W., Quay, H., & Walker, R. The validity of clinical judgment of asocial tendencies. J. clin. Psychol., 1966, 22, 116–118.
Jurjevichk, R. M. Inter-relationship of anxiety indices on Wechsler intelligence scales and MMPI scales. J. gen. Psychol, 1963, 69, 135–142.
Kaiser, M. The WISC as an instrument for diagnosing sociopathy. Dissert. Abstr., 1964, 25, 2612.
Kasper, S. Progressive matrices (1938) and emotional disturbance. J. consult. Psychol., 1958, 22, 24.
Kingsley, L. Wechsler-Bellevue patterns of psychopaths. J. consult. Psychol, 1960, 24, 373.
Kippner, S. WISC Comprehension and Picture Arrangement subtests as measures of social competence. J. clin. Psychol, 1964, 20, 366–367.
Kris, E. Psychoanalytic Explorations in Art. New York: International Universities Press, 1952.
Kroeber, T. C. The coping functions of the ego mechanisms. In R. W. White (Ed.). The Study of Lives. New York: Atherton Press, 1963.
Levine, M., Glass, H., & Meltzoff, I. The inhibition process, Rorschach human movement responses, and intelligence. J. consult. Psychol, 1957, 21, 41–45.
Levinson, B. M. Traditional Jewish cultural values and performance on the Wechsler tests. J. educ. Psychol, 1959, 50, 177–181.
Lewinski, R. J. The psychometric pattern: I. Anxiety and neurosis. J. clin. Psychol, 1945, 1, 214–221.
Littell, W. M. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children: Review of a decade of research. Psychol Bull, 1960, 57, 132–156.
Luchins, A., & Luchins, E. Effect of varying administration of the Digit Symbol subtest of the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale. J. gen. Psychol, 1953, 43, 125–142.
Manne, S. H., Kandel, A., & Rosenthal, D. Difference between Performance IQ and Verbal IQ in a severely psychopathic population. J. din. Psychol, 1962, 18, 73–77.
Matarazzo, Ruth D. The relationship of manifest anxiety to Wechsler-Bellevue subtest performance. J. consult. Psychol, 1955, 19, 218.
Matarazzo, J. D., & Phillips, Jeanne I. Digit Symbol performance as a function of increasing levels of anxiety. J. consult. Psychol, 1955, 19, 131–134.
Maupin, E., & Hunter, Diane. Digit Span as a measure of attention: attempted validation studies. Psychol Rep., 1966, 18, 457–458.
Mayman, M., Schafer, R., & Rapaport, D. Interpretation of the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale and personality appraisal. In H. H. Anderson & G. L. Anderson (Eds.). An Introduction to Projective Techniques. New York: Prentice-Hall, 1951.
Moldowsky, S., & Moldowsky, Patricia C. Digit Span as an anxiety indicator. J. consult. Psychol, 1952, 16, 115–118.
Murstein, B. I., & Leipold, W. D. The role of learning and motor abilities in the Wechsler-Bellevue Digit Symbol Subtest. Educ. Psychol. Meas., 1961, 21, 103–112.
Norman, R. P., & Wilensky, H. Item difficulty of the WAIS Information subtest for a chronic schizophrenic sample. J. clin. Psychol, 1961, 17, 56–57.
Penfield, W., & Milner, Brenda. Memory deficit produced by bilateral lesions in the hippocampal zone. AMA Arch. Neur. Psychiat., 1958, 79, 475–497.
Rabin, A. I. Diagnostic use of intelligence tests. In Wolman, B. B. (Ed.). Handbook of Clinical Psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965.
Rabin, A. I., King, G. F., & Ehrmann, J. C. Vocabulary performance of short-term and long-term schizophrenics. J. abn. soc. Psychol, 1955, 50, 255–258.
Rapaport, D. The autonomy of the ego. Bull. Menninger Clin., 1951, 15, 113–124.
Rapaport, D. The theory of ego autonomy: a generalization. Bull Menninger Clin., 1958, 22, 13–35.
Rapaport, D., Gill, M., & Schafer, R. Diagnostic Psychological Testing, Vol. I. Chicago: Yearbook Publishers, 1945.
Rashkis, H. A., & Welch, G. S. Detection of anxiety by use of the Wechsler scale. J. clin. Psychol, 1946, 2, 354–357.
Reich, W. Character Analyses. New York: Noonday Press, 1949.
Sarason, I. G., & Minard, J. Test anxiety, experimental instructions, and the Wechsler Arithmetic, Information, and Similarities. J. educ. Psychol, 1962, 6, 299–302.
Saunders, D. A. A factor analysis of the Picture Completion items on the WAIS. J. clin. Psychol, 1960, 16, 146–149.
Saunders, D. A. A factor analysis of the Information and Arithmetic items of the WAIS. Psychol. Rep., 1960, 6, 367–383.
Schafer, R. The Clinical Application of Psychological Tests. New York: International Universities Press, 1948.
Schafer, R. Psychoanalytic Interpretation in Rorschach Testing: Theory and Application. New York: Grune and Stratton, 1954.
Schafer, R. Regression in the service of the ego: Relevance of a psychoanalytic concept for personality assessment. In Gardner Lindzey (Ed.). Assessment of Human Motives. New York: Rinehart, 1958.
Schill, T. The effects of MMPI social introversion on WAIS Picture Arrangement performance. J. clin. Psychol, 1966, 22, 72–74.
Shapiro, D. Neurotic Styles. New York: Basic Books, 1965.
Sherman, A. R., & Blatt, S. J. The effects of success vs. failure experiences on Digit Span, Digit Symbol and Vocabulary performance. Unpublished manuscript, 1966.
Siegman, A. W. The effort of manifest anxiety on a concept formation task, a non-directed learning task and timed and untimed intelligence tests. J. consult. Psychol, 1956, 20, 176–178.
Spence, Janet T. Patterns of performance on WAIS Similarities in schizophrenia, brain damage and normal 5s. Psychol Rep., 1963, 13, 431–436.
Wachtel, P. L., & Blatt, S. J. Energy deployment and achievement. J. consult. Psychol, 1965, 29, 302–308.
Waite, R. R. The intelligence test as a psychodiagnostic instrument. J. prof. Tech., 1961, 25, 90–102.
Walker, R. E., & Spence, Janet T. Relationship between Digit Span and anxiety. J. consult. Psychol, 1964, 28, 220–223.
Warner, S. J. The Wechsler-Bellevue psychometric pattern in anxiety neurosis. J. consult., Psychol., 1950, 14, 297–304.
Watson, C. G. WAIS error types in schizophrenics and organics. Psychol. Rep., 1965, 16, 523–530.
Wechsler, D. The Measurement of Adult Intelligence. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1944.
Wechsler, D. The Measurement and Appraisal of Adult Intelligence, 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1958.
Wiener, G. The effect of distrust on some aspects of intelligence test behavior. J. consult. Psychol., 1957, 21, 127–130.
Wiens, A. N., Matarazzo, J. D., & Gavor, K. D. Performance and Verbal IQ in a group of sociopaths. J. clin. Psychol., 1959, 15, 191–193.
Wild, Cynthia. Creativity and adaptive regression. J. pers. soc. Psychol., 1965, 2, 161–168.
Witkin, H. A. Psychological differentiation and forms of pathology. J. abn. Psychol., 1965, 70, 317–336.
Witkin, H. A., Dyk, R. B., Faterson, H. F., Goodenough, D. R., & Karp, S. A. Psychological Differentiation: Studies of Development. New York: Wiley, 1962.
Wolfson, W., & Weltman, R. E. Implications of specific WAIS Picture Completion errors. J. clin. Psychol, 1960, 16, 9–11.
Wolfson, W., & Weltman, R. E. Visual-motor proficiency of long and short term planners. Percept. Mot. Skills, 1963, 17, 908.
Wright, M. W. A study of anxiety in a general hospital setting. Canad. J. Psychol, 1954, 8, 195–203.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1968 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Blatt, S.J., Allison, J. (1968). The Intelligence Test in Personality Assessment. In: Rabin, A.I. (eds) Projective Techniques in Personality Assessment. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-39575-2_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-39575-2_14
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-38701-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-39575-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive