Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Immunologische Toleranz

  • Chapter
Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie Immunitätsforschung und Experimentellen Therapie

Zusammenfassung

Im allgemeinen wird eine Antigen-Injektion von einem Organismus mit einer Antikörperproduktion beantwortet, oder eine schon im Gang befindliche Antikörperbildung wird durch einen erneuten Antigenreiz stimuliert. Unter bestimmten Bedingungen kann eine Antigen-Injektion aber auch gerade das Gegenteil bewirken und das Individuum in der Art verändern, daß auf einen erneuten Antigenreiz keine oder nur vermindert Antigenkörper gebildet werden. Dieses Phänomen wird heute allgemein als spezifische immunologische Toleranz, oder einfacher als Immuntoleranz, bezeichnet. Das Phänomen ist streng spezifisch. Die immunologische Lähmung kann nur durch das korrespondierende Antigen ausgelöst werden. Der Begriff der Immuntoleranz oder der erworbenen immunologischen Toleranz oder auch der Antigentoleranz (Oehme 1963) ist bis heute nicht klar umgrenzt. Manchmal wird dieser Begriff in sehr weitem Sinn für jedes Unvermögen, Antikörper zu produzieren, benützt. Chase (1959) z. B. versteht unter immunologischer Toleranz jegliche nachweisbare Verminderung einer Immunreaktion. Dem steht gegenüber die recht enge Fassung von Billingham, Brent und Medawar (1953), die den Begriff ursprünglich auf das Toleranzphänomen beschränken wollten, das man beobachtet, wenn man in der Embryonalzeit oder in der frühen Neugeborenenperiode genügend hohe Antigendosen verabfolgt.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 44.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Literatur

  • Ambrus, J. L., C. M. Ambrtjs, G. C. Johnson, N. Back, E. W. Packman, W. E. Chernick, and J. W. E. Harrison: Immunological paralysis and normal heteroagglutinin production. Transplant. Bull. 2, 50 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, D., R. E. Billingham, G. H. Lampkin, and P. B. Medawar: The use of skin grafting to distinguish between monozygotic and dizygotic twins in cattle. Heredity 5, 379 (1951).

    Google Scholar 

  • Argyris, B. F.: Adoptive tolerance; transfer of the tolerant state. J. Immunol. 90, 29 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ashley, R. F., E. G. McNall, N. R. Dutt, E.N. Garcia, and F.R. Sloan: The effects of nucleic acids on homograft tolerance. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 87, 429 (1960).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aust, J. B., C. Martinez, J. J. Bittner, and R. A. Good: Tolerance in pure strain newborn mice to tumor homografts. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 92, 27 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Axelrod, A. E., and M. Lowe: Effect of ribonucleic acid extracts upon viability of skin homografts in the rat. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 108, 549 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baer, H., J. K. Bringaze, and M. McNamee: The effect of the dose of bacterial polysaccharide antigen on antibody production in mice. J. Bact. 67, 123 (1954).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baer, R. L., St. A. Rosenthal, and B. Hagel: The effect of feeding simple chemical allergens to pregnant guinea pigs upon sensitizability of their offspring. J. Immunol. 80, 429 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Battisto, J. R., and M. W. Chase: Further studies on the state of inhibition to drug sensitization induced by feeding of the drug. Bact. Proc. 1955, 94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Battisto, J. R., and M. W. Chase: „Immunological paralysis“ in guinea pigs fed allergenic chemicals. Fed. Proc. 14, 456 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  • Battisto, J. R., and M. W. Chase: Immunological unresponsiveness to sensitization with simple chemical compounds. J. exp. Med. 118, 1021 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Battisto, J. R., and J. Miller: Immunological unresponsiveness produced in adult guinea pigs by parenteral introduction fo minute quantities of hapten or protein antigen. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 111, 111 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, J. A., P. E. Peckham, and A. G. Osler: Effect of fetal or neonatal immunization on antibody response of adult rat. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 92, 714 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Billingham, R. E., and L. Brent: A simple method for inducing tolerance of skin homo-grafts in mice. Transplant. Bull 4, 67 (1957).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Billingham, R. E., L. Brent and P. B. Medawar: Actively acquired tolerance of foreign cells. Nature (Lond.) 172, 603 (1953).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Billingham, R. E., L. Brent and P. B. Medawar: Acquired tolerance of skin homografts. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 59, 409 (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Billingham, R. E., L. Brent and P. B. Medawar: Quantitative studies on tissue transplantation immunity III. Actively acquired tolerance. Phil, trans, roy. Soc. B 239, 357 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Billingham, R. E., G. H. Lampkin, P. B. Medawar, and H. L. Williams: Tolerance to homografts. Twin diagnosis and the freemartin condition in cattle. Heredity 6, 201 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  • Billingham, R. E., and P. B. Medawar: „Desensitization“ to skin homografts by injections of donor skin. Ann. Surg. 137, 444 (1953).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Billingham, R. E., and W. K. Silvers: Studies on tolerance of the Y chromosome antigen in mice. J. Immunol. 85, 14 (1960).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boyden, S.V., and E. Sorkin: Effect of neonatal injections of protein on the immune response to protein-hapten complexes. Immunology 5, 370 (1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brooke, M. S., and M. J. Karnowsky: Immunological paralysis and adoptive immunity. J. Immunol. 87, 205 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burmester, B. R.: Routes of natural infection in avian lymphomatosis. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci 68, 487 (1957).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burnet, F. M.: Growth of influenza virus in allantoic cavity of chick embryo. Aust. J. exp. Biol. med. Sci 19, 291 (1941).

    Google Scholar 

  • Burnet, F. M.: A modification of Jerne’s theory of antibody production using the concept of clonal selection. Austr. J. Sci. 20, 67 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Burnet, F.M.: Recent progress in microbiology. Stockhom: Almquist & Wiksell 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burnet, F.M.: The clonal selection theory of acquired immunity. Nashville: Vanderbilt University press 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burnet, F. M., and F. Fenner: The productions of antibodies. New York: Macmillan 1949.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burnet, F. M., J. D. Stone, and M. Edney: The failure of antibody production in the chick embryo. Austr. J. exp. Biol. med. Sci. 28, 291 (1950).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buxton, A.: Antibody production in avian embryos and young chicks. J. gen. Microbiol. 10, 398 (1954).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Calabresi, P., and E. A. Edwards: Immunologic tolerance in rats to type specific antigens of human erythrocytes. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 99, 602 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cannon, J. A., R.A. Weber, and W. P. Longmire: Factors influencing the survival of successful skin homografts in the chicken. I. Effects of varying age of donor and recipient. Ann. Surg. 139, 468 (1954).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chase, M. W.: Inhibition of experimental drug allergy by prior feeding of the sensitizing agent. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 61, 257 (1946).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chase, M. W.: Studies on the mechanism of the inhibition of experimental drug allergy by prior feeding of the sensitizing agent. Bact. Proc. 1949, 75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chase, M. W.: In: Cellular and humoral aspects of the hypersensitive states, p. 251–278 (H. S. Lawrence, ed.). New York: Hoeber-Harper Inc. 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chase, M. W.: Immunologic, tolerance. Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 13, 349 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chase, M. W., and J. R. Battisto: In: Mechanisms of hypersensitivity, p. 507–517 (J. H. Shaffer, G. A. Lo Grippo and M. W. Chase, Eds.). Boston: Little Brown & Co. 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cinader, B.: Specificity and inheritance of antibody response: A possible steering mechanism Nature (Lond.) 188, 619 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cinader, B., and J. M. Dubert: Acquired immune tolerance to human albumin and the response to subsequent injections of diazo human albumin. Brit. J. exp. Path. 36, 515 (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cinader, B., and J. M. Dubert: Specific inhibition of response to purified protein antigens. Proc. roy. Soc. B 146, 18 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cinader, B., and J. H. Pearce: The specificity of acquired immunological tolerance to azo proteins. Brit. J. exp. Path. 39, 8 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cinader, B. and B. G. Carter: Acquired immunological tolerance to bovine ribonuclease. Nature (Lond.) 181, 1208 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Claman, H. N., and D. W. Talmage: Thymectomy: prolongation of immunological tolerance in the adult mouse. Science 141, 1193 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coe, J. E., and S. B. Salvin: The specificity of allergic reactions. IV. Unresponsiveness to simple chemicals. J. exp. Med. 117, 401 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, M. W., and G. J. Thorbecke: Interference by newborn lymphoid cells with establishment of immunologic unresponsiveness to a protein antigen. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y. 112, 10 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohn, M.: The problem of specific inhibition of antibody synthesis in adult animals by immunization of embryos. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 64, 859 (1957).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crampton, Ch. F., F. R. Frankel, and J. L. Rodeheaver: Mechanism of immunological unresponsiveness. Nature (Lond.) 184, 873 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crowle, A. J.: Specific immunologic unresponsiveness to delayed hypersensitivity elicited in adult mice. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 110, 447 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Curtain, C. C.: The use of acquired immunological tolerance and immunological paralysis in the study of the antigenic relationships of normal and abnormal serum globulins. Brit. J. exp. Path. 40, 255 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D’Alessandro, G., e G. Fichera: La tolleranza immunologica. G. Mal. infett. 12, 771 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Denhardt, D. T.: A possible basis for immunological tolerance. Nature (Lond.) 186, 728 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dettwiler, H. A., N. P. Hudson, and O. C. Woolpert: The comparative susceptibility of fetal and postnatal guinea pigs to the virus of epidemic influenza. J. exp. Med. 72, 623 (1940).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dietrich, F. M., and W. O. Weigle: Induction of tolerance to heterologous proteins and their catabolism in C 57 BL/6 mice. J. exp. Med. 117, 621 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dietrich, F. M., and W. O. Weigle: Immunologic unresponsiveness to heterologous serum proteins induced in adult mice and transfer of the unresponsive state. J. Immunol. 92, 167 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dixon, F. J., and P. H. Maurer: Immunologic unresponsiveness induced by protein antigens. J. exp. Med. 101, 245 (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Downe, A. E. R.: Inhibition of the production of precipitating antibodies in young rabbits. Nature (Lond.) 176, 740 (1955).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dresser, D. W.: Acquired immunological tolerance to a fraction of bovine gamma globulin. Immunology 4, 13 (1961).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dresser, D. W.: Specific inhibition of antibody production. I. Protein-overloading paralysis. Immunology 5, 161 (1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dresser, D. W.: Specific inhibition of antibody production. II. Paralysis induced in adult mice by small quantities of protein antigens. Immunology 5, 378 (1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dubert, J. M., et A. Paraf: Étude quantitative des conditions nécessaires à l’apparition d’un état de tolérance immunitaire. C.R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 244, 686 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dunsford, I., C. C. Bowley, A. M. Hutchison, J. S. Thompson, R. Sanger, and R. R. Race: A human blood group chimera. Brit. med. J. 1953 II, 81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eastlick, H. L.: Manifestations of incompatibility in limb grafts made between bird embryos of different species. Physiol. Zoöl. 14, 136 (1941).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehrlich, P., u. J. Morgenroth: Über Hämolysine. Berl. klin. Wschr. 21, 433 (1900).

    Google Scholar 

  • Eichwald, E. J., and C. R. Silmser: Discussion of skin-graft data. Transplant. Bull. 2, 148 (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eisen, H. N.: Hypersensitivity to simple chemicals. In: Cellular and humoral aspects of the hypersensitive states, p. 89–119 (H. S. Lawrence, ed.). New York: Hoeber-Harper 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisen, H. N., and F. Karush: Immune tolerance and an extracellular regulatory role for bivalent antibody. Nature (Lond.) 202, 677 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eitzman, D. V., and R. T. Smith: Antibody response to heterologous protein in rabbits of varying maturity. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 102, 529 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Felton, L. D.: The significance of antigen in animal tissues. J. Immunol. 61, 107 (1949).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Felton, L. D., R. Cameron, and P. F. Prather: Studies on immunizing substances in pneumococci; effect of variation in dosage of antigenic polysaccharide on serum antibody titer in human beings. Publ. Hlth Rep. (Wash.) 56, 822 (1941).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Felton, L. D., G. Kauffmann, B. Prescott, and B. Ottinger: Studies on the mechanism of the immunological paralysis induced in mice by pneumococcal polysaccharides. J. Immunol. 74, 17 (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Felton, L. D., and B. Ottinger: Pneumococcus polysaccharide as a paralyzing agent on the mechanism of immunity in white mice. J. Bact. 43, 94 (1942) (abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Felton, L. D., B. Prescott, G. Kauffmann, and B. Ottinger: Pneumococcal antigenic polysaccharide substances from animal tissues. J. Immunol. 74, 205 (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Festenstein, H., and V. Bokkenheuser: Attempted induction of immunological tolerance in rabbits using living Treponema pallidum. Brit. J. exp. Path. 42, 158 (1961).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flick, J. A., and W. B. Pincus: Inhibition of the lesions of primary vaccinia and of delayed hypersensitivity through immunological tolerance in rabbits. J. exp. Med. 117, 633 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foulds, L.: The filterable tumours of fowls. Suppl. to 1th Sci. Rept. Imp. Cancer Res. Fund London 1934.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedmann, H.: Transfer of antibody formation by spleen cells from immunologically unresponsive mice. J. Immunol. 89, 257 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedmann, H., and W. L. Gaby: Immunologic unresponsiveness to shigella antigens in chickens. J. Immunol. 84, 441 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedmann, H., and W. L. Gaby: Immunologic unresponsiveness in mice following neonatal exposure to shigella antigens. J. Immunol. 85, 478 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gammeltoft, A., A. Neimann-Sorensen, and M. Simonson: The acquired immunity concept in kidney homotransplantation. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 59, 488 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  • Garvey, J. S., and D. H. Campbell: The retention od S35-labelled bovine serum albumin in normal and immunized rabbit liver tissue. J. exp. Med. 105, 361 (1957).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garvey, J. S., D. V. Eitzman, and R. T. Smith: The distribution of S35-labelled bovine serum albumin in newborn and immunologically tolerant adult rabbits. J. exp. Med. 112, 533 (1960).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gombos, A., V. Tischler, and J. Jacina: Acquired tolerance of homologous kidney grafts in dogs. Transplant. Bull. 26, 433 (1960).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gregg, M. B., and S. B. Salvin: Immunologic unresponsiveness to purified proteins in guinea pigs. J. Immunol. 90, 368 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haas, R., u. R. Thomssen: Über den Entwicklungsstand der in der Immunbiologic gebräuchlichen Adjuvanten. Ergebn. Mikrobiol. 34, 28 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Haas, R., u. A. Vogt: Unveröffentlicht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Habel, A. K.: Immunological determinants of polioma virus oncogenesis. J. exp. Med. 115, 181 (1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanan, R., and F. G. Germuth: A note on the failure of rabbits to develop hypersensitivity during maturity when previously exposed to the antigen at an early age. Bull. Johns Hopk. Hosp. 96, 140 (1955).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanan, R., and J. Oyama: Inhibition of antibody formation in mature rabbits by contact with the antigen at an early age. J. Immunol. 73, 49 (1954).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hasek, M.: Vegetative hybridization of animals by by joining of blood circulation during embryonic development. Cs. Biol. 2, 265 (1953).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hasek, M.:Manifestations of vegetative approximation in the adaption of higher animals to foreign antigens. Cs. Biol. 3, 327 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hasek, M.:Tolerance phenomena in birds. Proc. roy. Soc. B 146, 67 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hasek, M. and T. Hraba: Immunological effects of experimental embryonal parabiosis. Nature (Lond.) 175, 764(1955).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hasek, M. and J. Hort: Modification of immunological reactivity in turkey-chicken embrionic parabionts. Folia biol (Praha) 6, 1 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hasek, M., A. Lengerova, and T. Hraba: Transplantation immunity and tolerance. Advanc. Immunol. 1, 1 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haskovi, V., J. Chutna, M. Hasek, and J. Hort: Destruction of tolerated skin heterografts by means of serum antibodies, and the role of antibodies in graft rejection. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 99, 602 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Haskovi, V., and J. Majer: The problem of the induction of immunological tolerance to grafts by non-cellular material. Folia biol (Praha) 5, 1 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hildeman, W. H., and R. Haas: Homotransplantation immunity and tolerance in the bullfrog. J. Immunol. 83, 478 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirata, A. A., J. S. Garvey, and D. H. Campbell: Retention of antigen in tissues of serologically suppressed chickens. J. Immunol. 84, 576 (1960).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hotchin, J. E., H. Weigand, and L. M. Benson: Immunological tolerance and virus infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis in mice. Fed. Proc. 19, 196 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hraba, T., V. Haskova, A. Lengerova, and M. Vojtiskova: The influence of intra-embryo-nal injections of foreign blood on the formation of antibodies. Folia biol (Praha) 2, 43 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Humphrey, J. H., and J.L. Turk: Immunological unresponsiveness in guinea pigs. I. Immunological unresponsiveness to heterologous serum proteins. Immunology 4, 301 (1961).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, E., and M. Simonsen: Induced tolerance after parabiosis: apparent facilitation of tolerance by a simultaneous graft versus host reaction. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 99, 657(1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jerne, N. K.: The natural selection theory of antibody formation. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 41, 849 (1955).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, A. G., D.W. Watson, and W. J. Cromartie: Effect of massive antigen dosage on antigen retention and antibody response in rabbits. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 88, 421 (1955).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kamrin, B. B.: Homotransplantation of kidney tissue to the kidneys of separated albino rats parabionts. Anat. Rec. 124, 541 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, M. H., A. H. Coons, and H. W. Deane: Localization of antigen in tissue cells. III. Cellular distribution of pneumococcal polysaccharides type II and III in the mouse. J. exp. Med. 91, 15 (1950).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, W. R., and M. Robertson: Passively and actively acquired antibodies for Trichomonas foetus in very young calves. J. Hyg. (Lond.) 52, 253 (1954).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, W. R., and M. Robertson: Partial immunological paralysis to Trichomonas foetus antigen in calves. J. Hyg. (Lond.) 54, 415 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koprowski, H.: Actively acquired tolerance to a mouse tumor. Nature (Lond.) 175, 1087 (1955).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koprowski, H.: In: V. A. Najjar, Immunity and virus infection p. 38–49. New York: John Wiley & Sons 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krohn, P. L.: Litters from C3H and CBA ovaries orthotopically transplanted into tolerant A strain mice. Nature (Lond.) 181, 1671 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lederberg, J.: Genes and antibodies. Do antigens bear instructions for antibody specificity or do they select cell lines that arise by mutation? Science 129, 1649 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lengerova, A.: Effects of intrauterine irradiation in rats in relation to the stage of embryo-genesis at the time of exposure. Folia biol (Praha) 3, 321 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Linder, O. E. A.: Unresponsiveness of adult female mice to male skin isografts after pretreat-ment with cells and homogenates from males. Transplant. Bull. 28, 36 (1961).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindorfer, R. K., and P. Subramanyam: Induced immunological unresponsiveness to staphylococcus toxoid in rabbits. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 102, 168 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Main, J. M., and R. T. Prehn: Successfull skin homografts after administration of high dosage X-radiation and homologous bone marrow. J. nat. Cancer Inst. 15, 1023 (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mariani, T., C. Martinez, J. M. Smith, and R. A. Good: Induction of immunological tolerance to male skin isografts in female mice subsequent to neonatal period. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 101, 596 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martinez, C., F. Shapiro, H. Kelman, T. Onstad, and R. A. Good: Tolerance of Fx hybrid skin homografts in the parent strain induced by parabiosis. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 103, 266 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martinez, C., J. M. Smith, M. Blaese, and R. A. Good: Production of immunological tolerance in mice after repeated injections of disrupted spleen cells. J. exp. Med. 118, 743 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Medawar, P. B.: Theories of immunological tolerance. In: Cellular aspects of immunity p. 134–149. Ciba Foundation Symposium. London: J. & A. Churchill Ltd. 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  • Medawar, P.B. The use of antigenic tissue extracts to weaken the immunologic reaction against skin homografts in mice. Transplantation 1, 21 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Medawar, P. B. and P. S. Rüssel: Adrenal homografts in mice with special reference to „Immunological adrenalectomy“. Immunology 1, 1 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, B. (D. Ben Shaul): The simultaneous production of immunological tolerance to human serum albumin and active immunity to bovine fibrinogen in neonatal rabbits. Bull. Res. Coun. Israel E 10, 45 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J. F. A. P.: Immunological function of the thymus. Lancet 1961 II, 748.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J. F. A. P.: Role of the thymus in transplantation immunity. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 99, 340 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J. F. A. P., u. P. Dtjkor: Die biologic des Thymus nach dem heutigen Stande der Forschung. Frankfurt a. M.: Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchison, N. A.: Tolerance of erythrocytes in poultry: Induction and specificity. Immunology 5, 341 (1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchison, N. A.: Tolerance of erythrocytes in poultry: Loss and abolition. Immunology 5, 359 (1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moulton, M. A., J. Stimpfling, and J. B. Storer: Attempts to induce tolerance to maternal tissue by irradiation of fetal mice. Transplant. Bull. 26, 454 (1960).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Najarian, J. S., and F. J. Dixon: Induction of tolerance to skin homografts in rabbits by alterations of placental permeability. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 112, 136 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naki, B., and V. Silobrciö: Tolerance of skin homograf ts related to fatal disease in separated rat parabionts. Nature (Lond.) 182, 264 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nathan, P., E. Gonzalez, and B. F. Miller: Tolerance to maternal skin grafts in rabbits induced by hyaluronidase. Nature (Lond.) 188, 77 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nisbet, N. W., B. F. Heslop, and I. M. Zeiss: Studies on transference of bone. III. Manifestations of immunological tolerance to implants of homologous cortical bone in rats. Brit. J. exp. Path. 41, 443 (1960).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Niu, M. C.: Thymus ribonucleic acid and embryonic differentiation. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 44, 1264 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nossal, G. J. V.: The immunological response of foetal mice to influenza virus. Aust. J. exp. Biol. med. Sci. 35, 549 (1957).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nossal, G. J. V.: The induction of immunologic tolerance in rats to foreign erythrocytes. Aust. J. exp. Biol. med. Sci. 36, 235 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oehme, J.: Immuntoleranz (Antigentoleranz) durch Krankheitserreger?. Mschr Kinderheilk. 111, 299 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oehme, J., u. W. Bredt: Spezifische immunologische Toleranz gegenüber Serumproteinen. Klin. Wschr. 39, 404 (1961).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oehme, J., u. G. Schwick: Untersuchungen zur Immuntoleranz gegenüber heterologen Serumproteinen. Vox Sang. (Basel) 6, 435 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Owen, R. D.: Immunogenetic consequences of vascular anastomoses between bovine twins. Science 102, 400 (1945).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Owen, R. D.: Erythrocyte antigens and tolerance phenomena. Proc. roy. Soc. B 146, 8 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perlzweig, W. A., and G. I. Steffen: On the nature of pneumococcus antigen. J. exp. Med. 38, 163 (1923).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Puza, A., M. Knazovicky, and M. Jtjrisovi: Homotransplantation of kidney in tolerant dogs. Folia biol. (Praha) 7, 68 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, B. A.: Tolerance to skin homografts of adult mice after parabiosis. Nature (Lond.) 184, 205 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, H.: Conditions for establishing immunological tolerance to a tumor virus. Nature (Lond.) 195, 342 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, R., J. Stack, and W. Dameshek: Effect of 6-mercaptopurine on antibody production. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 99, 164 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, R. S., and W. Dameshek: The role of antigen dosage in drug-induced immunologic tolerance. J. Immunol. 90, 703 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sercarz, E., and A. H. Coons: Specific inhibition of antibody formation during immunological paralysis and unresponsiveness. Nature (Lond.) 184, 1080 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sercarz, E., and A. H. Coons: The absence of antibody-producing cells during unresponsiveness to BS A in the mouse. J. Immunol. 90, 478 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, F., C. Martinez, and R. A. Good: Homologous skin transplantation from F1 hybrid mice to parent strains. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 101, 94 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, F., C. Martinez, and R. A. Good, J. M. Smith, and R. A. Good: Tolerance to skin homografts induced in adult mice by multiple injections of homologous spleen cells. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 106, 472 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Simonsen, M.: Induced tolerance to heterologous cells and induced susceptibility to virus. Nature (Lond.) 175, 763 (1955).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simonsen, M.: Actively acquired tolerance to heterologous antigens. Immunological concequences of transfusing chicken embryos with human blood. Acta path. microbiol. scand. 39, 21 (1956).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siskind, G. W., Ph. Y. Paterson, and L. Thomas: Induction of unresponsiveness and immunity in newborn and adult mice with pneumococcal polysaccharide. J. Immunol. 90, 929 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skowron-Cendrzak, A., and B. Konieczna-Marczynska: Skin homografts in parabiotic mice. Nature (Lond.) 184, 1590 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R. T.: Studies on the mechanism of immune tolerance. In: Mechanism of antibody formation, p. 313–328. Prague: Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R. T.: Immunological tolerance of nonliving antigens. Advanc. Immunol. 1, 67 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R. T., and R. A. Bridges: Response of rabbits to defined antigens following neonatal injection. Transplant. Bull. 3, 145 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R. T., and R. A. Bridges: Immunological unresponsiveness in rabbits produced by neonatal injection of defined antigens. J. exp. Med. 108, 227 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stark, O.K.: Studies on pneumococcal polysaccharide. J. Immunol. 74, 130 (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens, K. M., H. C. Pietryk, and J. L. Ciminera: Acquired immunological tolerance to a protein antigen in chickens. Brit. J. exp. Path. 39, 1 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stormont, C., W. C. Weir, and L. L. Lane: Erythrocyte mosaicism in a pair of sheep twins. Science 118, 695 (1953).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sulzberger, M. B.: Hypersensitiveness to neoarsphenamine in guinea pigs. I. Experiments in prevention and in desensitization. Arch. Derm. Syph. (Chic.) 20, 669 (1929).

    Google Scholar 

  • Szilard, L.: The control of the formation of specific proteins in bacteria and in animal cells. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 46, 277 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tempelis, C. H., and H. R. Wolfe: Antibody production in chickens following injections of embryos with bovine serum albumin. Transplant. Bull. 5, 23 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tempelis, C. H., and H. R. Wolfe and A. P. Mueller: The production of immunological unresponsiveness by the intravenous injection of bovine serum albumin into the chick embryo. Brit. J. exp. Path. 39, 323 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tempelis, C. H., and H. R. Wolfe and A. P. Mueller: The effect of dosage and time of injection of a soluble antigen on the production of immunological unresponsiveness in chickens. Brit. J. exp. Path. 39, 328 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Terres, G., and W. L. Hughes: Acquired immune tolerance in mice to crystalline bovine serum albumin. J. Immunol. 83, 459 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thorbecke, G. J., G. W. Siskind, and N. Goldberger: The induction of sensitization and immunological unresponsiveness by neonatal injection of bovine y-globulin. J. Immunol. 87, 147 (1961).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trakatellis, A.C., A. E. Axelrod, M. Montjar and F. Lamy: Induction of immune tolerance with ribosomes and ribonucleic acid extracts in new-born mice. Nature (Lond.) 202, 154 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Traub, E.: An epidemic in a mouse colony due to the virus of acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis. J. exp. Med. 63, 533 (1936).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Traub, E.: Epidemiology of lymphocytic choriomeningitis in a mouse stock observed for four years. J. exp. Med. 69, 801 (1939).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turk, J. L., and J. H. Humphrey: Immunological unresponsiveness in guinea pigs. II. The effect of unresponsiveness on the development of delayed type hypersensitivity to protein antigens. Immunology 4, 310 (1961).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uhr, J. W.: Development of delayed-type hypersensitivity in guinea pig embryos. Nature (Lond.) 187, 957 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weber, R. A., J.A. Cannon, and W. P. Longmire: Observations on the regrafting of successful skin homografts in chickens. Ann. Surg. 139, 473 (1954).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weigle, W. O.: The immune response of rabbits tolerant to bovine serum albumin to the injection of other heterologous serum albumins. J. exp. Med. 114, 111 (1961).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weigle, W. O.: Termination of acquired immunological tolerance to protein antigens following immunization with altered protein antigens. J. exp. Med. 116, 913 (1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weigle, W. O., and F. J. Dixon: Elimination of heterologous proteins from blood of normal, x-radiated and tolerant rabbits. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 98, 213 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weigle, W. O., and F. J. Dixon: The antibody response of lymph node cells transferred to tolerant recipients. J. Immunol. 82, 516 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, D. W.: Inhibition of tuberculin skin hypersensitivity in guinea pigs by injection of tuberculin and intact tubercle bacilli during fetal life. J. exp. Med. 108, 83 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, D. W., and A. Q. Wells: Actively acquired tolerance to tuberculo-protein. Nature (Lond.) 179, 968 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wicher, K., and D. Rogalowa: Polish. Med. Hist. Sci. Bull. 3, 62 (1960). Zit. in Festenstein U. Bokkenhäuser 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, H. R., and E. Dilks: Precipitin production in chickens. III. The variation in the antibody response as correlated with the age of the animal. J. Immunol. 58, 245 (1948).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, H. R., A. Mueller, J. Neess, and C. Tempelis: Precipitin production in chickens. XVI. The relationship of age to antibody production. J. Immunol. 79, 142 (1957).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, H. R., C. Tempelis, A. Mueller, and S. Reibel: Precipitin production in chickens. XVII. The effect of massive injections of bovine serum albumin at hatching on subsequent antibody production. J. Immunol. 79, 147 (1957).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woodruff, M. F. A.: Spezifische immunologische Toleranz. Klin. Wschr. 36, 245 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woodruff, M. F. A., and L. O. Simpson: Induction of tolerance to skin homografts in rats by injection of cells from the prospective donor soon after birth. Brit. J. exp. Path. 36, 494 (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woodruff, M. F. A., and M. Sparrow: Induction of tolerance to homografts of thyroid and adrenal in rats. Quart. J. exp. Physiol. 43, 91 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Hygiene-Institut der Universität, Freiburg i. Br., Deutschland

    Arnold Vogt

Authors
  1. Arnold Vogt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Philadelphia, USA

    W. Henle

  2. Düsseldorf, Deutschland

    W. Kikuth

  3. San Francisco, USA

    K. F. Meyer

  4. Hamburg, Deutschland

    E. G. Nauck

  5. Basel, Schweiz

    J. Tomcsik

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1966 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Vogt, A. (1966). Immunologische Toleranz. In: Henle, W., Kikuth, W., Meyer, K.F., Nauck, E.G., Tomcsik, J. (eds) Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie Immunitätsforschung und Experimentellen Therapie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-38353-7_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-38353-7_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-37574-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-38353-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation