Abstract
Chapter 2 introduced the concepts of data, information and knowledge-oriented systems. It was suggested that knowledge applications were an area of research and that the technology required to support the data and information applications existed and was well understood. This view is summarized in Table 9.1. It suggests that for data and information applications, advances will be made by identifying medical and health care problems and engineering me computer systems to implement solutiom. The research will emphasize biomedicine and health care; implementation will be primarily an engineering activity. Knowledge-oriented applications, however, are still topics of active research. The paradigms vary from the ngorous application of mathematic principles to the use of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques. This diversity of approaches is not without emotion, nyperbole, or controversy. Yet, as will be shown, this emphasis on medical Knowledge processing identifies a broad research area that addresses common problems using different methodologies. From this activity, a science of medical informatics should emerge.
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References
For Further Reading
There are several collections of papers now available on this topic. J. A. Reggia and S. Tuhrim have edited a two volume series called Computer-Assisted Medical Decision Making (Springer-Verlag, 1985).
The volume by W. Clancey and E. H. Shortliffe Readings in Medical Artificial Intelligence: The First Decade, Addison-Wesley, 1984 is limited primarily to papers in AI.
The P. Szolovits (ed) Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Westview, 1982, also presents an excellent overview.
In addition to papers in the references, there are several very good current survey articles. E. H. Shortliffe, B. G. Buchanan and E. A. Feigenbaum, Knowledge Engineering for Medical Decision Making: A Review of Computer-Based Clinical Decision Aids, IEEE Proc. (67,9): 1207–1224, 1979;
B. Kleinmuntz, Diagnostic Problem Solving by Computer: A Historic Review and the Current State of the Science, Compt. Biom. Med. (14,3):255–270, 1984;
D. A. Bergman and R. H. Pantell, The Art of Science in Medical Decision Making, 7. Pediatrics, (104,5): 649–656, 1984;
and two survey papers by Reggia and Rada in M. D. Schwartz (ed), Applications of Computers in Medicine, IEEE Computer Society, 1982.
References
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Figures 12 and 13 plus portions of the example are taken from H. E. Pople Jr., Heuristic Methods for Imposing Structure on Ill-Structured Problems: the Structuring of Medical Diagnosis, in P. Szolovits (ed), Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, West-view Press, 1982, pp. 119–190.
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Blum, B.I. (1986). Medical Decision Making. In: Clinical Information Systems. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-26537-6_9
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