Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Infections

  • Chapter
Placenta

Part of the book series: Handbuch der Speziellen Pathologischen Anatomie und Histologie ((SPEZIELLEN,volume 7/5))

  • 26 Accesses

Abstract

Placental infections are significant at all stages of pregnancy. Septic abortions follow introduction of bacteria into the uterus, by manipulation or by dissemination from other regions (vide infra). Bacterial infection of the placenta incurred during the second trimester is often followed by spontaneous delivery of an extremely immature fetus, whose death during or soon after birth cannot be averted. While some of these infections are induced by uterine instrumentation, many occur spontaneously, and often the precise pathogenetic mechanisms are not recognized. The rare fungous infections of the uterine contents during pregnancy appear to parallel those due to bacteria, in both pathogenesis and consequences. Authentic viral infection of the young conceptus, an uncommon complication of maternal viremic disease, may be teratogenic or even abortigenic. These agents also induce intrauterine infections during later pregnancy, involving placenta and fetus, and often with clinical manifestations which are unique to this period of life. Among parasitic diseases, toxoplasmosis is the most widely known cause of placental infections occuring in early and late pregnancy. While the possible pathogens to the placenta are legion and their effects varied, bacterial infections overshadow all the others in frequency and clinical significance.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 44.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aherne, W. and P. A. Davies: Congenital pneumonia. Letter to the Editor. Lancet 1, 275, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alford, C. A., F. A. Neva and T. H. Weller: Virologie and serologic studies on human products of conception after maternal rubella. New Engl. J. Med. 271, 1275, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, G. S., C. A. Green, G. A. Neligan, D. J. Newell and J. K. Russell: Congenital bacterial pneumonia. Lancet 22, 585, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bain, A. D., J. H. Bowie, W. F. Flint, J. K. A. Beverley and C. P. Beattle: Con-genital toxoplasmosis simulating haemolytic disease of the newborn. J. Obstet. Gynaec. Brit. Commw. 63, 826, 1956.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, R. L.: Pregnancy complicated by coccidioidomycosis: Report of two cases. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 70, 1033, 1955.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barter, R.: The histopathology of congenital pneumonia: A clinical and experimental study. J. Path. Bact. 66, 407, 1953.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barter, R. A.: Congenital pneumonia. Letter to the Editor. Lancet 1, 165, 1962

    Google Scholar 

  • Beckett, R. S. and F. J. Flynn: Toxoplasmosis. Report of two new cases, with a classification and with a demonstration of the organism in the human placenta. New Engl. J. Med. 249, 345, 1953.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beckmann, S. and E. Zimmer: Über die Bedeutung der „Nabelschnurentzündung“. Arch. Gynäk. 145, 194, 1931.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellows, M., M. E. Hyman and K. Merritt: The effects of smallpox vaccination on the outcome of pregnancy. Pub. Health Rep. 64, 319, 1949.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Belter, L.: Thrush of the umbilical cord. Obstet. Gynec. 14, 796, 1959

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benirschke, K.: Routes and types of infection in the fetus and the newborn. A.M.A. J. Dis. Child. 99, 714, 1960.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benirschke, K.: Review of the pathological anatomy of the human placenta. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 84, 1595, 1962.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benirschke, K. and G. L. Bourne: Plasma cells in an immature human placenta. Obstet. Gynec. 12, 495, 1958.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benirschke, K. and S. H. Clifford: Intrauterine bacterial infection of the newborn infant. Frozen sections of the cord as an aid to early detection. J. Pediat 54, 11, 1959.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benirschke, K. and S. O. Raphael: Candida albicans infection of the amniotic sac. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 75, 200, 1958.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beverley, J. K. A.: Congenital transmission of toxoplasmosis through successive generations of mice. Nature 183, 1348, 1959.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Biegeleisen, J. Z., L. V. Scott and W. Joel: Further evidence of fetal infection with herpes simplex virus. Amer. J. Clin. Path. 37, 289, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blacklock, D. B. and R. M. Gordon: Malarial parasites in the placental blood. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit. 19, 37, 1925.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blanc, W. A.: Infection amniotique et néonatale. Diagnostic cytologique rapide. Gynaecologia 136, 101, 1953.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blanc, W. A.: Amniotic infection syndrome (pathogenesis, morphology, and significance in circumnatal mortality). Clin. Obstet. Gynec. 2, 705, 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blanc, W. A.: Role of the amniotic infection syndrome in perinatal pathology. Bull. Sloane Hosp. for Women 3, 79, 1957.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blanc, W. A.: Pathways of fetal and early neonatal infection. Viral placentitis, bacterial and fungal chorioamnionitis. J. Pediat. 59, 473, 1961.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boesaart, J. W.: Een geval van placenta-tuberculose. Ned. T. Geneesk. 103, 1849, 1959.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bourne, G. J. and R. J. Whitty: Smallpox vaccination in pregnancy: A prospective study. Brit. Med. J. 1, 1544, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourne, G. L.: The Human Amnion and Chorion. London: Lloyd-Luke. 1962

    Google Scholar 

  • Browne, F. J.: Congenital pneumonia. Letter to the Editor. Lancet i, 748, 1962

    Google Scholar 

  • Browning, R. W.: Actinomycosis in pregnancy. Mississippi Doctor 35, 245, 1958

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burry, A. F.: Hydrocephalus after intrauterine fungal infection. Arch. Dis. Child. 32, 161, 1957.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Callahan, W. P., W. O. RussEL and M. G. Smith: Human toxoplasmosis. Medicine 25, 343, 1946.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clifford, S. H.: High-risk pregnancy I. Prevention of prematurity the sine qua non for reduction in mental retardation and other neurologic disorders. New. Engl. J. Med. 271, 243, 1964.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coatz, A. S.: The etiology of premature rupture of membranes. Obst. y Ginec. (Buenos Aires) 14, 529, 1935.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conti, M.: Histological aspects of premature rupture of membranes. Riv. Ostet. Ginec. 13, 375, 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cort, W. W.: Prenatal infestation with parasitic worms. J. Amer. Med. Ass. 76, 170–171, 1921.

    Google Scholar 

  • Couvreur, J.: Current aspects of congenital toxoplasmosis. Apropos of 300 cases. Rev. Hyg. Med. Sociale 10, 187, 1962.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Couvreur, J. and G. Desmont: Congenital and maternal toxoplasmosis: Review of 300 cases. Develop. Med. Child. Neurol. 4, 519, 1962.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Craig, J. M. and T. H. Weller: Unpublished observations

    Google Scholar 

  • Creadick, A. N.: The frequency and significance of omphalitis. Surg. Gynec. Obstet. 30, 278, 1920.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cruikshank, R. and D. Baird: A study of the vaginal flora in pregnancy, Edenb. Med. J. 37, 135, 1930.

    Google Scholar 

  • Danois, J., B. Samuel S. C. and G. Douglas: Immunological competence of placenta. Science 136, 382, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dippel, A. L.: The relationship of congenital syphilis to abortion and miscarriage and the mechanism of1intrauterine protection. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 47, 369, 1944

    Google Scholar 

  • Dominguez, R., A. J. Segal and J. A. O’Sullivan: Leukocytic infiltration of the um-bilical cord. J. Amer. Med. Ass. 173, 346, 1960.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dorman, H. G. and P. F. Sahyun: Identification and significance of spirochetes in the placenta, Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 33, 954, 1937.

    Google Scholar 

  • Douglas, R. G. and H. J. Stander: Infantile mortality. Effect of prolonged labor on the baby. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 46, 1, 1943.

    Google Scholar 

  • Driscoll, S. G., J. Maclaren, L. Gillespie and W. Cochran: Correlative study of clinical, histopathological, and bacteriological aspects of congenital bacterial infection. In preparation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dungal, N.: Listeriosis in four siblings. Lancet 22, 513, 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eastman, N. J.: Placental Syphilis. In Williams Obstetrics. Tenth edition. Appleton, Century Crofts, Inc. New York, 1950, pp. 1029.

    Google Scholar 

  • Discussion of early rupture of membranes: significance, etiology, and prognosis. Obstet. Gynec. Surv. 10, 14, 1955.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eckstein, A. and W. C. W. Nixon: Congenital malaria. Brit. Med. J. 1, 432, 1946

    Google Scholar 

  • Eichenwald, H.: Experimental toxoplasmosis. I. Transmission of the infection in utero and through the milk of lactating female mice. Amer. J. Dis. Child. 76, 307, 1948.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eichenwald, H. and H. R. Shinefield: Viral infections of the fetus and of the premature and newborn infant. Advances Pediat. 12, 249, 1962.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Emanuel, B., A. D. Lieberman, M. Goldin, J. Sanson: Pulmonary candidiasis in the neonatal period. J. Pediat. 61, 44, 1962.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Entwistle, D. M., P. T. Bray and K. M. Laurence: Prenatal infection with vaccinia virus: Report of a case. Brit. Med. J. 2, 238, 1962.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, G. V.: Herpes zoster neonatorum. Arch. Dis. Child. 27, 126, 1952.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, H. A.: The relationship of toxoplasma antibody activator to the serum-properdin system. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 66, 263, 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, H. A.: Congenital toxoplasmosis. Letter to the Editor. New Engl. J. Med. 269, 1212, 1963

    Google Scholar 

  • Flamm, H.: Proliferating aseptic pulmonary catarrh in a human foetus. Kim. Wschr. 35, 364, 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, H. A.: Die Pathogenese der Listeriose. In Listeriosen Symposion. Edited by Roots, E., and Strauch, D. Zbl. für Veterinärmedizin. March 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, H. A.: Die pränatalen Infectionen des Menschen. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frenkel, J. K.: Pathogenesis of toxoplasmosis and of infections with organisms resembling toxoplasma. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 64, 215, 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frenkel, J. K. and S. Friedlander: Toxoplasmosis: pathology of neonatal disease: pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. Report 141, Fed. Sec. Agency, U. S. Pub. Health Service, 1952.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fujikura, T. and R. C. Benson: Placentitis due to bacteria ascending the cervical canal. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 85, 876, 1963.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Galton, M. and K. Benirschke: The implications of Candida albicans infection of the amniotic sac. J. Obstet. Gynaec. Brit. Emp. 67, 644, 1960.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia, A. G. P.: Fetal infection in chickenpox and alastrim, with histopathologic study of the placenta. Pediatrics. 32, 895, 1963.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gosselin, O.: Etude de l’invasion microbienne de l’oeuf au cours du travail par la ponction abdominale du liquide amniotique; (note préliminaire). BruxellesMed. 17, 1600, 1937.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graff, S.: Die Abhängigkeit der Leukocytenbewegung von der pH-Ionenkonzentration. Munch. Med. Wschr. 69, 1721, 1922.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray, M. L.: Listeriosis in Animals. In Listeriosen Symposion. Edited by E. Roots and D. Strauch. Zbl. für Veterinärmedizin. March 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray, M. L.: Epidemiological aspects of listeriosis. Amer. J. Pub. Health 53, 554, 1963.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Green Way, A. S.: Congenital small pox. Verified by microscopic examination. Brit. Med. J. 1, 848, 1880.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, E. G., J. D. Hay, P. D. Moss and E. M. P. Ryan: Congenital toxoplasmosis in the newborn. Arch. Dis. Child. 23, 117, 1953.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harnass, K. and K. H. Torp: Congenital pneumonia and pneumonia in the neonatal period. Arch. Dis. Child. 30, 99, 1955.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, J. W.: Influenza in pregnant women. J. Amer. Med. Ass. 72, 978, 1919

    Google Scholar 

  • HellbrÜGge, T.: Die Fetale Infektion im Verlauf der akuten und chronischen Phase bei der latenten Rattentoxoplasmose. Arch. Gynäkol. 186, 384, 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  • HellbrÜGge, T., E. Dahme and F. K. HellbrÜGge: Tierexperimentelle Beobachtungen zur Dia-plazentaren Infektion der Toxoplasmen. Ztschr. Tropenmed. u. Parasit. 4, 312, 1953

    Google Scholar 

  • Heilendall, H.: Experimental transmission of lymphogranuloma venereum virus through the placenta. Amer. J. Surg. 70, 320, 1945.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinrichs, W. L.: Transmission of toxoplasmosis. Letter to the Editor. New Engl. J. Med. 269, 927, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoon, C. K., G. E. Mgkinnon: Prenatal vaccinia. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 85. 238, 1963

    Google Scholar 

  • HÖRmann, G.: A comment on the diagnosis and prognosis of congenital syphilis. Arch. Gynäk. 184, 481, 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hotchin, J.: The Biology of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Infection: Virus-induced Immune Disease. In Basic Mechanisms in Animal Virus Biology, Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, Xxvii. p. 479, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huldt, G.: Experimental toxoplasmosis. Transplacental transmission in guinea pigs. Acta Path. Microbiol. Scand. 49, 176, 1960.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ikeda, K.: Uber Aetiologie und Pathogenese der Leukocyteninfiltration in der Menschlichen Placenta. Beitr. Path. Anat. Allg. Path. 78, 16, 1927.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inaba, T.: La Lepro. 9: Suppl. 3, 1938 (Abstract). Author’s summary in: International J. Leprosy 8, 394, 1940.

    Google Scholar 

  • Irving, F. C.: A study of 308 cases of placenta previa. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 32 1936. 36

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, L.: Toxoplasma and toxoplasmosis. Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 17, 429, 1963

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kahle, P. J. and G. T. Mellinger: Renal actinomycosis in pregnancy. Urol. Cutan. Rev. 53, 720, 1949.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kass, E. H.: Bacteriuria and the prevention of prematurity and perinatal death. In: Kowlessar, N.; Editor: Physiology of Prematurity. Trans. of the Fifth Conference, New York, 1961, Josiah Macy, JR. Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kettler, L. H.: Kongenitale Toxoplasmose und Erythroblastose. Zbl. Path. 91, 92, 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kibrick, S.: Viral Infections of the Fetus and Newborn. Perspectives in Virology 2, 140, 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Killpack, W. S.: Prenatal vaccinia. Lancet i, 388, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, J. A. and R. A. Marks: Pregnancy and leprosy. A review of 52 pregnancies in 26 patients with leprosy. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 76, 438, 1958.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kjessler, A.: The time factor in rupture of the membranes and its influence on perinatal fetal mortality. Acta. Obstet. Gynec. Scand. 35, 495, 1956.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knox, JR., I. C. and J. K. Hoerner: The role of infection in premature rupture of the membranes. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 59, 190, 1950.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kobak, A. J.: Fetal bacteremia; a contribution to the mechanism of intrauterine infection and to the pathogenesis of placentitis. Amer. J.Obstet. Gynec. 19, 299, 1930.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langer, H.: Repeated congenital infection with Toxoplasma gondii. Obstet. Gynec, 21, 318, 1963.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Langer, H.: The significance of toxoplasma infections in pregnancy. Deutsche Med. Forsch. 1, 155, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langer, H. and H. Geissler: Nachweis von Toxoplasmen bei Aborten und Frühgeburten. Archiv. Gynäk. 192, 304, 1960.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larroche, J. C.: Trois cas de moniliase pulmonaire chez des prématurés. Presse Med. 33, 1913, 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larroche, J. C.: Candidiose pulmonaire chez des prématurés. Discussion de leur origine foetale. Semaine Hosp. Paris 33, 1, 1957.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawler, F. C., W. S. Wood, S. King and W. I. Metzger: Listeria monocytogenes as a cause of fetal loss. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 89, 915, 1964.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lelong, M., F. Lepage, Vinh Letanh, P. Tournier and C. Chany: Le virus de maladie des inclusions cytomegaliques. Arch. Franç. Pediat. 17, 1, 1960.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lepage, F. and B. Schramm: Histological pictures of the placenta and membranes in cytomegalic inclusion disease. Gynec. et. Obstet. 57, 273, 1958.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lucchesi, P. F., A. C. Laboccetta and A. R. Peale: Varicella neonatorum. A. M. A. J. Dis. Child. 73, 44, 1947.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lynch, F. W.: Dermatologie conditions of the fetus. Arch. Derm. Syph. 26, 997, 1932.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macarthur, P.: Congenital vaccinia and vaccinia gravidarum. Lancet 22, 1104, 1952.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macdonald, A. M. and P. Macarthur: Foetal vaccinia. Arch. Dis. Child. 28, 311, 1953

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manciaux, M., G. Rauber, G. Gentin, S. Gilgenkrantz and O. Guerci: Maladies des inclusions cytomegaliques diagnostiqué in vivo, Le Nourrisson 47, 77, 1959

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mannausa, L. R., R. E. Bogue and J. L. Kitzmiller: Bacteremic shock following the Shirodkar operation. Grace Hosp. Bull. 39, 21, 1961.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mccord, J. R.: Study of 200 autopsies made on syphilitic fetuses. Tr. Am. Gynec. Soc. 54, 52, 1929.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mccord, J. R.: A probable case of direct intrauterine transmission of tuberculosis from mother to baby. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 19, 826, 1930.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mccord, J. R.: Syphilis of the placenta. The histological examination of 1085 placentas of mothers with strongly positive blood Wasserman reactions. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 28, 743, 1934.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mcilwaine, H.: Quoted by Morison, 1952.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mckell, W. M., H. K. Helseth and J. G. Brunson: Influence of endotoxin on the placental-fetal barrier. Fred. Proc. 19, 246, 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  • Medearis, D. N.: Viral infections during pregnancy and abnormal human development. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 90, 1140, 1964.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mellgren, J., L. Alm and A. Kjessler: Isolation of toxoplasma from the human placenta and uterus. Acta. Path. Microbiol. Scand. 39, 59, 1952.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mendenhall, J. C., W. C. Black and G. E. Pottz: Progressive (disseminated) coccidio-idomycosis during pregnancy. Rocky Mount. Med. J. (Denver). 45, 472, 1948

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, J. E. and F. C. Mccall: Transplacental infection by Herpes srmplex virus. Amer. J. Dis. Child. 106, 207, 1963.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MÜLler, H. J.: Perinatal non-specific pneumonia. Acta. Obstet. et Gynec. Scand. 40, 309, 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morison, J. E.: Foetal and Neonatal Pathology. London, Butterworth and Co., Ltd.,] 963, p. 280.

    Google Scholar 

  • MÜLler, G.: Die primäre Fruchtwasserinfektion und die Möglichkeiten ihrer Entstehung. Virch. Arch. 328, 68, 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  • Namoo, P. and H. Hirsch: Prenatal vaccinia. Lancet 1, 196, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neghme, A., E. Thiermann, F. Ping, R. Christen and M. Agosin: Toxoplasmo-sis humana en Chile. Bol. de Inform. Paras. Chil. 7, 6, 1952.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neiditsch, L.: Klinische Beobachtungen an einigen Toxoplasmosefällen sowie Sektionsbefunde bei einem menschlichen Falle und bei Tieren. Schweiz. M. Wschr. 81, 485, 1951.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neitz, W. O.: Classification, transmission and biology of piroplasms of domestic animals. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 64, 56, 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olding, L. and L. Philipson: Two cases of listeriosis in the newborn, associated with placental infection. Acta. Path. Microbiol. Scand., 48, 24, 1960.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oppenheimer, E. H.: Congenital chickenpox with disseminated visceral lesions. Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 74, 240, 1944.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osborn, G. R.: Congenital pneumonia. Letter to the Editor. Lancet 1, 275, 1962

    Google Scholar 

  • Piercy, P. L.: Transmission of anaplasmosis. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 64, 40, 1956

    Google Scholar 

  • Plass, E. D.: Fetal and placental syphilis. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 74, 561, 1916

    Google Scholar 

  • Potel, J.: Die Listeriose beim Menschen; in Listeriosen Symposion. Edited by E. Roots and D. Strauch, Zbl. für Veterinärmedizin. March, 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  • Potter, E. L.: Placental transmission of viruses with especial reference to the intrauterine origin of cytomegalic inclusion body disease. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 74, 505, 1957.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Potter, E. L.: Pathology of the Fetus and Infant. Second Edition. Chicago, Yearbook Publishers, 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quan, A. and L. Strauss: Congenital cytomegalic inclusion disease. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 83, 1240, 1962.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rappaport, F., M. Rabinovitz, R. Toaff and N. Krochik: Genital listeriosis as a cause of repeated abortion. Lancet 1, 1273, 1960.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Remington, J. S.: Chronic toxoplasma infection in the uterus. J. Lab. and Clin. Med. 56, 879, 1960.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Remington, J. S., L. Jacobs, M. J. Melton and H. E. Kaufman: Chronic toxoplasma infection in a human uterus, Research Note. J. Parasit. 44, 587, 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  • Remington, J. S., L. Jacobs, M. J. Melton and H. E. Kaufman: Congenital transmission of toxoplasmosis from mother animals with acute and chronic infections. J. Infect. Dis. 108, 163, 1961.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Remington, J. S., L. Jacobs, M. J. Melton and H. E. Kaufman: Chronic toxoplasma infection in the uterus. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 56, 879, 1960.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Renoux, G., G. Roman and H. Quatrefages: Latent infection of a newborn guinea pig born of a mother infected with Brucella melitensis. Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. 144, 349, 1950.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, J. S.: Toxoplasmosis. Devel. Med. Child. Neurol. 4, 507, 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruffolo, E. H., R. B. Wilson and W. A. Lyle: Listeria monocytogenes as a cause of pregnancy wastage. Obstet. Gynec. 19, 533, 1962.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sabin, A. B.: Toxoplasmosis: Current status and unsolved problems. Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hygiene. 2, 360, 1953.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sangalang, G. A.: Premature rupture of the membranes, an obstetric problem. Obstet. Gynec. 9, 390, 1957.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schaeffer, M., M. F. Fox and C. P. Li: Intrauterine poliomyelitis infection. J. Amer. Med. Ass. 155, 248, 1954.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schaffer, A. J., M. M.RkowItz and A. Perlman: Pneumonia in newborn infants. J. Amer. Med. Ass. 159, 663, 1955.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schick, B.: Diaplacental infection of the fetus with the virus of german measles despite immunity in the mother. Analogous observations in smallpox. Acta Paediat. 38, 563, 1949.

    Google Scholar 

  • ScHmorl, G. and Geipel: Über die Tuberkulose der menschlichen Plazenta. Munch. Med. Wschr. 51, 1676, 1904.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schubert, W.: Fruchttod und Hydrops universalis durch Toxoplasmosis. Virch. Arch. Path. Anat. 330, 518, 1957.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schultz, W.: Diaplacental infection in animal experimentation. Geburtsh. Frauenheilk., 18, 315, 1958.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seelicer, H. P. R.: Some new aspects of human listeriosis; in Human Listeriosis. Its Nature and Diagnosis. United States Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare. Public Health Service Communicable Disease Center, Atlanta, Ga., 1957.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sever, J. L., R. J. Hueber, G. A. Castellano and J. A. Bell: Serologic diagnosis “En Masse” with multiple antigens. Amer. Rev. Resp. Dis. 88, 342, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shelekov, A. and L. Weinstein: Poliomyelitis in the early neonatal period: Report of a case of possible intrauterine infection. J. Pediat. 38, 80, 1951.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shuman, H. H.: Varicella in the newborn. A. M. A. J. Dis. Child. 58, 564, 1939.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sid Dall, R. S.: The significance of inflammation of the umbilical cord. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 14, 192, 1927.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sid Dall, R. S.: Inflammation of the amnion and chorion. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 15, 828, 1928

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegel, M. and B. Singer: Occurrence of tubercle bacilli in blood of umbilical cord and in newborn infants of tuberculous mothers. Amer. J. Dis. Child. 50, 636, 1935

    Google Scholar 

  • Silverstein, A. M. and R. J. Lures: Fetal response to antigenic stimulus. I. Plasma cellular and lymphoid reactions in the human fetus to intrauterine infection. Lab. Invest. 11, 918, 1962.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Slatkin, M. H. and C. T. Nelson: Syphilis in pregnancy. Serologic diagnosis and treatment. Clin. Obstet. Gynec. 2, 658, 1959.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Slemons, J. M.: Placental bacteremia. J. Amer. Med. Ass. 45, 1665, 1915

    Google Scholar 

  • Sonnenschein, H., H. L. Clark and C. L. Taschdjian: congenital Cutaneous candi-diasis in a premature infant. A. M. A. J. Dis. Child. 99, 81, 1960.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • C. L. Taschdjian and D. H. Clark: Congenital cutaneous candidiasis. Amer. J. Dis. Child. 107, 260, 1964.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sorba, M.: Etudes de Pathologie Foetale et Néonatale, Lausanne, 1948, Rouge et Cie. La mort du foetus in utero. Etiologie, anatomie et physiologie pathologique. Gynaecologia 127, 337, 1949.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Staemmler, M.: Infektion und Abwehr im fetalen Leben: Fetale Sepsis. Arch. Gynäk. 176, 548, 1949.

    Google Scholar 

  • Staemmler, M.: Die Beteiligung mütterlicher Leukocyten an Abwehr-und Entzündungsprozessen im fetalen Organismus. Frankfurt. Ztschr. Path. 62, 262, 1951.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Staemmler, M.: Fetale Infectionen. Geburtsh. u. Frauenh. 12, 301, 1952.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stokes, H., H. Beerman and N. R. Ingraham: Modern Clinical Syphilology. Third Edition. W. B. Saunders and Co., Phila. 1945. Chap. X XI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Studdiford, W. E. and G. W. Douglas: Placental bacteremia: Significant finding in septic abortion accompanied by vascular collapse. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 71, 842, 1956.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thalhammer, O.: Diagnosis and treatment of a toxoplasma infection in pregnancy. Dtsch. Med. Wschr. 85, 177, 1960.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thomsen, K.: Placental findings in late gestoses. Etiologic classification. Arch. Gynäk. 185, 476, 1955.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Traub, E.: Epidemiology of lymphocytic choriomeningitis in a mouse observed for four years. J. Exp. Med. 69, 801, 1939.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Traub E.: The epidemiology of lymphocytic choriomeningitis in white mice. J. Exp. Med. 64, 186, 1936.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tucker, S. M. and D. E. Sinson: Foetal complication of vaccination in pregnancy. Brit. Med. J. 22, 237, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaughan, J. E. and H. Ramirez: Coccidioidomycosis as a complication of pregnancy. Calif. Med. 74, 121, 1951.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Warthin, A. S.: Tuberculosis of the placenta. J. Infect. Dis. 4, 347, 1907.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinstein, L.: The bacterial flora of the human vagina. Yale J. Biol. Med. 10, 247, 1938.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weinstein, L., M. BoGin, J. H. Howard and B. B. Finkelstone: A survey of the vaginal flora at various ages with special reference to the Döderlein bacillus. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 32, 211, 1936.

    Google Scholar 

  • Werner, H.: Experimenteller Beitrag zur Konnatalen Toxoplasmose. Abl. Bakt., Parasit., Infekt. Hyg. 186, 391, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Werner, H., L. Schmidtke and G. Thomascheck: Toxoplasma-Infektion and Schwangerschaft. Klin. Wschr. 15, 96, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitman, R. C. and L. W. Greene: A case of disseminated miliary tuberculosis in a stillborn fetus. Arch. Int. Med. 29, 261, 1922.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wichramasuriya, G. A. W.: Some observations on malaria occurring in association with pregnancy. J. Obstet. Gynaec. Brit. Emp. 42, 816, 1935.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wid Holm, O., M. L. Hjelt and K. Cantell: The birth canal as the origin of primary infantile infections. Ann. Med. Exp. Fenn. 36, 191, 1958.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wielenga, G., H. A. E. Van Tongeren, A. H. Ferguson and T. G. Van Rijssel: Prenatal infection with vaccinia virus. Lancet 1, 258, 1961.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wiersum, A. K.: Variolois bij een Foetus. Ned. Tidschr. Geneesk. 100, 971, 1956

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, M. G., D. H. Armstrong, R. C. Nelson and R. A. Boak: Prolonged rupture of fetal membranes. Effect on the newborn infant. Amer. J. Dis. Child. 107, 138, 1964.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Witzleben, C. L. and S. G. Driscoll: Possible transplacental transmission of Herpes simplex virus infection. Pediatrics (In press) 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wohlwill, F. and H. E. Boole: Über Entzündungen der Placenta und fetale Sepsis. Arch. Gynaek. 135, 271, 1929.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wohlwill, F. and H. E. Boole: Weitere Untersuchungen über Entzündungen der Placenta und Fetale Sepsis: Zugleich ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Fetalen „Entzündung“. Beitr. Path. Anat. u. Allg. Path. 85, 469, 1930.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, A., D. Cowen and B. H. Paige: Human toxoplasmosis: Occurrence in infants as an encephalomyelitis. Verification by transmission to animals. Science 89, 226, 1939.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, A., D. Cowen and B. H. Paige: Fetal encephalomyelitis: prenatal inception of infantile toxoplasmosis. Science 93, 548, 1941.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, W. H.: A summary of the newer knowledge of toxoplasmosis. Amer. J. Clin. Path. 28, 1, 1957.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young, G. A.: Preliminary report on the etiology of edema in newborn pigs. J. Amer. Vet. Med. Ass. 121, 394, 1952.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Additional Relevant References

  • Ball Ard, M. B.: Spontaneous rupture of the membranes before the onset of labor. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 32, 445, 1936.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benner, M. C.: Congenital infection of the lungs, middle ears and nasal accessory sinuses. Arch. Path. 29, 455, 1940.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, J. and J. Wang: The pathology of neonatal pneumonia. Amer. J. Dis. Child. 101, 350, 1961

    Google Scholar 

  • Breese, M. W.: Spontaneous premature rupture of the membranes. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 81, 1086, 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bret, A.-J., P. Coiffard, R. Durieux and C. Demay: A propos de l’infection néonatale, ses modes de transmission de la mère à l’enfant. Arch. Franç. de Pediat. 20, 321, 1963.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buemann, B. and P. Lange: Premature rupture of the membranes at foetal weights of 1,000–2,500 G. Acta Obstet. Gynec. 41, 346, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calkins, L. A.: Premature spontaneous rupture of the membranes. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 64, 871, 1952.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corner, G. W., R. W. Kistner and R. L. Wall: The relationship of prolonged labor to fetal mortality. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 62, 1086, 1951.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cron, R. S. and R. C. Brown: Premature rupture of the fetal membranes. Obstet. Gynec. 1, 234, 1953.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Easterday, C. L. and D. E. Reid: The incompetent cervix in repetitive abortion and premature labor. New Engl. J. Med. 260, 687, 1959.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Emig, O. R., J. V. Napier and J. V. Brassie: Inflammation of the placenta. Correlation with prematurity and perinatal death. Obstet. Gynec. 17, 743, 1961.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Franklin, H. C.: Bacterial flora in infants encountered at the time of delivery. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 56. 738, 1948.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goodpasture, E. W.: Virus infection of the mammalian fetus, Science 95, 391, 1942

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kincaid-Smith, P. and M. Bgllen: Bacteriuria in pregnancy. Lancet 1, 395, 1965

    Google Scholar 

  • Langley, F. A. and J. A. M. Smith: Perinatal pneumonia: A retrospective study. J. Obstet. Gynaec. Brit. Emp. 66, 12, 1959.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larroche, J. C. and A. Minkowski: Broncho-pneumonies foetales et néonatales. Etudes Néonatales 5, 175, 1955.

    Google Scholar 

  • Magnussen, J. H. and F. Wahlgren: Human toxoplasmosis. An account of 12 cases in Sweden. Acta Path. Microbiol. Scand. 25, 215, 1948.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pisarski, T., H. Breborowicz and L. A. Pryzbora: Leukocytic infiltration in the placenta and membranes. Biol. Neonat. 5, 129, 1963.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roth, L. G.: Early rupture of the membranes. significance, etiology, and prognosis. Obstet. Gynec. 4, 87, 1954.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schinefield, H. R. and T. E. Townsend: Transplacental transmission of western equine encephalomyelitis. J. Pediat. 43, 21, 1953.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J. W. and A. L. Bloomfield: The development of the aerobic bacterial flora of the throat in newborn babies. J. Pediat. 36, 51, 1950.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J. A. M., R. F. Jennison and F. A. Langley: Perinatal infection and perinatal death. Lancet. ii, 903, 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  • Staemmler, M.: Die Infektion des Fruchtwassers und ihre Folge für die Frucht. Virch. Arch. 320, 577, 1951.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, E. S., R. L. Morgan, P. D. Bruns and V. E. Drose: Spontaneous premature rupture of the fetal membranes. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 82, 1341, 1961

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Torrey, J. C. and M. K. Reese: Initial aerobic flora of newborn premature infants. Amer. J. Dis. Child. 67, 89, 1944.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torrey, J. C. and M. K. Reese: Initial aerobic flora of newborn infants. Amer. J. Dis. Child. 69, 208, 1945.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trethwie, E. R.: Age and lung-histamine. J. Immunol. 56, 211, 1947.

    Google Scholar 

  • Varga, A. and B. Brod Well: Viral inclusion bodies in vaginal smears. Obstet. Gynec. 16, 441, 1960.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weinman, D.: Toxoplasma and toxoplasmosis. Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 6, 281, 1952

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wildfuhr, G.: Tierexperimentelle Untersuchungen zur Frage der diaplazentaren Übertragung der Toxoplasma beim vor Gravidität infizierten Muttertier. Ztschr. Immunitätsforsch. 111, 110, 1954.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winter, E. W.: The premature and very early rupture of the membranes. Monat-sehr. Geburtsh. Gynäk. 99, 332, 1935.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Bern, Schweiz

    F. Strauss

  2. Hanover, New Hampshire, USA

    K. Benirschke

  3. Boston, Mass., USA

    Shirley G. Driscoll

Authors
  1. F. Strauss
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. K. Benirschke
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Shirley G. Driscoll
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Bern, Schweiz

    F. Strauss

  2. Hanover, New Hampshire, USA

    K. Benirschke

  3. Boston, Mass., USA

    Shirley G. Driscoll

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1967 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Strauss, F., Benirschke, K., Driscoll, S.G. (1967). Infections. In: Strauss, F., Benirschke, K., Driscoll, S.G. (eds) Placenta. Handbuch der Speziellen Pathologischen Anatomie und Histologie, vol 7/5. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-25615-2_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-25615-2_10

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-23538-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-25615-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation