Abstract
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) as it is performed today is a combination of several techniques described some years ago. A synthesis of these techniques including mechanical stone removal, chemolysis, and ultrasound disintegration was first presented in 1980 (Alken & Altwein). These initial experiences suggested that PNL could become an alternative to open stone surgery. Since then, more than 2000 such procedures have been performed worldwide. Several modifications have been described leading to a comparable success rate of up to 95%.
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References
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© 1985 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
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Alken, P. (1985). Percutaneous nephrolithotomy. In: Holm, H.H., Kristensen, J.K. (eds) Interventional Ultrasound. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-25530-8_11
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-25530-8_11
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
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