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Animal Models of Opiate Dependence

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Neurobiological Mechanisms of Opiate Withdrawal

Part of the book series: Neuroscience Intelligence Unit ((NIU.LANDES))

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Abstract

Endogenous opioid peptides exert a wide range of central and peripheral effects. It was thought that tolerance to opiates could be assessed for any of its measurable actions. However, tolerance develops to many different effects of morphine, to different degrees and at different rates. Moreover, some effects seem to be unchanged while others increase after repeated opiate administration. Thus, these adaptive mechanisms, which develop for each morphine effect, must not have absolute common bases. They must depend upon the interaction between the overstimulation of opioid receptors by opiates and the complex neuronal circuitries responsible for the physiological effects. It is important to emphasize that these adaptive processes are mediated through physiological feedback mechanisms. Following the repeated exposure to the drug, their activities will increase out of the physiological range, and this situation will become progressively permanent and will establish a new artificial homeostatic equilibrium of the “milieu interieur,” in which the opiate will exert a controlling role in the sense that the permanent stimulation of opiate receptors is now needed. In opiate-addicted subjects, abstinence of the drug will disrupt this artificial homeostatic state triggering physiological, behavioral and psychological effects. Together, these symptoms will define opiate dependence. Thus, one must consider that when a subject is tolerant or sensitized to a given drug effect, the subject is dependent on the drug as a whole.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Pharmacochimie Moléculaire et Structurale, Paris, France

    Rafael Maldonado M.D., Ph.D.

  2. Université de Bordeaux II, Bordeaux Cédex, France

    Luis Stinus Ph.D.

  3. The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA

    George F. Koob Ph.D.

Authors
  1. Rafael Maldonado M.D., Ph.D.
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  2. Luis Stinus Ph.D.
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  3. George F. Koob Ph.D.
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© 1996 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

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Maldonado, R., Stinus, L., Koob, G.F. (1996). Animal Models of Opiate Dependence. In: Neurobiological Mechanisms of Opiate Withdrawal. Neuroscience Intelligence Unit. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-22218-8_2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-22218-8_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-22220-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-22218-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

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