Abstract
For reference purposes, the earth’s surface at sea level may be represented by revolving an ellipse of eccentricity, e, and major axis, a e, about the polar axis. The flattening factor, f, or ellipticity, is related to the eccentricity, e,by the equation
, The flattening factor is alternatively called the ellipticity or the oblateness factor. The major axis, a e, is the equatorial radius, which is related to the polar radius, a p, by the equation
and the mean radius, < a> is given by
.
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“There is not, in strictness speaking, one fixed star in the heavens, ... there can hardly remain a doubt of the general motion of all the starry systems, and consequently of the solar one amongst the rest.”
Sir F. W. Herschel, 1753
“A luminous star, of the same density as the Earth, and whose diameter should be two hundred and fifty times larger than that of the Sun, would not, in consequence of its attraction, allow any of its rays to arrive at us. It is therefore possible that the largest luminous bodies in the universe may, through this cause, be invisible.”
P. S. Laplace, 1798
“The laws of physical phenomena must be the same for a fixed observer as for an observer who has a uniform motion of translation relative to him.... There must arise an entirely new kind of dynamics which will be characterized above all by the rule that no velocity can exceed the velocity of light.”
H. Poincaré, 1904
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Faber, S. M., Gallagher, J. S.: Masses and mass-to-light ratios of galaxies. Ann. Rev. Astron. Ap. 17, 135 (1979).
Falk, S. W., Arnett, W. D.: Radiation dynamics, envelope ejection, and supernova light curves. Ap. J. Suppl. 33, 515 (1977).
Fall, S. M., Saslaw, W. C.: The growth of correlations in an expanding universe and the clustering of galaxies. Ap. J. 204, 631 (1976).
Fall, S. M.: Galaxy correlations and cosmology. Rev. Mod. Phys. 51, 21 (1979).
Felten, J. E.: On Schmidt’s V estimator and other estimators of luminosity functions. Ap. J. 207, 700 (1976).
Field, G. B., Perrenod, S. C.: Constraints on a dense hot intergalactic medium. Ap. J. 215, 717 (1977).
Goldreich, P., Tremaine, S.: The excitation and evolution of density waves. Ap. J. 222, 850 (1978).
Gordon, M. A.: Determination of the spiral pattern speed of the galaxy. Ap. J. 222, 100 (1978).
Gott, J. R. Iii: On the formation of elliptical galaxies. Ap. J. 201, 296 (1975).
Gott, J. R. Iii, Thuan, T. X.: On the formation of spiral and elliptical galaxies. Ap. J. 204, 649 (1976).
Gott, J. R. Iii: Recent theories of galaxy formation. Ann. Rev. Astron. 15, 235 (1977).
Gott, J. R. Iii, Turner, E. L.: Groups of galaxies. Iii. Mass-to-light ratios and crossing times. Ap. J. 213, 309 (1977).
Gott, J. R. Iii, Turner, E. L.: Groups of galaxies. IV. The multiplicity function. Ap. J. 216, 357 (1977).
Gottlieb, D. M.: Skymap: a new catalog of stellar data. Ap. J. Suppl. 38, 287 (1978).
Grasdalen, G. L.: (V-K) colors of galaxies: statistical differences between spirals and ellipticals and the color-diameter relation for elliptical galaxies. Ap. J. 195, 605 (1975).
Gregory, S. A.: Redshifts and morphology of galaxies in the Coma cluster. Ap. J. 199, 1 (1975).
Grindlay, J. E.: The optical counterpart of GX 339–4, a possible black hole X-ray source. Ap. J. 232, L 33 (1979).
Gunn, J. E.: Massive galactic halos. I. Formation and evolution. Ap. J. 218, 592 (1977).
Hainebach, K. L., Schramm, D. N.: Galactic evolution models and the rhenium-187-osmium-187 chronometer: a greater age for the galaxy. Ap. J. 207, L 79 (1976).
Hainebach, K. L., Schramm, D. N.: Comments on galactic evolution and nucleocosmochronology. Ap. J. 212, 347 (1977).
Harrison, E. R.: Interpretation of redshifts of galaxies in clusters. Ap. J. 191, L 51 (1974).
Hartwick, F. D. A., Sargent, W. L. W.: The mass of M 31 as determined from the motions of its globular clusters. Ap. J. 190, 283 (1974).
Hartwick, F. D. A.: Upper limits to the mass of the Virgo clusters of galaxies. Ap. J. 208, L 13 (1976).
Hartwick, F. D. A.: The chemical evolution of the galactic halo. Ap. J. 209, 418 (1976).
Hartwick, F. D. A., Sargent, W. L. W.: Radial velocities for outlying satellites and their implications for the mass of the galaxy. Ap. J. 221, 512 (1978).
Humphreys, R. M.: Studies of luminous stars in nearby galaxies. I. Supergiants and O stars in the Milky Way. Ap. J. Suppl. 38, 309 (1978).
Huntley, J. M., Saslaw, W. C.: The distribution of stars in galactic nuclei: loaded polytropes. Ap. J. 199, 328 (1975).
IllingwoRth, G., Illingworth, W.: The masses of globular clusters. I. Surface brightness distributions and star counts. Ap. J. Suppl. 30, 227 (1976).
Jackson, P. D., Kellman, S. A.: A redetermination of the galactic H I half-thickness and a discussion of some dynamical consequences. Ap. J. 190, 53 (1974).
Janes, K. A.: Evidence for an abundance gradient in the galactic disk. Ap. J. Suppl. 39, 135 (1979).
Jensen, E. B., Strom, K. M., Strom, S. E.: Composition gradients in spiral galaxies: a consistency check on the density-wave theory. Ap. J. 209, 748 (1976).
Jones, B. J. T.: The origin of galaxies: a review of recent theoretical developments and their confrontation with observation. Rev. Mod. Phys. 48, 107 (1976).
Jura, M.: Star formation in elliptical galaxies. Ap. J. 212, 634 (1977).
Kellermann, K. I., et al.: Further observations of apparent changes in the structure of 3 C 273 and 3 C 279. Ap. J. 189, L 19 (1974).
Kellermann, K. I., et al.: Observations of compact radio nuclei in Cygnus A, Centaurus A., and other extended radio sources. A.. J. 197, L 113 (1975).
Khachikian, E. Y., Weedman, D. W.: An atlas of Seyfert galaxies. Ap. J. 192, 581 (1974).
Knobloch, E.: Tidal disruption of clusters. Ap. J. 209, 411 (1976).
Knobloch, E.: Stochastic tidal disruption of clusters. Ap. J. 218, 406 (1977).
Knobloch, E.: Tidal interactions of galaxies. Ap. J. Suppl. 38, 253 (1978).
Kristian, J., Sandage, A., Katem, B.: On the systematic optical identification of the remaining 3C radio sources. I. A search in 47 fields. Ap. J. 191, 43 (1974).
Larson, R. B., Tinsley, B. M.: Photometric properties of model spherical galaxies. Ap. J. 192, 293 (1974).
Larson, R. B., Tinsley, B. M.: Star formation rates in normal and peculiar galaxies. Ap. J. 219, 46 (1978).
Lau, Y. Y., Bertin, G.: Discrete spiral modes, spiral waves, and the local dispersion relationship. Ap. J. 226, 508 (1978).
Lea, S. M.: The dynamics of the intergalactic medium in the vicinity of clusters of galaxies. Ap. J. 203, 569 (1976).
Leir, A. A., Van Den Bergh, S.: A study of 1889 rich clusters of galaxies. Ap. J. Suppl. 34, 381 (1977).
Liang, E. P.: Dynamics of primordial inhomogeneities in model universes. Ap. J. 204, 235 (1976).
Liang, E. P. T.: Nonlinear periodic waves in a self-gravitating fluid and galaxy formation. Ap. J. 230, 325 (1979).
Light, E. S., Danielson, R. E., SchwArzschild, M.: The nucleus of M 31. Ap. J. 194, 257 (1974)
Lightman, A. P., Press, W. H.: Time evolution of galaxy correlations in a model for gravitational instability. Ap. J. 225, 677 (1978).
Mcclelland, J., Silk, J.: The correlation function for density perturbations in an expanding universe. Ap. J. 216, 665 (1977).
Mcclelland, J., Silk, J.: The correlation function for density perturbations in an expanding universe. II. Nonlinear theory. Ap. J. 217, 331 (1977).
Mcclelland, J., Silk, J.: The correlation function for density perturbations in an expanding universe. Iii. The three-point and predictions of the four-point and higher order correlation functions. Ap. J. Suppl. 36, 389 (1978).
Mckee, C. F., Petrosian, V.: Are quasars dusty ? Ap. J. 189, 17 (1974).
McKee, C. F., Tarter, C. B.: Radiation pressure in quasar clouds. Ap. J. 202, 306 (1975).
Marchant, A. B., Shapiro, S. L.: The formation of elliptical galaxies by tidal interactions. Ap. J. 215, 1 (1977).
Margolis, S. H., Schramm, D. N.: Dust in the universe ? Ap. J. 214, 339 (1977).
Mark, J. W.-K.: On density waves in galaxies. I. Source terms and action conservations. Ap. J. 193, 539 (1974).
Mark, J. W.-K.: On density waves in galaxies. Iii. Wave amplification by stimulated emission. Ap. J. 205, 363 (1976).
Mark, J. W.-K.: On density waves in galaxies. V. Maintenance of spiral structure and discrete spiral modes. Ap. J. 212, 645 (1977).
Mathews, W. G.: Radiative acceleration of gas clouds near quasi-stellar objects and Seyfert galaxy nuclei. Ap. J. 189, 23 (1974).
Meier, D. L.: Have primeval galaxies been detected ? Ap. J. 203, L 103 (1976).
Meier, D. L.: The optical appearance of model primeval galaxies. Ap. J. 207, 343 (1976).
Miller, R. H.: On the stability of a disk galaxy. Ap. J. 190, 539 (1974).
Miller, G. E., Scalo, J. M.: The initial mass function and stellar birthrate in the solar neighborhood. Ap. J. Suppl. 41, 513 (1979).
Mottmann, J., Abell, G. O.: The luminosity function of galaxies in cluster A 2670. Ap. J. 218, 53 (1977).
Mueller, M. W., Arnett, W. D.: Propagating star formation and irregular structure in spiral galaxies. Ap. J. 210, 670 (1976).
Noonan, T. W.: Binary galaxies and the problem of masses of clusters of galaxies. Ap. J. 196, 683 (1975).
O’Connell, R. W.: Galaxy spectral synthesis. I. Stellar populations in the nuclei of giant ellipticals. Ap. J. 206, 370 (1976).
Olson, D. W., Silk, J.: Primordial inhomogeneities in the expanding universe. II. General features of spherical models at late times. Ap. J. 233, 395 (1979).
Dort, J. H.: The galactic center. Ann. Rev. Astron. Ap. 15, 295 (1977).
Opher, R.: Acceleration of Qso clouds by radiation pressure. Ap. J. 187, 5 (1974).
Opher, R.: A theory of galactic nuclei and quasi-stellar objects. Ap. J. 188, 201 (1974).
Ostriker, J. P., Peebles, P. J. E., Yahil, A.: The size and mass of galaxies, and the mass of the universe. Ap. J. 193, L 1 (1974).
Ostriker, J. P., Richstone, D. O., Thuan, T. X.: On the numbers, birthrates, and final states of moderate-and high-mass stars. Ap. J. 188, L 87 (1974).
Ostriker, J. P., Thuan, T. X.: Galactic evolution. II. Disk galaxies with massive halos. Ap. J. 202, 353 (1975).
Ostriker, J. P., Tremaine, S. D.: Another evolutionary correction to the luminosity of giant galaxies. Ap. J. 202, L 113 (1975).
Ostriker, J. P., Hausman, M. A.: Cannibalism among the galaxies: dynamically produced evolution of cluster luminosity functions. Ap. J. 217, L 125 (1977).
Pacholczvk, A. G., Scott, J. S.: In situ particle acceleration and physical conditions in radio tail galaxies. Ap. J. 203, 313 (1976).
Partridge, R. B.: A search for primeval galaxies at high redshifts. Ap. J. 192, 241 (1974).
Peebles, P. J. E.: The gravitational-instability picture and the nature of the distribution of galaxies. Ap. J. 189, L 51 (1974).
Peebles, P. J. E., Hauser, M. G.: Statistical analysis of catalogs of extragalactic objects. Iii. The Shane-Wirtanen and Zwicky catalogs. Ap. J. Suppl. 28, 19 (1974).
Peebles, P. J. E.: A cosmic virial theorem. Ap. J. 205, L 109 (1976).
Peimbert, M., Torres-Peimbert, S., Rayo, J. F.: Abundance gradients in the galaxy derived from H II regions. Ap. J. 220, 516 (1978).
Peters, W. L.: Models for the inner regions of the galaxy. I. An elliptical streamline model. Ap. J. 195, 617 (1975).
Peterson, C. J., Roberts, M. S.: Extended rotation curves of high-luminosity spiral galaxies. Iii. The spiral galaxy Ngc 7217. Ap. J. 226, 770 (1978).
Peterson, S. D.: Double galaxies. I. Observational data on a well-defined sample. Ap. J. Suppl. 40, 527 (1979).
Petrosian, V.: Surface brightness and evolution of galaxies. Ap. J. 209, L 1 (1976).
Poveda, A., Allen, C.: A new upper limit to the mass loss from the central region of the galaxy. Ap. J. 200, 42 (1975).
Press, W. H., Schechter, P.: Formation of galaxies and clusters of galaxies by self-similar gravitational condensation. Ap. J. 187 425 (1974).
Press, W. H.: Exact evolution of photons in an anisotropic cosmology with scattering. Ap. J. 205, 311 (1976).
Richstone, D. O.: Collisions of galaxies in dense clusters. I. Dynamics of collisions of two galaxies. Ap. J. 200, 535 (1975).
Richstone, D. O.: Collisions of galaxies in dense clusters. II. Dynamical evolution of cluster galaxies. Ap. J. 204, 642 (1976).
Roberts, M. S., Whitehurst, R. N.: The rotation curve and geometry of M31 at large galactocentric distances. Ap. J. 201, 327 (1975).
Roberts, M. S., Steigerwald, D. G.: A search for neutral hydrogen clouds in radio galaxies and in intergalactic space. Ap. J. 217, 883 (1977).
Roberts, W. W. Jr., Roberts, M. S., SHu, F. H.: Density wave theory and the classification of spiral galaxies. Ap. J. 196, 381 (1975).
Roberts, W. W. Jr., Huntley, J. M., Van Albada, G. D.: Gas dynamics in barred spirals: gaseous density waves and galactic shocks. Ap. J. 233, 67 (1979).
RooD, H. J.: Concerning two forces hypothesized to resolve the mass discrepancy of galaxy clusters. Ap. J. 193, 15 (1974).
Rood, H. J.: Empirical properties of the mass discrepancy in groups and clusters of galaxies. II. Ap. J. 188, 451 (1974).
Rood, H. J.: Empirical properties of the mass discrepancy in groups and clusters of galaxies. V. Nine samples. Ap. J. 194, 27 (1974).
RooD, H. J.: Empirical properties of the mass discrepancy in groups and clusters of galaxies. VI. Projection effects. Ap. J. 199, 549 (1975).
Rood, H. J.: Corrected ratios of average mass to average luminosity for double galaxies. Ap. J. 205, 354 (1976).
RooD, H.J.: Nearby groups of galaxy clusters. Ap. J. 207 16 (1976).
RooD, H. J., Dickel, J. R.: Radial velocities and masses of galaxies in groups from 21-centimeter line observations. Ap. J. 205, 346 (1976).
RooD, H. J.: The virial mass and mass-to-light ratio of the Andromeda (M 31) subgroup. Ap. J. 232, 699 (1979).
RooD, H. J., Dickel, J. R.: Analytical examination of virial properties of groups of galaxies. Ap. J. 233, 418 (1979).
Rose, W. K., Tinsley, B. M.: Late stages of stellar evolution in the light of elliptical galaxies. Ap. J. 190, 243 (1974).
Rubin, V. C.: The scatter on the Hubble diagram and the motion of the local group. Ap. J. 211, L 1 (1977).
Rubin, V. C., Ford, W. K. Jr., Tuonnard, N.: Extended rotation curves of high-luminosity spiral galaxies. IV. Systematic dynamical properties, Sa—*Sc. Ap. J. 225, L 107 (1978).
Rudnick, L., Owen, F. N.: Head-tail radio sources in clusters of galaxies. Ap. J. 203, L 107 (1976).
Saaf, A. F.: On gaseous flows in disk galaxies. Ap. J. 189, 33 (1974).
Sanders, R. H.: Explosions in galactic nuclei and the formation of double radio sources. Ap. J. 205, 335 (1976).
Sargent, W. L. W., Turner, E. L.: A statistical method for determining the cosmological density parameter from the redshifts of a complete sample of galaxies. Ap. J. 212, L 3 (1977).
Saslaw, W. C.: The ejection of massive objects from galactic nuclei: gravitational scattering on the object by the nucleus. Ap. J. 195, 773 (1975).
Saslaw, W. C.: Orbit segregation in evolving galaxies and clusters of galaxies. Ap. J. 216, 690 (1977).
Schechter, P.: An analytic expression for the luminosity function for galaxies. Ap. J. 203, 297 (1976).
Schmidt, M.: The mass of the galactic halo derived from the luminosity function of high-velocity stars. Ap. J. 202, 22 (1975).
Schwarz, J., Ostriker, J. P., Yawl, A.: Explosive events in the early universe. Ap. J. 202, 1 (1975).
Seldner, M., Peebles, P. J. E.: A new way to estimate the mean mass density associated with galaxies. Ap. J. 214, L 1 (1977).
Shields, G. A.: Composition gradients across spiral galaxies. Ap. J. 193, 335 (1974).
Shields, G. A., Tinsley, B. M.: Composition gradients across spiral galaxies. II. The stellar mass limit. Ap. J. 203, 66 (1976).
Silk, J.: On the fragmentation of cosmic gas clouds. I. The formation of galaxies and the first generation of stars. Ap. J. 211, 638 (1977).
Silk, J.: Protogalaxy interactions in newly formed clusters: galaxy luminosities, colors, and intergalactic gas. Ap. J. 220, 390 (1978).
Soneira, R. M., Peebles, P. J. E.: Is there evidence for a spatially homogeneous population of field galaxies ? Ap. J. 211, 1 (1977).
Spinrad, H., et al.: Halos of spiral galaxies: photometry and mass-to-light ratios. Ap. J. 225, 56 (1978).
Spinrad, H., Stone, R. P. S.: An upper limit to the extragalactic background light. Ap. J. 226, 609 (1978).
Stoner, R., Ptak, R.: The effect of suprathermal protons on the physical conditions in Seyfert galaxy nuclei. II. Ap. J. 208, 298 (1976).
Talbot, R. J. Jr., Arnett, W. D.: Some recent results from galactic and stellar evolution theory. Ap. J. 190, 605 (1974).
Talbot, R. J. Jr., Arnett, W. D.: The evolution of galaxies. IV. Highly flattened disks. Ap. J. 197, 551 (1975).
Terrell, J.: Size limits on fluctuating astronomical sources. Ap. J. 213, L 93 (1977).
Tifft, W. G., Gregory, S. A.: Direct observations of the large-scale distribution of galaxies. Ap. J. 205, 696 (1976).
Tinsley, B. M.: Constraints on models for chemical evolution in the solar neighborhood. Ap. J. 192, 629 (1974).
Tinsley, B. M.: Interpretation of the stellar metallicity distribution. Ap. J. 197, 159 (1975).
Tinsley, B. M.: Nucleochronology and chemical evolution. Ap. J. 198, 145 (1975).
Tinsley, B. M.: Chemical evolution in the solar neighborhood. II. Statistical constraints, finite stellar lifetimes, and inhomogeneities. Ap. J. 208, 797 (1976).
Tinsley, B. M.: Surface brightness parameters as tests of galactic evolution. Ap. J. 209, L 7 (1976).
Tinsley, B. M.: Surface brightness parameters as tests of galactic evolution. Ap. J. 210, L 49 (1976).
Tinsley, B. M., Gunn, J. E.: Evolutionary synthesis of the stellar population in elliptical galaxies. I. Ingredients, broad-band colors, and infrared features. Ap. J. 203, 52 (1976).
Tinsley, B. M.: Chemical evolution in the solar neighborhood. Iii. Time scales and nucleochronology. Ap. J. 216, 548 (1977).
Tinsley, B. M.: Evolutionary synthesis of the stellar population in elliptical galaxies. II. Late M giants and composition effects. Ap. J. 222, 14 (1978).
Tinsley, B. M., Larson, R. B.: Chemical evolution and the formation of galactic disks. Ap. J. 221, 554 (1978).
Tinsley, B. M.: Stellar lifetimes and abundance ratios in chemical evolution. Ap. J. 229, 1046 (1979).
Toomre, A.: Theories of spiral structure. Ann. Rev. Astron. Ap. 15, 437 (1977).
Tremaine, S. D., Ostriker, J. P., Spitzer, L. Jr.: The formation of the nuclei of galaxies. I. M31. Ap. J. 196, 407 (1975).
Tremaine, S. D.: The formation of the nuclei of galaxies. II. The local group. Ap. J. 203, 345 (1976).
Thuan, T. X., Gott, J. R. Iii: The angular momentum of galaxies. Ap. J. 216, 194 (1977).
Turner, E. L., Gott, J. R. Iii: Evidence for a spatially homogeneous component of the universe: single galaxies. Ap. J. 197, L 89 (1975).
Turner, E. L.: Binary galaxies. II. Dynamics and mass-to-light ratios. Ap. J. 208, 304 (1976).
Turner, E. L., Gott, J. R. Iii: Groups of galaxies. I. A catalog. Ap. J. Suppl. 32, 409 (1976).
Turner, E. L., Gott, J. R. Iii: Groups of galaxies. II. The luminosity function. Ap. J. 209, 6 (1976).
Bergh, S.: Tentative identification of main-sequence stars in the nuclear bulge of the galaxy. Ap. J. 188, L 9 (1974).
Bergh, S.: The nature of quasars. Ap. J. 198, L 1 (1975).
Veeder, G. J.: The local mass density. Ap. J. 191, L 57 (1974).
Vidal-Madjar, A., et al.: The ratio of deuterium to hydrogen in interstellar space. Iii. The lines of sight to zeta Puppis and gamma Cassiopeiae. Ap. J. 211, 91 (1977).
Weisheit, J. C., Collins, L. A.: Model galactic coronae: ionization structure and absorption-line spectra. Ap. J. 210, 299 (1976).
Weymann, R.: Confinement and internal structure of radiatively accelerated quasar clouds. Ap. J. 208, 286 (1976).
Wittels, J. J., et al.: Apparent “superrelativistic” expansions of the extragalactic radio source 3C 345. Ap. J. 206, L 75 (1976).
Yahil, A.: The density profiles of rich clusters of galaxies. Ap. J. 191, 623 (1974).
Yahil, A.: The universe as a “non-ideal gas” of galaxies. Ap. J. 204, L 59 (1976).
Yahil, A.: On the dynamics of binary galaxies. Ap. J. 217, 27 (1977).
Yahil, A., Tammann, G. A., Sandage, A.: The local group: the solar motion relative to its centroid. Ap. J. 217, 903 (1977).
Yahil, A., Vidal, N. V.: The velocity distribution of galaxies in clusters. Ap. J. 214, 347 (1977).
Aaronson, M., Huchra, J., Mould, J.: The infrared luminosity/H I velocity-width relation and its application to the distance scale. Ap. J. 229, 1 (1979).
Abramowicz, M. A., Wagoner, R. V.: Analytic properties of relativistic, rotating bodies. Ap. J. 216, 86 (1977).
Abramowicz, M. A., Wagoner, R. V.: Slowly rotating, relativistic stars. Ap. J. 226, 1063 (1978).
Adams, R. C., Cohen, J. M.: Analytic stellar models in general relativity. Ap. J. 198, 507 (1975).
Anderson, J. D., et al.: Experimental test of general relativity using time-delay data from Mariner 6 and Mariner 7. Ap. J. 200, 221 (1975).
Bahcall, J. N., Wolf, R. A.: Star distribution around a massive black hole in a globular cluster. Ap. J. 209, 214 (1976).
Bahcall, J. N., Wolf, R. A.: The star distribution around a massive black hole in a globular cluster. II. Unequal star masses. Ap. J. 216, 883 (1977).
Balbus, S. A., Brecher, K.: Tidal friction in the binary pulsar system Psr 1913+ 16. Ap. J. 203, 202 (1976).
Bardeen, J. M., Petterson, J. A.: The Lense-Thirring effect and accretion disks around Kerr black holes. Ap. J. 195, L 65 (1975).
Barker, B. M., O’Connell, R. F.: Relativistic effects in the binary pulsar Psr 1913+ 16. Ap. J. 199, L 25 (1975).
Barry, G. W.: Charged cosmology. Ap. J. 190, 279 (1974).
Baum, W. A., Florentin-Nielsen, R.: Cosmological evidence against time variation of the fundamental atomic constants. Ap. J. 209, 319 (1976).
Bessell, M. A., et al.: 2U 1700–37; another black hole ? Ap. J. 187, 355 (1974).
Blandford, R., Teukolsky, S. A.: On the measurement of the mass of Psr 1913+ 16. Ap. J. 198, L 27 (1975).
Bleyer, U., John, R. W., Liebscher, D.-E.: On a new method of determining the gravitational constant. Gerlands Beitr. Geophys. Leipzig 86, 148 (1977).
Blumenthal, G. R., Mathews, W. G.: Spherical winds and accretion in general relativity. Ap. J. 203, 714 (1976).
Bonazzola, S., Schneider, J.: An exact study of rigidly and rapidly rotating stars in general relativity with application to the Crab pulsar. Ap. J. 191, 273 (1974).
Brans, C. H.: Propagation of electromagnetic polarization effects in anisotropic cosmologies. Ap. J. 197, 1 (1975).
Brecher, K.: Some implications of period changes in the first binary radio pulsar. Ap. J. 195, L 113 (1975).
Brecher, K.: Is the speed of light independent of the velocity of the source? Phys. Rev. Lett. 39, 1051 (1977).
Brecher, K.: Possible test of the strong principle of equivalence. Ap. J. 219, L 117 (1978).
Brown, G. S., Tinsley, B. M.: Galaxy counts as a cosmological test. Ap. J. 194, 555 (1974).
Brown, R. W., Stecker, F. W.: Cosmological Baryon-number domain structure from symmetry breaking in grand unified field theories. Phys. Rev. Lett. 43, 315 (1979).
Bruzual, G. A., Spinrad, H.: The characteristic size of clusters of galaxies: a metric rod used for a determination of go. Ap. J. 220, 1 (1978).
Burke, W. L.: Large-scale random gravitational waves. Ap. J. 196, 329 (1975).
Butterworth, E. M., Ipser, J. R.: Rapidly rotating fluid bodies in general relativity. Ap. J. 200, L 103 (1975).
Butterworth, E. M.: On the structure and stability of rapidly rotating fluid bodies in general relativity. II. The structure of uniformly rotating pseudopolytropes. Ap. J. 204, 561 (1976).
Butterworth, E. M., Ipser, J. R.: On the structure and stability of rapidly rotating fluid bodies in general relativity. I. The numerical method for computing structure and its application to uniformly rotating homogeneous bodies. Ap. J. 204, 200 (1976).
Camenzind, M.: Theories of gravity with structure-dependent y’s. Phys. Rev. Lett. 35, 1188 (1975).
Candelas, P., Sciama, D. W.: Irreversible thermodynamics of black holes. Phys. Rev. Lett. 38, 1372 (1977).
Canuto, V., Hsieh, S. H., Adams, P. J.: Scale-covariant theory of gravitation and astrophysical applications. Phys. Rev. Lett. 39, 429 (1977).
Canuto, V., Lodenquai, J.: Dirac cosmology. Ap. J. 211, 342 (1977).
Canuto, V., TsIang, E.: On the hydrodynamic expansion of a relativistic gas. Ap. J. 213, 27 (1977).
Canuto, V. M., Hsieh, S.-H.: Scale covariance and G-varying cosmology. II. Thermodynamics, radiation, and the 3 K background. Ap. J. Suppl. 41, 243 (1979).
Canuto, V. M., Hsieh, S.-H., Owen, J. R.: Scale covariance and G-varying cosmology. Iii. The tests. Ap. J. Suppl. 41, 263 (1979).
Canuto, V. M., Owen, J. R.: Scale covariance and G-varying cosmology. IV. The log N-log S relation. Ap. J. Suppl. 41, 301 (1979).
Carr, B. J.: Some cosmological consequences of primordial black-hole evaporations. Ap. J. 206, 8 (1976).
Chan, K. L., Jones, B. J. T.: Distortions of the microwave background radiation spectrum in the submillimeter wavelength region. Ap. J. 198, 245 (1975).
Chan, K. L., Jones, B. J. T.: Distortions of the 3°K background radiation spectrum: observational constraints on the early thermal history of the universe. Ap. J. 195, 1 (1975).
Chan, K. L., Jones, B. J. T.: The evolution of the cosmic radiation spectrum under the influence of turbulent heating. I. Theory. Ap. J. 200, 454 (1975).
Chan, K. L., Jones, B. J. T.: The evolution of the cosmic radiation spectrum under the influence of turbulent heating. II. Numerical calculation and application. Ap. J. 200, 461 (1975).
Chapman, G. A.: Recent measurements of the flux excess from solar faculae and the implication for the solar oblateness. Phys. Rev. Lett. 34, 755 (1975).
Cheng, E. S., et al.: Large-scale anisotropy in the 2.7 K radiation. Ap. J. 232, L 139 (1979).
Chia, T. T., Chau, W. Y., Henriksen, R. N.: Gravitational radiation from a rotating collapsing gaseous ellipsoid. Ap. J. 214, 576 (1977).
Chin, C.-W., Stothers, R.: Limit on the secular change of the gravitational constant based on studies of solar evolution. Phys. Rev. Lett. 36, 833 (1976).
Chitre, D. M., Hartle, J. B.: Stationary configurations and the upper bound on the mass of non-rotating, causal neutron stars. Ap. J. 207, 592 (1976).
Combley, F., et al.: g-2 experiments as a test of special relativity. Phys. Rev. Lett. 42, 1383 (1979).
Contopoulos, G., Spyrou, N.: The center of mass in the post-Newtonian approximation of general relativity. Ap. J. 205, 592 (1976).
Cooper, P. S., et al.: Experimental test of special relativity from a high-y electron g-2 measurement. Phys. Rev. Lett. 42, 1386 (1979).
Counselman, C. C. Iii, et al.: Solar gravitational deflection of radio waves measured by very-longbaseline interferometry. Phys. Rev. Lett. 33, 1621 (1974).
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Lang, K.R. (1980). Astrometry and Cosmology. In: Astrophysical Formulae. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-21642-2_5
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