Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Trees III pp 423–445Cite as

White Spruce [Picea glauca (Moench) Voss] and Black Spruce [Picea mariana (Mill) B.S.P.]

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry ((AGRICULTURE,volume 16))

Abstract

The genus Picea, the spruces, is a member of the family Pinaceae, the largest family of conifers. There are about 40 species of spruce (Safford 1974), found principally in north temperate regions of Europe, Asia, and North America. Picea glauca (Moench) Voss (white spruce), and Picea mariana (Mill) B.S.P. (black spruce) are restricted primarily to North America. This introduction focuses on Picea glauca because of its greater abundance and economic importance.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Ackerson RC (1984) Regulation of soybean embryogenesis by abscisic acid. J Exp Bot 35: 403–413

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ammirato PV (1983) Embryogenesis. In: Evans DA, Sharp WR, Ammirato PV, Yamada Y (eds) Handbook of plant cell culture, vol 1. Macmillan, New York, pp 82–123

    Google Scholar 

  • Ammirato PV (1984) Induction and maintenance of cell suspension cultures. In: Vasil IK (ed) Cell culture and somatic cell genetics of plants, vol 1. Laboratory procedures and their applications. Academic Press, New York Orlando, pp 139–151

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnold S von (1987) Improved efficiency of somatic embryogenesis in mature embryos of Picea ables (L.) Karst. J Plant Physiol 128: 233–234

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arnold S von, Eriksson T (1981) In vitro studies of adventitious shoot formation in Pinus contorta. Can J Bot 59: 870–874

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arnold S von, Eriksson T (1986) Norway spruce (Picea abies L.). In: Bajaj YPS (ed) Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry, vol 1: Trees I. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 291–310

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnold S von, Hakman I (1986) Effects of sucrose on initiation of embryogenic callus from mature zygotic embryos of Picea abies (L.) Karst. ( Norway spruce ). J Plant Physiol 122: 251–265

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnold S von, Hakman I (1988) Regulation of somatic embryo development in Picea abies by abscisic acid ( ABA ). J Plant Physiol 132: 164–169

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnold S von, Woodward S (1988) Organogenesis and embryogenesis in mature zygotic embryos of Picea sitchensis. Tree Physiol 4: 291–300

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Attree SM, Sheffield E (1986) Ficoll density gradient centrifugation as a method for eliminating

    Google Scholar 

  • microbial contamination and purifying plant protoplasts. Plant Cell Rep 5:288–291

    Google Scholar 

  • Attree SM, Fowke LC (1991) Somatic embryogenesis in conifers. In: Bajaj YPS (ed) Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry, vol 17 Hi-Teck and micropropagation. Springer, Berlin (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Attree SM, Bekkaoui F, Dunstan D, Fowke LC (1987) Regeneration of protoplasts from an embryogenic suspension culture of white spruce (Picea glauca). Plant Cell Rep 6: 480–483

    Google Scholar 

  • Attree SM, Dunstan D, Fowke LC (1989a) Initiation of embryogenic callus and suspension cultures, and improved embryo regeneration from protoplasts of white spruce (Picea glauca). Can J Bot 67: 1790–1795

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Attree SM, Dunstan DI, Fowke LC (1989b) Plantlet regeneration from embryogenic protoplasts of white spruce (Picea glauca). Bio/Technology 7: 1060–1062

    Google Scholar 

  • Attree SM, Budimir S, Fowke LC (1990) Somatic embryogenesis and plantlet regeneration from cultured shoots and cotyledons of seedlings germinated from stored seed of black and white spruce (Picea mariana and Picea glauca). Can J Bot 68: 30–34

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bayliss MW (1977) Factors affecting the frequency of tetraploid cells in a predominantly diploid suspension of Daucus carota. Protoplasma 92: 109–115

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Becwar MR, Noland TL, Wann SR (1987a) A method for quantification of the level of somatic embryogenesis among Norway spruce callus lines. Plant Cell Rep 6: 35–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Becwar MR, Noland TL, Wann SR (1987b) Somatic embryo development and plant regeneration from embryogenic Norway spruce callus. Tappi 70: 155–160

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Becwar MR, Noland TL, Wyckoff JL (1989) Maturation, germination, and conversion of Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) somatic embryos to plants. In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology 25: 575–580

    Google Scholar 

  • Bekkaoui F, Saxena PK, Attree SM, Fowke LC, Dunstan DI (1987) The isolation and culture of protoplasts from an embryogenic suspension culture of Picea glauca ( Moench) Voss. Plant Cell Rep 6: 476–479

    Google Scholar 

  • Bekkaoui F, Pilon M, Laine E, Raju DSS, Crosby WL, Dunstan DI (1988) Transient gene expression in electroporated Picea glauca protoplasts. Plant Cell Rep 7: 481–484

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonga JM (1981) Organogenesis in vitro of tissues from mature conifers. In Vitro 17: 511–518

    Google Scholar 

  • Boulay MP, Gupta PK, Krogstrup P, Durzan DJ (1988) Development of somatic embryos from cell suspension cultures of Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.). Plant Cell Rep 7: 134–137

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell RA, Durzan DJ (1975) Induction of multiple buds and needles in tissue cultures of Picea glauca. Can J Bot 53: 1652–1657

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell RA, Durzan DJ (1976) Vegetative propagation of Picea glauca by tissue culture. Can J For Res 6: 240–243

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chafe SC, Durzan DJ (1973) Tannin inclusions in cell suspensions of white spruce. Planta 113: 251–262

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chalupa V, Durzan DJ (1973) Growth and development of resting buds of conifers in vitro. Can J For Res 3: 196–208

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crouch ML, Sussex IM (1981) Development and storage protein synthesis in Brassica napus L. embryos in vivo and in vitro. Planta 153: 64–74

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • David A (1982) In vitro propagation of gymnosperms. In: Bonga JM, Durzan DJ (eds) Tissue culture in forestry. Nijhoff/Junk, The Hague, pp 72–108

    Google Scholar 

  • David A, David H (1979) Isolation and callus formation from cotyledon protoplasts of pine (Pinus pinaster). Z Pflanzenphysiol 94: 173–177

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • David H, Jarlet E, David A (1984) Effects of nitrogen source, calcium concentration and osmotic stress on protoplasts and protoplast-derived cell cultures of Pinus pinaster cotyledons. Physiol Plant 61: 477–482

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dunstan DI, Mohammed GH, Thorpe TA (1987) Morphogenetic response of vegetative bud explants of adolescent and mature Picea glauca ( Moench) Voss in vitro. New Phytol 106: 225–236

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunstan DI, Bekkaoui F, Pilon M, Fowke LC, Abrams SR (1988) Effects of ABA and analogues on the maturation of white spruce (Picea glauca) somatic embryos. Plant Sci 58: 77–84

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Durzan DJ (1980) Prospects for the mass propagation of economically important conifers by cell and tissue culture. In: Sala F, Parsi B, Cella R, Ciferri O (eds) Plant cell cultures: results and perspectives. Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam New York, pp 283–288

    Google Scholar 

  • Durzan DJ (1982) Somatic embryogenesis and sphaeroblasts in conifer cell suspensions. In: Fujiwara A (ed) Plant tissue culture 1982. Maruzen, Tokyo, pp 113–114

    Google Scholar 

  • Durzan DJ, Gupta PK (1987) Somatic embryogenesis and polyembryogenesis in Douglas-fir cell suspension cultures. Plant Sci 52: 229–235

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Durzan DJ, Chafe SC, Lopushanski SM (1973) Effects of environmental changes on sugars, tannins, and organized growth in suspension cultures of white spruce. Planta 113: 241–249

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evans DA, Gamborg OL (1982) Chromosome stability of cell suspension cultures of Nicotiana species. Plant Cell Rep 1: 104–107

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Faye M, David A (1983) Isolation and culture of gymnosperm root protoplasts (Pinus pinaster). Physiol Plant 59: 359–362

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farnum P, Timmis R, Kulp JL (1983) Biotechnology of forest yield. Science 219: 694–702

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feirer RP, Conkey JH, Verhagen SA (1989) Triglycerides in embryogenic conifer calli: a comparison with zygotic embryos. Plant Cell Rep 8: 207–209

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foster AS, Gifford EM (1974) Comparative morphology of vascular plants, 2nd edn. Freeman, San Francisco

    Google Scholar 

  • Gupta PK, Durzan DJ (1986a) Plantlet regeneration via somatic embryogenesis from subcultured callus of mature embryos of Picea abies ( Norway spruce ). In Vitro Cell Dev Biol 22: 685–688

    Google Scholar 

  • Gupta PK, Durzan DJ (1986b) Somatic polyembryogenesis from callus of mature sugar pine embryos. Biotechnology 4: 643–645

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta PK, Durzan DJ (1986c) Isolation and cell regeneration of protoplasts from sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana). Plant Cell Rep 5: 346–348

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta PK, Durzan DJ (1987a) Biotechnology of somatic polyembryogenesis and plantlet regeneration in loblolly pine. Biotechnology 5: 147–151

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta PK, Durzan DJ (1987b) Somatic embryos from protoplasts of loblolly pine proembryonal cells. Biotechnology 5: 710–712

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta PK, Dandekar AM, Durzan DJ (1988) Somatic proembryo formation and transient gene expression of a luciferase gene in Douglas fir and loblolly pine protoplasts. Plant Sci 58: 85–92

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hakman I, Fowke LC (1987a) Somatic embryogenesis in Picea glauca (white spruce) and Picea mariana (black spruce). Can J Bot 65: 656–659

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hakman I, Fowke LC (1987b) An embryogenic suspension culture of Picea glauca (white spruce). Plant Cell Rep 6: 20–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hakman I, Arnold S von (1983) Isolation and growth of protoplasts from cell suspensions of Pinus contorta Doug. ex Loud. Plant Cell Rep 2: 92–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hakman I, Arnold S von (1985) Plantlet regeneration through somatic embryogenesis in Picea abies ( Norway spruce ). J Plant Physiol 121: 149–158

    Google Scholar 

  • Hakman I, Arnold S von (1988) Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from suspension cultures of Picea glauca (white spruce). Physiol Plant 72: 579–587

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hakman I, Fowke LC, Arnold S von, Eriksson T (1985) The development of somatic embryos in tissue cultures initiated from immature embryos of Picea abies ( Norway spruce ). Plant Sci 38: 53–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Hakman I, Rennie P, Fowke LC (1987) A light and electron microscope study of Picea glauca (white spruce) somatic embryos. Protoplasma 140: 100–109

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ho RH (1989) Adventitious root and shoot regeneration in cultured explants of mature black spruce. Plant Science 62: 129–135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hosie RC (1979) Native trees of Canada. Seventh edition. Can For Serv, Dep Environ

    Google Scholar 

  • Jain SM, Newton RJ, Soltes EJ (1988) Enhancement of somatic embryogenesis in Norway spruce (Picea abies L.). Theor Appl Genet 76: 501–506

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kartha KK, Fowke LC, Leung NL, Caswell KL, Hakman I (1988) Induction of somatic embryos and plantlets from cryopreserved cell cultures of white spruce (Picea glauca). J Plant Physiol 132: 529–539

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • King PJ (1984) Induction and maintenance of cell suspension cultures. In: Vasik IK (ed) Cell culture and somatic cell genetics of plants, vol 1. Laboratory procedures and their applications. Academic Press, New York Orlando, pp 130–138

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirby EG, Cheng TY (1979) Colony formation from protoplasts derived from Douglas fir cotyledons. Plant Sci Lett 14: 145–154

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krogstrup P (1986) Embryo like structures from cotyledons and ripe embryos of Norway spruce (Picea abies). Can J For Res 16: 664–668

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krogstrup P, Eriksen EN, Moller JD, Roulund H (1988) Somatic embryogenesis in Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) (Bong. Can. ). Plant Cell Rep 7: 594–597

    Google Scholar 

  • Lainé E, David H, David A (1988) Callus formation from cotyledon protoplasts of Pinus oocarpa and Pinus patula. Physiol Plant 72: 374–378

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lelu M-A, Boulay M, Arnaud Y (1987) Obtention de cals embryogènes à partir de cotylédons de Picea abies (L.) Karst. prélevés sur de jeunes plantes âgées de 3 à 7 jours après germination. C R Acad Sci Paris 305: 105–109

    Google Scholar 

  • Litvay JD, Johnson MA, Verma D, Einspahr D, Weyrauch K (1981) Conifer suspension culture medium development using analytical data from developing seeds. Tech Pap Ser Inst Paper Chem 115: 1–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Lockhart DD (1985) Protecting the forests of New Brunswick against “the insect” — an overview. For Chron 61: 382–384

    Google Scholar 

  • Lu C-Y, Thorpe TA (1987) Somatic embryogenesis and plantlet regeneration in cultured immature embryos of Picea glauca. J Plant Physiol 128: 297–302

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mercier JC (1985) Protection of the forest: a social and economic imperative. For Chron 61: 378–381

    Google Scholar 

  • Mo LH, Arnold S von, Lagercrantz U (1989) Morphogenic and genetic stability in longterm embryogenic cultures and somatic embryos of Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst. ). Plant Cell Rep 8: 375–378

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohammed GH, Vidaver WE (1988) Root production and plantlet development in tissue-cultured conifers. Plant Cell Tissue Org Cult 14: 137–160

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mohammed GH, Dunstan DI, Thorpe TA (1986) Influence of nutrient medium upon shoot initiation on vegetative explants excised from 15- to 18-year-old Picea glauca. N Z J For Sci 16: 297–305

    Google Scholar 

  • Mott RL (1981) Trees. In: Conger BV (ed) Cloning agricultural plants via in vitro techniques. CRC, Boca Raton, pp 217–254

    Google Scholar 

  • Murashige T, Skoog F (1962) A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassay with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol Plant 15: 473–497

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagmani R, Becwar MR, Wann SR (1987) Single-cell origin and development of somatic embryos in Picea abies (L.) Karst. (Norway spruce) and Picea glauca ( Moench) Voss (white spruce ). Plant Cell Rep 6: 157–159

    Google Scholar 

  • Norstog K, Rhamstine E (1967) Isolation and culture of haploid and diploid cycad tissues. Phytomorphology 17: 374–381

    Google Scholar 

  • Owens JN, Molder M (1984) The reproductive cycle of interior spruce. Prov B C, Inf Sery Branch, Min For, Victoria, B C, Canada

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts DR, Flinn BS, Webb DT, Webster FB, Sutton BCS (1990) Abscisic acid and indole-3-butyric acid regulation of maturation and accumulation of storage proteins in somatic embryos of interior spruce. Physiol Plant (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rumary C, Thorpe TA (1984) Plantlet formation in black and white spruce. 1. In vitro techniques. Can J For Res 14: 10–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Safford LO (1974) Picea A. Dietr. Spruce. In: Schopmeyer CS (ed) Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA Handbook 450:487–597

    Google Scholar 

  • Schenk RU, Hildebrandt AC (1972) Medium and techniques for induction and growth of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plant cell cultures. Can J Bot 50: 199–204

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shillito RD, Pazkowski J, Potrykus I (1983) Agarose plating and bead type culture technique enable and stimulate development of protoplast-derived colonies in a number of plant species. Plant Cell Rep 2: 244–247

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith DR (1986) Radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don.). In: Bajaj YPS (ed) Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry, vol 1: Trees I. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 274–291

    Google Scholar 

  • Sommer HE, Brown CL (1979) Application of tissue culture to forest tree improvement. In: Sharp WR, Larsen PO, Paddock EF, Raghavan V (eds) Plant cell and tissue culture-principles and applications. Ohio State Univ Press, Columbus, pp 461–491

    Google Scholar 

  • Street HE (1977) Cell (suspension) cultures — techniques. In: Street HE (ed) Plant tissue and cell culture, 2nd edn. Univ Cal Press, Berkeley, pp 61–102

    Google Scholar 

  • Tautorus TE, Bekkaoui F, Pilon M, Datla RSS, Crosby WL, Fowke LC, Dunstan DI (1989) Factors affecting transient gene expression in electroporated black spruce (Picea mariana) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana) protoplasts. Theor Appl Genet 78: 531–536

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tautorus TE, Attree SM, Fowke LC, Dunstan DI (1990) Somatic embryogenesis from immature and mature zygotic embryos, and embryo regeneration from protoplasts in black spruce (Picea mariana Mill.). Plant Science 67: 115–124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Teasdale RD, Rugini E (1983) Preparation of viable protoplasts from cell suspension-cultured loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) cells and subsequent regeneration to callus. Plant Cell Tissue Org Cult 2: 253–261

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toivonen PMA, Kartha KK (1988) Regeneration of plantlets from in vitro cultured cotyledons of white spruce (Picea glauca ( Moench) Voss). Plant Cell Rep 7: 318–321

    Google Scholar 

  • Tremblay FM (1990) Somatic embryogenesis and plantlet regeneration from embryos isolated from stored seeds of Picea glauca. Can J Bot 68: 236–242

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Verhagen SA, Wann SR (1989) Norway spruce somatic embryogenesis: high frequency initiation from light-cultured mature embryos. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 16: 103–111

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wann SR, Johnson MA, Noland TL, Carlson JA (1987) Biochemical differences between embryogenic and non-embryogenic callus of Picea abies ( L.) Karst. Plant Cell Rep 6: 39–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Wareing PF, Phillips IDJ (1981) Growth and differentiation in plants, 3rd edn. Pergamon, Oxford Webb DT, Webster F, Flinn BS, Roberts DR, Ellis DD (1989) Factors influencing the induction of embryogenic and caulogenic callus from embryos of Picea glauca and P. engelmannii. Can J For Res 19:1303–1308

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson SM, Thorpe TA, Moloney MM (1989) PEG-mediated expression of GUS and CAT genes in protoplasts from embryogenic suspension cultures of Picea glauca. Plant Cell Rep 7: 704–707

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, S7N 0W0

    S. M. Attree & L. C. Fowke

  2. Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council, 110 Gymnasium Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, S7N 0W9

    D. I. Dunstan

Authors
  1. S. M. Attree
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. D. I. Dunstan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. L. C. Fowke
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. A-137, New Friends Colony, 110065, New Delhi, India

    Y. P. S. Bajaj

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1991 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Attree, S.M., Dunstan, D.I., Fowke, L.C. (1991). White Spruce [Picea glauca (Moench) Voss] and Black Spruce [Picea mariana (Mill) B.S.P.]. In: Bajaj, Y.P.S. (eds) Trees III. Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry, vol 16. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-13231-9_25

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-13231-9_25

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-08093-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-13231-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation