Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

The Impact of Asian Powers on Global Developments pp 143–163Cite as

Future Impacts of Chinese and Asian Dependency upon Energy from the Middle East and Central Asia

  • Chapter

Abstract

“Energy security concerns have always been central to geopolitical interests. Throughout history, the effort to secure access to energy sources and ensure adequate transport routes has demanded technological, commercial, diplomatic and military agility.”1

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Fereidum Fesharaki: Energy and the Asian Security Nexus. In: Journal of International Affairs, Autumn 1999, pp. 85–99.

    Google Scholar 

  2. See Issam Al-Chalabi: Market Myths and Political Realities. In: John Calabrese (Ed.): Gulf-Asia Energy Security. Middle East Institute, Washington D.C. 1998, pp. 71–76.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Fereidum Fesharaki: ibid.

    Google Scholar 

  4. See also other publications by the author – Frank Umbach: Geostrategische und geoökonomische Aspekte der chinesischen Sicherheits-und Rüstungspolitik im 21. Jahrhundert – Die Verknüpfung traditioneller Sicherheitspolitik mit Ressourcenfragen im geopolitischen Denken Chinas. In: Gunter Schubert (Ed.): China: Konturen einer Übergangsgesellschaft auf dem Weg in das 21. Jahrhundert. Mitteilungen des Instituts für Asienkunde No. 344, Hamburg 2001, pp. 341–404; Globale Energiesicherheit. Strategische Herausforderungen für die europäische und deutsche Außenpolitik. München 2003, here pp. 103 ff; Konflikt oder Kooperation in Asien-Pazifik? Chinas Einbindung in regionale Sicherheitsstrukturen und die Auswirkungen auf Europa. München 2002, here pp. 330 ff.; and: Die Energiepolitik Chinas. In: Internationale Politik, January 2001, pp. 43–48. See also Robert A. Manning: The Asian Energy Factor: Myths and Dilemmas of Energy, Security and the Pacific Future. New York 2000; IEA: China’s Worldwide Quest for Energy Security. Paris 2000; Erica Strecker Downs: China’s Quest for Energy Security. MR-1244-AF. RAND-Corporation, Santa Monica 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  5. See Amy Myers Jaffe/Steven W. Lewis: Beijing’s Oil Diplomacy. In: Survival, Spring 2002, pp. 115–134 (120).

    Google Scholar 

  6. See Fereidun Fesharaki: Energy and Asian Security Nexus, p. 92.

    Google Scholar 

  7. See “China’s Quest for Energy Independence”, Stratfor.Com, 24.5.2002, p. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  8. See the chapter “Energy” in: FEER: Asia 2001 Yearbook. A Review of the Events of 2000. Hong Kong, December 2000, pp. 48–49 (48).

    Google Scholar 

  9. See Chien Chung: China’s Energy Strategy in the 21st Century. Peace Forum Essays, Taipei 2001 <www.dsis.org.tw/peaceforum/p_2e.htm#7>.

    Google Scholar 

  10. For a comparison: the largest oil field in the world Ghawar in Saudi Arabia comprises 70–85 billion barrels of crude oil. The Kazakh oil field Kashagan, another mega oil field, contains around 10–30 billion barrels of crude oil.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Compare: Potentially Massive Oil and Gas Find in China. Stratfor.Com, 5.9.2001; and: China Finds Oil in Tibet. BBC-News, 21.8.2001 (Internet Version).

    Google Scholar 

  12. See the chapter: “Energy”. In: FEER: Asia 2000 Yearbook. A Review of the Events of 1999. Hong Kong, December 1999, pp. 48–49 (49); and Yang Guang: China’s Stabilizing Role. In: John Calabrese (Ed.): Gulf-Asia Energy Security, pp. 39–46 (41). In 2000 the IEA even assumed an import requirement of 200 million tons of crude oil in the year 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  13. See Amy Myers Jaffe/Steven W. Lewis: Beijing’s Oil Diplomacy, p. 118.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Compare the chapter: “Energy”. In: FEER: Asia 2002 Yearbook. A Review of the Events of 2001. Hong Kong, December 2001, pp. 43–44 (44).

    Google Scholar 

  15. See Chien Chung: China’s Energy Strategy in the 21st Century, p. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  16. See Amy Myers Jaffe/Steven W. Lewis: Beijing’s Oil Diplomacy, p. 121f.

    Google Scholar 

  17. See Robert A. Manning: The Asian Energy Predicament. In: Survival, Spring 2000, pp. 73–88 (79).

    Google Scholar 

  18. See Gao Shixian: China. In: Paul B. Stares (Ed.): Rethinking Energy Security in East Asia. Tokyo-New York 2000, pp. 43–58 (52).

    Google Scholar 

  19. See Yang Guang: China’s Stabilizing Role, p. 40.

    Google Scholar 

  20. See Shaun Breslin: The China Challenge? Development, Environment, and National Security. In: Security Dialogue 4/1997, pp. 497–508 (499). See also Gregory D. Foster: China’s Environmental Threat: Crafting a Strategic Response. In: Comparative Strategy 2000, pp. 123–143.

    Google Scholar 

  21. See David Shambaugh in: IHT, 1.10.1999, p. 10.

    Google Scholar 

  22. See Gregory D. Foster: China’s Environmental Threat, p. 123.

    Google Scholar 

  23. So far China only operates two reactors – the nuclear power plant Dayawan in Guandong province and one in Qinshan Zhejiang – while three others are under construction. The sixth nuclear power plant has been under construction since January 2002. See China Daily, 7.1.2002 (Internet Version).

    Google Scholar 

  24. See the chapter: “Energy”. In: FEER: Asia 2001 Yearbook, p. 49.

    Google Scholar 

  25. See “Changes in the Wind?”, Stratfor.Com, 4.1.2001.

    Google Scholar 

  26. See Klaus Sieg: Der Tagesspiegel, 12.6.2002, p. B. 2.

    Google Scholar 

  27. See Robert A. Manning: The Asian Energy Predicament, p. 76.

    Google Scholar 

  28. See Fereidun Fesharaki: Energy and Asian Security Nexus, p. 88.

    Google Scholar 

  29. See Keiun-Wook Paik: Gas and Oil in Northeast Asia. London 1995, pp. 3–5.

    Google Scholar 

  30. See Robert A. Manning: The Asian Energy Predicament, p. 78.

    Google Scholar 

  31. See Fereidun Fesharaki: Energy and Asian Security Nexus, p. 89.

    Google Scholar 

  32. See Sujit Dutta: Indo-Gulf Relations: Dimensions of Security. In: John Calabrese (Ed.): Gulf-Asia Energy Security, pp. 47–51 (47f.).

    Google Scholar 

  33. See R.A. Manning: The Asian Energy Predicament, p. 75.

    Google Scholar 

  34. See ibid and the chapter: “Energy”. In: FEER: Asia 2001 Yearbook. A Review of the Events of 2000. Hong Kong, December 2000, pp. 48–49 (48); and Robert A. Manning: The Asian Energy Predicament, p. 75f.

    Google Scholar 

  35. See the chapter: “Energy”. In: FEER: Asia 2001, p. 48.

    Google Scholar 

  36. See FAZ, 14.7.2001, p. 21 and IHT, 14–15.7.2001, p. 9.

    Google Scholar 

  37. See Katsuhiko Suetsugu: Energy Markets and Power Politics. In: John Calabrese (Ed.): Gulf-Asia Energy Security, pp. 53–60 (53).

    Google Scholar 

  38. Fadhil Chalabi: Gulf-Asia-Energy Interdependence. In: John Calabrese (Ed.): Gulf-Asia Energy Security, p. 13–21 (16).

    Google Scholar 

  39. Private purchases of cars in Thailand for example rose by 18% annually between 1985– 1992. See also Robert A. Manning: The Asian Energy Predicament, here p. 77 f.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Fadhil Chalabi: Gulf-Asia-Energy Interdependence. p. 20.

    Google Scholar 

  41. See Yang Guang: China’s Stabilizing Role, p. 41f.

    Google Scholar 

  42. See Amy Myers Jaffe/Steven W. Lewis: Beijing’s Oil Diplomacy, p. 122ff.

    Google Scholar 

  43. See: China’s Quest for Energy Independence, p. 2f.; and David Lague: The Quest for Energy to Grow, p. 4.

    Google Scholar 

  44. See Katsuhiko Suetsugu: Energy Markets and Power Politics, p. 55.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Ibid., p. 80. For the background see also Jonathan Rynhold: China’s Cautious New Pragmatism in the Middle East. In: Survival 3 (Autumn) 1996, pp. 102–116; and Geoffrey Kemp: The Persian Gulf Remains the Strategic Prize; and by the same author: Energy Superbowl. Strategic Politics and the Persian Gulf and Caspian Basin. Washington D.C. 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  46. See Fereidun Fesharaki: Energy and Asian Security Nexus, p. 90 f.

    Google Scholar 

  47. See Robert A.Manning: The Asian Energy Predicament, p. 81.

    Google Scholar 

  48. US energy expert Kent Calder, in particular, has drawn attention to these dangers. See his studies: Energy Forum. In: The Washington Quarterly, Autumn 1996, pp. 91–95; and: Asia’s Deadly Triangle. How Arms, Energy and Growth Threaten to Destabilize Asia-Pacific. London-Sonoma 1997. See also Frank Umbach: Konflikt oder Kooperation in Asien-Pazifik, Chapters 3 and 9.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Sujit Dutta: Indo-Gulf Relations: Dimensions of Security, p. 49.

    Google Scholar 

  50. See Fereidun Fesharaki: Energy and Asian Security Nexus, p. 93.

    Google Scholar 

  51. See Martin Kühl: Financial Times Deutschland, 28.3.2002, p. 10.

    Google Scholar 

  52. See Jonathan Rynhold: China’s Cautious New Pragmatism in the Middle East. In: Survival, Autumn 1996, pp. 102–116.

    Google Scholar 

  53. See Bates Gill: Two Steps Forward, One Step Back: The Dynamics of Chinese non-Proliferation and Arms Control Policy-Making in an Era of Reform. In: David Lampton (Ed.): The Making of Chinese Foreign and Security Policy in the Era of Reform. Stanford 2001, pp. 257–288; and the data and discussion in Richard F. Grimmett: Conventional Arms Transfers to Developing Nations, 1993–2000. Washington D.C. (Congressional Research Service), p. 58, <www.fas.org/asmp/resources/govern/crs.2000.pdf>.

    Google Scholar 

  54. See John Calabrese: China and the Persian Gulf: Energy and Security: In: Middle East Journal, Summer 1998, pp. 351–366; and Amy Myers Jaffe/Steven W. Lewis: Beijing’s Oil Diplomacy, p. 122ff.

    Google Scholar 

  55. See Amy Myers Jaffe/Steven W. Lewis: Beijing’s Oil Diplomacy, p. 115f.

    Google Scholar 

  56. See Katsuhiko Suetsugu: Energy Markets and Power Politics, pp. 56–58.

    Google Scholar 

  57. See Robert A. Manning: The Asian Energy Predicament, p. 82.

    Google Scholar 

  58. See John Calabrese: Introduction. In Gulf-Asia Energy Security, p. 9.

    Google Scholar 

  59. See Fereidun Fesharaki: Energy and Asian Security Nexus, p. 91.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Frank Umbach: Konflikt oder Kooperation, here p. 46ff.

    Google Scholar 

  61. COSCO is the second largest shipping company in the world and according to the U.S. acts as the “merchant navy arm of the PLA”. See From Singapore to Port Said: China’s Influence over the World’s Waterways. Stratfor.Com, 10.5.2000.

    Google Scholar 

  62. See Amy Myers Jaffe/Steven W. Lewis: Beijing’s Oil Diplomacy, p. 125f.

    Google Scholar 

  63. See Fereidun Fesharaki: Energy and Asian Security Nexus, p. 94.

    Google Scholar 

  64. See South China Morning Post, 8.1.2002 (Internet Version).

    Google Scholar 

  65. See Amy Myers Jaffe/Steven W. Lewis: Beijing’s Oil Diplomacy, p. 127f.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Institute of the German Council on Foreign Relations (DGAP) in Berlin, Germany

    Frank Umbach (Senior Research Fellow and Head of the Asia-Pacific-Programme)

Authors
  1. Frank Umbach
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Federal Ministry of Defence, Stiftgasse 2a, 1070, Vienna, Austria

    Erich Reiter (Commissioner for Strategic Studies) (Commissioner for Strategic Studies)

  2. Karl Franzens University, Graz, Austria

    Erich Reiter (Commissioner for Strategic Studies) (Commissioner for Strategic Studies)

  3. Institute of Peace Support and Conflict Management, National Defence Academy, Stiftgasse 2a, 1070, Vienna, Austria

    Peter Hazdra

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2004 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Umbach, F. (2004). Future Impacts of Chinese and Asian Dependency upon Energy from the Middle East and Central Asia. In: Reiter, E., Hazdra, P. (eds) The Impact of Asian Powers on Global Developments. Physica, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-13172-5_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-13172-5_12

  • Publisher Name: Physica, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-7908-2454-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-13172-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation