Skip to main content

Topical Drugs

  • Chapter

Abstract

Contact dermatitis induced by topically applied medicaments was common many years ago [1–5] and is still common today [6-9]. It represents, after all, the most common type of skin pathology in the field of drug-induced dermatitis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Bandmann HJ (1966) Die Kontaktallergie gegen Arzneimittel. Pharm 111: 1470–1475

    Google Scholar 

  2. Meneghini CL, Rantuccio F, Lomuto M (1971) Additives, vehicles and active drugs of topical medicaments as causes of delayed-type allergic dermatitis. Dermatologica 143: 137–147

    Google Scholar 

  3. Bandmann HJ, Calnan CD, Cronin E, Fregert S, Hjorth N, Magnusson B, Maibach HJ, Malten E, Meneghini CL, Pirilä V, Wilkinson DS (1972) Dermatitis from applied medicaments. Arch Dermatol 106: 335–337

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Meneghini CL, Lomuto M, Angelini G, Rantuccio F (1973) Dermatiti allergiche di tipo eczematoso. G Ital Dermatol 108: 195–208

    Google Scholar 

  5. Blondeel A, Oleffe J, Achten G (1978) Contact allergy in 330 dermatological patients. Contact Dermatitis 4: 270–276

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Wilkinson JD, Hambly EM, Wilkinson DS (1980) Comparison of patch test results in two adjacent areas of England. I. Medicaments. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 60: 245–249

    Google Scholar 

  7. Meneghini CL, Angelini G (1982) Le dermatiti da contatto. Lombardo, Rome

    Google Scholar 

  8. Angelini G, Vena GA, Meneghini CL (1985) Allergic contact dermatitis to some medicaments. Contact Dermatitis 12: 263–269

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Wilkinson JD, Rycroft RJG (1986) Contact dermatitis. In: Rook A, Wilkinson DS, Ebling FJG, Champion RH, Burton JL (eds) Textbook of dermatology, 4th edn. Blackwell, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  10. Rudner EJ (1977) North American group results. Contact Dermatitis 3: 208–209

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Husain SL (1977) Contact dermatitis in the west of Scotland. Contact Dermatitis 3: 327–332

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Fisher AA (1982) Contact dermatitis from topical medicaments. Semin Dermatol 1: 49–57

    Google Scholar 

  13. Dooms-Goossens A (1982) Allergic contact dermatitis to ingredients used in topically applied pharmaceutical products and cosmetics. Thesis, Catholic University of Leuven

    Google Scholar 

  14. Edman B, Möller H (1986) Medicament contact allergy. Berufsdermatosen 34: 139–143

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Dupuis G, Benezra C (1982) Allergic contact dermatitis to simple chemicals. A molecular approach. Dekker, New York

    Google Scholar 

  16. Schaefer H, Zesch A, Stüttgen G (1982) Skin permeability. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  17. Barry BW (1982) Dermatological formulations. Percutaneous absorption. Dekker, New York

    Google Scholar 

  18. Angelini G, Vena GA (1989) La cute: organo di assorbimento. In: Morganti P, Muscardin L (eds) Dermatologia cosmetologica. Ediemme, Rome

    Google Scholar 

  19. Fregert S (1981) Manual of contact dermatitis, 2nd edn. Munksgaard, Copenhagen

    Google Scholar 

  20. Marks JG, Rainey MA (1984) Cutaneous reactions to surgical preparations and dressings. Contact Dermatitis 10: 1–5

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Hostynek JJ, Patrick E, Younger B, Maibach HI (1989) Hypochlorite sensitivity in man. Contact Dermatitis 20: 32–37

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Cronin E (1980) Contact dermatitis. Livingstone, Edinburgh

    Google Scholar 

  23. Nater JP, de Groot AC (1985) Unwanted effects of cosmetics and drugs used in dermatology, 2nd edn. Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  24. Fisher AA (1986) Contact dermatitis, 3rd edn. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  25. Lahti A (1980) Non-immunological contact urticaria. Acta Derm Venereol [Suppl 91] (Stockh) 60: 1–49

    Google Scholar 

  26. Von Krogh G, Maibach HI (1981) The contact urticaria syndrome — an updated review. J Am Acad Dermatol 5: 328–339

    Google Scholar 

  27. Von Krogh G, Maibach HI (1982) The contact urticaria syndrome. In: Kligman AM, Leyden JJ (eds) Safety and efficacy of topical drugs and comstics. Grune and Stratton, New York

    Google Scholar 

  28. Von Krogh G, Maibach HI (1982) The contact urticaria syndrome. Semin Dermatol 1: 59–66

    Google Scholar 

  29. Lahti A, Maibach HI (1991) Immediate contact reactions: contact urticaria and the contact urticaria syndrome. In: Marzulli FN, Maibach HI (eds) Dermatotoxicology, 4th edn. Hemisphere, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  30. Meneghini CL, Angelini G (1981) Secondary polymorphic eruptions in allergic contact dermatitis. Dermatologica 163: 63–70

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Meneghini CL, Angelini G (1985) Eczémas de contact allergiques et réactions par voie générale à l’allérgène. Med Hyg 43: 879–886

    Google Scholar 

  32. Condé-Salazar L, Guimaraens D, Romero L, Gonzales M, Yus S (1985) Erythema multiforme-like contact dermatitis from lincomycin. Contact Dermatitis 12: 59–61

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Fisher AA (1986) Erythema multiforme-like eruptions due to topical medications. II. Cutis 37: 198–160

    Google Scholar 

  34. Goh CL (1987) Erythema multiforme-like and purpuric eruption due to contact allergy to proflavine. Contact Dermatitis 17: 53–54

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Lembo G, Balato N, Patruno C, Pini D, Ayala F (1987) Lichenoid contact dermatitis due to aminoglycoside antibiotics. Contact Dermatitis 17: 122–123

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Horio T (1975) Chlorpromazine photoallergy; co-existence of immediate and delayed type. Arch Dermatol 111: 1469–1471

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Lovell CR, Cronin E, Rhodes EL (1986) Photocontact urticaria from chlorpromazine. Contact Dermatitis 14: 290–291

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Wall LM (1982) Lymphomatoid contact dermatitis due to ethylenediamine dihydrochloride. Contact Dermatitis 8: 51–54

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Burkhart CG (1981) Pustular allergic contact dermatitis: a distinct clinical and pathological entity. Cutis 27: 630–631, 638

    Google Scholar 

  40. De Kort WJA, de Groot AC (1989) Clindamycin allergy presenting as rosacea. Contact Dermatitis 20: 72–73

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Meneghini CL, Angelini G (1975) Contact dermatitis from pyrrolnitrin. (an antimycotic agent). Contact Dermatitis 1: 288–292

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Meneghini CL, Angelini G (1982) Contact dermatitis from pyrrolnitrin. Contact Dermatitis 8: 55–58

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Degreef H, Bonamie A, van Derheyden D, Dooms-Goossens A (1984) Mephenesin contact dermatitis with erythema multiforme features. Contact Dermatitis 10: 220–223

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Stoltze R (1966) Dermatitis medicamentosa in eczema of the leg. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 46: 54–64

    Google Scholar 

  45. Fisher AA (1971) The role of topical medications in the management of stasis ulcers. Angiology 22: 206–210

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Malten KE, Kuiper JP, van der Staak WBJM (1973) Contact allergic investigations in 100 patients with ulcus cruris. Dermatologica 147: 241–254

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Rudzki E, Baranoska E (1974) Contact sensitivity in stasis dermatitis. Dermatologica 148: 353–356

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Angelini G, Rantuccio F, Meneghini CL (1975) Contact dermatitis in patients with leg ulcers. Contact Dermatitis 1: 81–87

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Breit R (1977) Allergen change in stasis dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 3: 309–311

    Google Scholar 

  50. Fräki JE, Peltonen L, Hopsu-Havu VK (1979) Allergy to various components of topical preparations in stasis dermatitis and leg ulcers. Contact Dermatitis 5: 97–100

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Kokelj F, Cantarutti A (1986) Contact dermatitis in leg ulcers. Contact Dermatitis 15: 47–49

    Google Scholar 

  52. Wilkinson S, Wilkinson JD, Wilkinson DS (1987) Medicament contact dermatitis: risk sites. Boll Dermatol Allerg Prof 2: 21–28

    Google Scholar 

  53. Frosch PJ, Raulin C (1987) Kontaktallergie auf Bufexamac. Hautarzt 38: 331–334

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Angelini G, Vena GA, Giglio G, Fiordalisi F, Meneghini CL (1986) Allergia da contatto e cute traumatizzata. Boll Dermatol Allerg Prof 1 (2): 24–29

    Google Scholar 

  55. Angelini G, Meneghini CL (1975) Allergic contact dermatitis in a group of patients with perianal eczema. Contact Dermatitis 1: 183

    Google Scholar 

  56. Vena GA, Giglio G, Angelini G (1988) Allergia da contatto in sede anoperineale e genitale. Boll Dermatol Allerg Prof 3: 55–62

    Google Scholar 

  57. Lembo G, Nappa P, Balato N, Pucci V, Ayala F (1988) Contact sensitivity in otitis externa. Contact Dermatitis 19: 64–65

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Tosti A, Tosti G (1988) Thimerosal: a hidden allergen in ophthalmology. Contact Dermatitis 18: 268–273

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Ducombs G, de Casamayor J, Verin P, Maleville J (1986) Allergic contact dermatitis to phenylephrine. Contact Dermatitis 15: 107–108

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Frosch PJ, Weickel R, Schmitt T, Krastel H (1988) Nebenwirkungen von ophthalmologischen Externa. Z Hautkr 63: 126–136

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Edman B (1985) Sites of contact dermatitis in relationship to particular allergens. Contact Dermatitis 13: 129–135

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Edman B (1988) Computerized patch test data in contact dermatitis. Dissertation, University of Lund, Sweden

    Google Scholar 

  63. Schuler TM, Frosch PJ (1988) Kontaktallergie auf Propolis ( Bienen-Kittharz ). Hautarzt 39: 139–142

    Google Scholar 

  64. Angelini G, Vena GA, Meneghini CL (1987) Psoriasis and contact allergy to propolis. Contact Dermatitis 17: 252–253

    Google Scholar 

  65. Meneghini CL, Angelini G (1989) Atopic dermatitis, occupational and contact allergy. In: Maibach HI (ed) Urticaria and the exogenous dermatoses. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 523–534 (Immunology and allergy of North America, vol 9 )

    Google Scholar 

  66. Schorr W, Ridgway HB (1977) Tobramycin-neomycin cross-sensitivity. Contact Dermatitis 3: 133–137

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Pirilä V, Hirvonen M, Rouhunkoski S (1986) The pattern of cross-sensitivity to neomycin. Dermatologica 136: 321–324

    Google Scholar 

  68. Rudzki E, Zakrzewski Z, Rebandel P, Grzywa Z, Hudymowicz W (1988) Cross reactions between aminoglycoside antibiotics. Contact Dermatitis 18: 314–316

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Van Hecke E, van Bradandt S (1981) Contact sensitivity to imidazole derivatives. Contact Dermatitis 7: 348–349

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Raulin C, Frosch PJ (1987) Kontaktallergie auf Clotrimazole and Azidamfenicol. Berufsdermatosen 35: 64–66

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Raulin C, Frosch PJ (1988) Contact allergy to imidazole antimycotics. Contact Dermatitis 18: 76–80

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Perret CM, Happle R (1988) Contact allergy to miconazole. Contact Dermatitis 19: 75

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Carmichael AJ, Foulds IS (1988) Imidazole cross-sensitivity to sulconazole. Contact Dermatitis 19: 237–238

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Motley RJ, Reynolds AJ (1988) Contact allergy to 2,4-dichlorophenylethylimidazole derivatives. Contact Dermatitis 19: 381–382

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Jelen G, Tennstedt D (1989) Contact dermatitis from topical imidazole antifungals: 15 new cases. Contact Dermatitis 21: 6–11

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Shono M, Hayashi K, Sugimoto R (1989) Allergic contact dermatitis from croconazole hydrochloride. Contact Dermatitis 21: 225–227

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Garcia-Bravo B, Maznecos J, Rodriguez-Pichardo A, Navas J, Camacho F (1989) Hypersensitivity to ketoconazole preparations: study of 4 cases. Contact Dermatitis 21: 346–348

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Menné T, Hjorth N (1988) Routine patch testing with paraben esters. Contact Dermatitis 19: 189–191 -

    Google Scholar 

  79. Figueiredo A, Gonçalo S, Freitas JD (1985) Contact sensitivity to pyrazolone compounds. Contact Dermatitis 13: 271

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Eriksen K (1978) Cross allergy between paranitro compounds with special reference to DNCB and chloramphenicol. Contact Dermatitis 4: 29–32

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Cronin E (1972) Contact dermatitis. XVII. Reactions to contact allergens given orally or sistemically. Br J Dermatol 86: 104–108

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Menné T, Hjorth N (1982) Reactions from systemic exposure to contact allergens. Semin Dermatol 1: 15–24

    Google Scholar 

  83. Meneghini CL, Angelini G (1978) Gruppensensibilisierung durch photosensibilisierende Medikamente. Z Hautkr 53: 329–334

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Angelini G, Meneghini CL (1981) Oral tests in contact allergy to paraamino compounds. Contact Dermatitis 7: 311–314

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Pirilä V (1970) Endogenic contact eczema. Allerg Asthma 16: 15–19

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Vickers HR, Bagratuni L, Alexander S (1985) Dermatitis caused by penicillin in milk. Lancet 1: 351–352

    Google Scholar 

  87. Fisher AA (1982) Systemic contact dermatitis from Orinase and Diabinese in diabetics with paraamino hypersensitivity. Cutis 29: 551–555

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Angelini G, Meneghini CL, Vena GA (1982) Allergia da contatto e reazioni secondarie ad additivi alimentari. G Ital Dermatol Venereol 117: 195–198

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Provost TI’, Jillson OF (1967) Ethylenediamine contact dermatitis. Arch Dermatol 96: 231–234

    Google Scholar 

  90. Mohsenifar Z, Lehrlan S, Carson SA, Tashkin D (1982) Two cases of allergy to aminophylline. Ann Allergy 49: 281–282

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Baer RL, Leider M (1949) The effects of feeding certified food azodyes in paraphenylenediamine-hypersensitive subjects. J Invest Dermatol 13: 223–230

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Meneghini CL, Angelini G (1979) Contact allergy to antirheumatic drugs. Contact Dermatitis 5: 197–198

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Fisher AA (1982) Topical medicaments which are common sensitizers. Ann Allergy 49: 97–100

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Hannuksela M, Kousa M, Pirilä V (1976) Allergy to ingredients of vehicles. Contact Dermatitis 2: 105–110

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Fisher AA (1973) The paraben paradox. Cutis 12: 830–832

    Google Scholar 

  96. Van Joost T, Dikland W, Stolz E, Prens E (1986) Sensitization to chloramphenicol; a persistent problem. Contact Dermatitis 14: 176–178

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Condé-Salazar L, Guimaraens D, Romero LV, Gonzales MA (1986) Occupational dermatitis from cephalosporins. Contact Dermatitis 14: 70–71

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Moller NE, Nielsen B, von Würden K (1986) Contact dermatitis to semisynthetic penicillins in factory workers. Contact Dermatitis 14: 307–311

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Fisher AA (1976) The safety of topical erythromycin. Contact Dermatitis 2: 43–44

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Fregert S, Tegner E, Thelin I (1979) Contact allergy to lidocaine. Contact Dermatitis 5:. 185–188

    Google Scholar 

  101. Dooms-Goossens A, Verschaeve H, Degreef H, van Berendoncks J (1986) Contact allergy to hydrocortisone and tixocortol pivalate: problems in the detection of corticosteroid sensitivity. Contact Dermatitis 14: 94–102

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Guin JD (1984) Contact sensitivity to topical corticosteroids. J Am Acad Dermato110: 773–782

    Google Scholar 

  103. Reitamo S, Lauerma AI, Stubb S, Käyhkö K, Visa K, Förström L (1986) Delayed hypersensitivity to topical corticosteroids. J Am Acad Dermatol 14: 582–589

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Coopman S, Dooms-Goossens A (1988) Cross-reactions in topical corticosteroid contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 19: 145–146

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Angelini G, Meneghini CL (1981) Contact allergy from propylene glycol. Contact Dermatitis 7: 197–198

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Trancik RJ, Maibach HI (1982) Propylene glycol: irritation or sensitization? Contact Dermatitis 8: 185–189

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Hannuksela M, Salo H (1986) The repeated open application test ( ROAT ). Contact Dermatitis 14: 221–227

    Google Scholar 

  108. Frosch PJ, Pekar U, Enzmann H (1990) Contact allergy to propylene glycol. Do we use the appropriate test concentration? Dermatol Clin 8: 111–113

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Haustein UF, Tegetmeyer L, Ziegler V (1985) Allergic and irritant potential of benzoyl peroxide. Contact Dermatitis 13: 252–257

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Vena GA, Angelini G, Meneghini CL (1982) Contact dermatitis to benzoyl peroxide. Contact Dermatitis 8: 338

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Angelini G, Vena GA, Meneghini CL (1986) Contact allergy to antiviral agents. Contact Dermatitis 15: 114–115

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Meneghini CL, Vena GA, Angelini G (1982) Contact dermatitis to scabicides. Contact Dermatitis 8: 285–286

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Jordan WP (1975) Cross-sensitization patterns in acrylate allergy. Contact Dermatitis 1: 13–15

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Monk B (1987) Allergic contact dermatitis to colophony in a wart remover. Contact Dermatitis 17: 242

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Pecegueiro M, Brandao M, Pinto J, Gonçalo S (1987) Contact dermatitis to Hirudoid cream. Contact Dermatitis 17: 290–293

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Tennstedt D, Lachapelle JM (1987) Allergic contact dermatitis to 5-fluorouracil. Contact Dermatitis 16: 279–280

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Tosti A, Bardazzi F, De Padova MP, Caponeri GM, Melino M, Veronesi S (1985) Contact dermatitis to minoxidil. Contact Dermatitis 13: 275–276

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Valsecchi R, Cainelli T (1987) Allergic contact dermatitis from minoxidil. Contact Dermatitis 17: 58–59

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Goh CL, Ng SK (1986) Contact sensitivity to salicylic acid. Contact Dermatitis 14: 114

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Nigam PK, Tyagi S, Saxena AK, Misra RS (1988) Dermatitis from zinc pyrithione. Contact Dermatitis 19: 219

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. De Groot AC, Nater JP (1981) Contact allergy to dithranol. Contact Dermatitis 7: 5–8

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Schulze-Dirks A, Frosch PJ (1988) Kontaktallergie auf Dexpanthenol. Hautarzt 39: 375–377

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Von Ertle T (1982) Beruflich bedingte Kontakt-und Photokontaktallergie bei einem Landwirt durch Chlorpromazin Berufsdermatosen 30: 120–122

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Frosch PJ, Schulze-Dirks A (1989) Kontaktallergie durch Polidocanol ( Thesit ). Hautarzt 40: 146–149

    Google Scholar 

  125. Frosch PJ, Albert D, Weickel R (1985) Contact allergy to tolazoline. Contact Dermatitis 13: 272

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Von Schwale M, Frosch PJ (1983) Kontaktallergie auf Ammoniumbituminosulfonat. Berufsdermatosen 31: 183–186

    Google Scholar 

  127. Kellett JK, King CM, Beck MH (1986) Compound allergy to medicaments. Contact Dermatitis 14: 45–48

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Adams RM, Fisher AA (1986) Contact allergen alternatives: 1986. J Am Acad Dermatol 14: 951–969

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Frosch PJ, Kligman AM (1977) A method for appraising the stinging capacity of topically applied substances. J Soc Cosmet Chem 28: 197–209

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1992 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Angelini, G. (1992). Topical Drugs. In: Rycroft, R.J.G., Menné, T., Frosch, P.J., Benezra, C. (eds) Textbook of Contact Dermatitis. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-13119-0_24

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-13119-0_24

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-13121-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-13119-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics