Zusammenfassung
Seit dem ersten Ersatz einer Aortenklappe durch Dwight Harken sowie einer Mitralklappe durch Albert Starr im Jahr 1960 ist der prothetische Klappenersatz zum Routineeingriff geworden. In Deutschland wurden 1997 13.482 Klappenoperationen durchgeführt (64% Aortenklappenersatz, 11,2% Mehrklappenersatz).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Literatur zu Sektion X Kap. 78
Abascal VM et al. (1988) Mitral regurgitation after percutaneous ballon mitral valvuloplasty in adults: Evaluation by pulsed Doppler echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 11: 257
Abascal VM et al. (1990) Prediction of successful outcome in 130 patients undergoing percutaneous balloon mitral valvulotomy. Circulation 82: 448
Abdulla AM, Frank MJ, Erdin RA jr, Canedo MJ (1981) Clinical significance and hemodynamic correlates of the third heart sound gallop in aortic regurgitation. A guide to optimal timing of cardiac catheterization. Circulation 64: 464–471
Abramson SV, Burke JB, Pauletto FJ, Kelly JJ jr (1995) Use of multiple views in the echocardiographic assessment of pulmonary artery systolic pressure. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 8: 55–6o
Allen H, Harris A, Leatham A (1974) Significance and prognosis of an isolated late systolic murmur: A 9–22 year follow-up. Br Heart J 36: 525
Altrichter PM, Olson LT, Edwards WD, Puga FJ, Danielson GK (1989) Surgical pathology of the pulmonary valve: a study of n6 cases spanning 15 years [see comments] Mayo Clin Proc 64: 1352–1360
Aranki SF, Rizzo RJ Couper, GS Adams, DH Collins, JJ Gildea, JS Kinchla, NM Cohn, LH (1993) Aortic valve replacement in the elderly. Circulation 88, part 2: 17–23
Aranki SF, Rizzo RJ Couper, GS Adams, DH Collins, JJ jr, Gildea JS, Kinchla NM, Cohn LH (1993) Aortic valve replacement in the elderly: Effect of gender and coronary artery disease on operative mortality. Circulation 88: II 17–23
ASCS (1995) Practice guidelines in cardiothoracic surgery. Valvular heart disease. Ad Hoc Committee for Cardiothoracic Surgical Practice Guidelines. Ann Thorac Surg 59: 1264–1271
Bache RJ, Wang Y, Jorgensen CR (1971) Hemodynamic effects of exer- cise in isolated valvular aortic stenosis. Circulation 44: 1003
Bahl VK, Chandra S, Sharma S (1993) Combined dilatation of rheumatic mitral and tricuspid stenosis with Inoue balloon catheter. Int J Cardiol 42: 178–381
Barletta GA, Gagliardi R, Benvenuti L, Fantini F (1985) Cerebral ischemic attacks as a complication of aortic and mitral valve prolapse. Stroke 16: 219
Barlow JB, Bosman CK, Pocock WA et al. (1968) Late systolic murmur and non ejective (mid-late) systolic clicks: Br Heart J 3o: 203
Bech-Hanssen O, Wallentin I, Larsson S, Caidahl K (1998) Reference Doppler echocardiographic values for St. Jude Medical, Omnicarbon, and Biocor prosthetic valves in the aortic position. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 11: 466–477
Beckman RH, Lloyd TR (1999) Balloon valvuloplasty and stenting for congenital heart disease. In: Topol EJ, ed. Textbook of interventional cardiology. 3. rd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders 85o - 868
Beiser GD, Epsetin SE, Stampfer M (1968) Studies on digitalis. XVIII. Effects of ouabain on the hemodynamic response to exercise in patients with mitral stenosis in normal sinus rhythm. N Engl J Med 278: 131
Bernard M, Martin P, Cornuau C, Poirot G, Valois M (1985) Traumatic tricuspid insufficiency. Review of the literature, apropos of a case. Ann Cardiol Angeiol 34: 551–555
Bisset GS III et al. (198o) Clinical spectrum and long term follow-up of isolated mitral valve prolapse in 119 children. Circulation 62: 423
Block PC, Palacios IF (1994) Valvuloplasty, Congenital and Pericardial Heart Disease, in: Topol, E. J. [editor] Textbook of interventional cardiology. Saunders, Philadelphia
Bloomfield P et al. (1991) Twelve-years comparison of a Bjork-Shiley mechanical heart valve with porcine bioprotheses. N Engl J Med 324: 573
Bonow RO, Epstein SE (1987) Is preoperative left ventricular function predictive of survival and functional results after aortic valve replacement for chronic aortic regurgitation? J Am Coll Cardiol lo: 713–716
Bonow RO, Rosing DR, Kent KM, Epstein SE (1982) Timing of operation for chronic aortic regurgitation. Am J Cardiol 5o: 325–336
Bonow RO, Picone AL, McIntosh CL et al. (1985) Survival and functional results after valve replacement for aortic regurgitation from 1976 to 1983: impact of preoperative left ventricular function. Circulation 72: 1244–1256
Bonow RO, Lakatos E, Maron BJ, Epstein SE (1991) Serial long-term assessment of the natural history of asymptomatic patients with chronic aortic regurgitation and normal left ventricular systolic function. Circulation 84: 1625
Bonow RO, Carabello B, de Leon AC Jr et al. (1998) ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines (committee on management of patients with valvular heart disease). J Am Coll Cardiol 32: 1486–588
Bonow RO, Carabello B, de Leon AC Jr et al. (1998) ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: exectuive summary. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease). Circulation 98: 1949–1984
Borow KM, Green LH, Mann T et al. (1980) End-systolic volume as a predictor of postoperative left ventricular performance in volume overload from valvular regurgitation. Am J Med 68: 655–663
Bortolotti U, Valente M, Agozzini L (1984) Rheumatoid valve steno-sis requiring valve replacement. Am Heart J 107: 1049
Bouderulas H, Reynolds I, Mazzaferri E et al. (1980) Metabolic studies in mitral valve prolapse syndrome. A neuroendocrine cardiovascular process. Circulation 61: 1250
Boudoulas H, Kolibash AJ, Baher et al. (1989) Mitral valve prolapse and the mitral valve prolapse syndrome: A diagnostic classification and pathogenesis of symptoms. Am Heart J 118: 796
Brandt D, Nicoletti R, Klein W et al. (1984) Nichtinvasive Quantifizierung der Regurgitation bei insuffizienten Herzklappen mit Hilfe von Radionukliden. Herz Kreisl 16: 3–8
Braunwald E (1997). Valvular heart disease. In: Braunwald E (ed) Heart disease: A textbook of cardiovascular medicine, 4th edn. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 1007–1076
Brocacci PM, Savran SV, Schneter SL et al. (1976) Prevalence of clinical mitral valve prolapse in 1169 young women. N Engl J Med 294.1o86–1o88
Burger W, Illert S, Teupe C, Kneissl GD, Kober G, Schräder R (1993) Rechtsventrikuläre Funktion bei Patienten mit rheumatischer Mitralstenose. Effekt der Ballon-Mitralvalvuloplastie. Z Kardiol 82: 545–451
Calderwood SB, Swinski LA, Waternaux CM, Karchmer AW, Buckley MJ (1985) Risk factors for the development of prosthetic valve endocarditis. Circulation 72: 31–37
Cannegieter SC, Rosendaal FR, Briet E (1994) Thromboembolic and bleeding complications in patients with mechanical heart valve prostheses. Circulation 89: 635–641
Cannon JD, Zile MR, Crawford FA, Carabello BA (1992) Aortic valve resistance as an adjunct to the Gorlin formula in assessing the severity of aortic stenosis in symptomatic patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 20: 1517
Cannon SR, Richards KL, Crawford M (1985) Hydraulic estimation of stenotic orifice area: A correction of the Gorlin formula. Circulation 71: 1170–1178
Carabello B. A (1991) Timing of surgery in mitral and aortic steno-sis. Cardiol Clin 9: 229
Carabello BA (1997) Timing of valve replacement in aortic stenosis. Circulation 95: 2241–2243
Carabello BA, Crawford FA (1997) Valvular heart disease. N Engl J Med 337: 32–41
Carabello BA, Stewart WJ, Crawford FA jr (1998) Aortic valve disease. In: Topol EJ (ed) Textbook of cardiovascular medicine, ist edn. Lipincott-Raven, Philadelphia, pp 533–556
Carabello BA, Usher BW, Hendrix GH et al. (1987) Predictors of outcome in patients with aortic regurgitation and left ventricular dysfunction: A change in the measuring stick. J Am Coll Cardiol to: 991
Carpentier A, Deloche A, Dauptain (1971) J A new reconstructive operation for correction of mitral and tricuspid insufficiency. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 61: 1
Carroll JD, Gaasch WH, Naimi S, Levine HJ (1982) Regression of myocardial hypertrophy: Electrocardiographic-echocardiographic correlations after aortic valve replacement in patients with chronic aortic regurgitation. Circulation 65: 980–987
Castello R, Pearson AC, Lenzen P, Labovitz AJ (1991) Effect of mitral regurgitation on pulmonary venous velocities derived from transesophageal echocardiography color-guided pulsed Doppler imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 17: 1499–506
Cheitlin MD, Bonow RO, Parmley WW et al. (1985) Task force II: Acquired valvular heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 6: 1209–1214
Cheitlin MD, MacGregor JS (1998) Acquired tricuspid and pulmonary valve disease. In: Topol EJ (ed) Textbook of cardiovascular medicine. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, pp 557–578
Chen CR, Cheng TO, Huang T et al. (1996) Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty for pulmonic stenosis in adolescents and adults. N Engl J Med 335: 21–25
Chen Q, Nosir YF, Vletter WB, Kint PP, Salustri A, Roelandt JR (1997) Accurate assessment of mitral valve area in patients with mitral stenosis by three-dimensional echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1o: 2, 133–140
Chizner MA, Pearle DL, deLeon AC jr (1980) The natural history of aortic stenosis in adults. Am Heart J 99: 419
Choong CY et al. (1989) Prevalence of valvular regurgitation by Doppler echocardiography in patients with structurally normal hearts by two-dimensional echocardiography. Am Heart J 117: 636–642
Chun PKC, Dunn BE (1982) Clinical clue of severe aortic stenosis. Simultaneous palpation of the carotid and apical impulses. Arch Intern Med 142: 2284
Clemens JD et al. (1982) A controlled evaluation of the risk of bacterial endocarditis in persons with mitral valve prolapse. N Engl J Med 307: 776
Cobanoglu A, Starr A (1986) Tricuspid valve surgery: indications, methods, and results. In: Frankl BW, Best WN, eds. Cardiovascular Clinics. Valvular Heart Disease. Comprehensive Evaluation and Management. Davis, Philadelphia, pp 375–387
Cohn LH (1984) The long-term results of aortic valve replacement. Chest 85: 387
Cohn LH (1994) Tricuspid regurgitation secondary to mitral valve disease: When and how to repair. J Card Surg 9: 237–241
Cohn LH,Allred EN, Cohn LA (1985) Long term results on open mitral valve reconstruction for mitral stenosis. Am J Cardiol 55: 731
Cohn LH, Couper GS, Kinchla NM, Collins JJ jr (1990) Decreased operative risk of surgical treatment of mitral regurgitation with or without coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 16: 1575–1578
Cohn LH, DiSesa VJ, Couper GS et al. (1989) Mitral valve repair for myxomatous degeneration and prolapse of the mitral valve. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 98: 987
Cope GD, Kisslo JA, Johnson ML, Behan VS (1975) A reassessment of the echocardiogram in mitral stenosis. Circulation 52: 664
Corin WJ, Monrad ES, Murakami T, Nonogi H, Hess OM, Krayenbühl HP (1987) The relationship of afterload to ejection performance in chronic mitral regurgitation. Circulation 76: 59–67
Cremieux AC, Witchitz S, Malergue MC et al. (1985) Clinical and echocardiographic observations in pulmonary valve endocarditis. Am J Cardiol 56: 610–613
Criley JM, Lewis KB, Humphries JO, Ross RS (1966) Prolapse of the mitral valve: Clinical and cine-angiographic findings. Br Heart J 28: 488–496
Currie PJ, Hagler DJ, Seward JB, Reeder GS, Fyfe DA, Bove AA, Tajik AJ (1986) Instantaneous pressure gradient: A simultaneous Doppler and dual catheter correlative study. J Am Coll Cardiol 7: 800
Curtius JM, Opgenorth R, Loogen F (1987) Klinische Bedeutung der doppler-echokardiographischen Bestimmung des Schwere-grades von Aortenklappenstenosen. Z Kardiol 76: 269
Curtius JM, Thyssen M, Breuer HW, Loogen F (1985) Doppler versus contrast echocardiography for diagnosis of tricuspid regurgitation. Am J Cardiol 56: 333–336
Dale J, Levang 0, Enge I (1980) Long-term results after aortic valve replacement with four different prostheses. Am Heart J 99: 155–162
Danchin N, Briancon S, Mathieu P et al. (1989) Mitral valve prolap- se as a risk factor for infective endocarditis. Lancet I: 743
Daniel WG, Mügge A, Grote J , Hausmann D, Nikutta P, Laas J, Lichtlen PR, Martin RP (1993) Comparison of transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography for detection of abnormalities of prosthetic and bioprosthetic valves in the mitral and aortic positions. Am J Cardiol 71: 210–215
Davies AO, Mares A, Pool JL, Taylor AA (1987) Mitral valve prolapse with symptoms of beta-adrenergic hypersensitivity. Beta2adrenergic receptor supercoupling with desensitization on isoproterenol exposure. Am J Med 82: 193
De Maria AN, King JF, Bogren JG et al. (1974) The variable spectrum of echocardiographic manifestations of the mitral valve prolapse syndrome. Circulation 5o: 33–41
De Mol BA, Kallewaard M, McLellan RB, van Herwerden LA, Defauw JJ, van der Graaf Y (1994) Single-leg strut fractures in ex-planted Björk-Shiley valves. Lancet 343: 9-12
De Simone R, Lange R, Tanzeem A, Gams E, Hagl S (1993) Adjustable tricuspid valve annuloplasty assisted by intraoperative transesophageal color Doppler echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 71: 926-931
DeFilippi CR, Willet DL, Brickner E et al. (1995) Usefulness of dobutamine echocardiography in distinguishing severe from nonsevere valvular aortic stenosis in patients with depressed left ventricular function and low transvalvular gradients. Am J Cardiol 75: 191–194
DeMaria AN, Bommer W, Joye J et al. (1980) Value and limitations of cross-sectional echocardiography of the aortic valve in the diagnosis and quantification of valvular aortic stenosis. Circulation 62: 304
Devereux RB et al. (1986) Complications of mitral valve prolapse. Disproportionate occurrence in men and older patients. Am J Med 81: 751
Dillon JC, Haine CL, Chang S et al. (1971) Use of echocardiography in patients with prolapsed mitral valve. Circulation 43: 503–507
Donaldson RM, Florio R, Rickards AF et al. (1982) Irreversible morphological changes contributing to depressed cardiac function after surgery for chronic aortic regurgitation. Br Heart J 48: 589–597
Doty DB (1996) Aortic valve replacement with homograft and autograft. Sem Thor Cardiovasc Surg 8: 249–258
Downes TR, Nomeir A-M, Hackshaw BT et al. (1989) Diastolic mitral regurgitation in acute but not chronic aortic regurgitation: Implications regarding the mechanism of mitral closure. Am Heart J 117: 1106–1112
Drake CE, Hodroten JE, Sridharan MR et al. (1985) Evaluation of the association of mitral valve prolapse in patientes with WolffParkinson-White type ECG and its relationship to the ventricular activation pattern. Am Heart J 109 (I): 83–87
Driscoll DJ, Wolfe RR, Gersony WM et al. (1993) Cardiorespiratory responses to exercise of patients with aortic stenosis, pulmonary stenosis, and ventricular septal defect. Circulation 87: I 102–113
Elayda MA, Hall RJ, Reul RM et al. (1993) Aortic valve replacement in patients 8o years or older. Circulation 88 (part 2 ): 11–16
Emi S, Fukuda N, Oki T et al. (1993) Genesis of the Austin-Flint murmur: relation to mitral inflow and aortic regurgitant flow dynamics. J Am Coll Cardiol 21: 1399–1405
Enriquez-Sarano M, Tajik AJ, Schaff HV et al. (1994) Echocardiographic prediction of left ventricular function after correction of mitral regurgitation: results and clinical implications. J Am Coll Cardiol 24: 1536-1543
Ensing G, Seward J, Darragh R, Caldwell R (1994) Feasibility of generating hemodynamic pressure curves from noninvasive Doppler echocardiographic signals. J Am Coll Cardiol 23: 434-442
Farid L, Dayem MK, Guindy R, Shabetai R, Dittrich HC (1992) The importance of tricuspid valve structure and function in the surgical treatment of rheumatic mitral and aortic disease. Eur Heart J 13: 366–372
Fawzy ME, Mercer EN, Dunn B, al AM, Andaya W (1989) Doppler echocardiography in the evaluation of tricuspid stenosis. Eur Heart J 10: 985–990
Fehske W, Omran H, Manz M, Köhler J, Hagendorff A, Luderitz B (1994) Color-coded Doppler imaging of the vena contracta as a basis for quantification of pure mitral regurgitation. Am J Cardiol 73: 268–274
Fernandez J, Laub GW, Adkins MS et al. (1994) Early and late-phase events after valve replacement with the St. Jude Medical prosthesis in 1200 patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 107: 394-407
Flachskampf FA, Frieske R, Engelhard B et al. (1998) Comparison of transesophageal Doppler methods with angiography for evaluation of the severity of mitral regurgitation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr u: 882–892
Flachskampf FA, Weyman AE, Gillam L et al. (199o) Aortic regurgitation shortens Doppler pressure half-time in mitral stenosis: clinical evidence, in vitro simulation and theoretic analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 16: 2, 396–404
Frank S, Johnson A, Ross J JR (1973) Natural history of valvular aortic stenosis. B Heart J 35: 41
Fujita N, Chazouilleres AF, Hartiala JJ et al. (1994) Quantification of mitral regurgitation by velocity-encoded cine nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 23: 951-958
Gaffney FA, Bastian BC, Lane LB et al. (1983) Abnormal cardiovascular regulation in the mitral valve prolapse syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 52: 316
Geibel A, Kasper W, Reifart N, Faber T, Just H (1991) Clinical and Doppler echocardiographic follow-up after percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty for aortic valve stenosis. Am J Cardiol 67: 616
Gersony WM, Hayes CJ, Driscoll DJ et al. (1993) Second natural history study of congenital heart defects. Quality of life of patients with aortic stenosis, pulmonary stenosis, or ventricular septal defect. Circulation 87: 1 52–65
Giesler M, Grossmann G, Schmidt A et al. (1994) Color Doppler echocardiographic determinaation of mitral regurgitant flow from the proximal velocity profile of the flow convergence region. Am J Cardiol 71: 217–224
Gohlke-Bärwolf C, Acar J, Oakley C et al. (1995) Empfehlungen zur Thromboembolieprophylaxe bei Herzklappenerkrankungen der Working Group on Valvular Heart Disease, European Society of Cardiology. Z Kardiol 84: 1018–1032
Goldenberg IF, Pedersen W, Olson J et al. (1989) Percutaneous double balloon valvuloplasty for severe tricuspid stenosis. Am Heart J 118: 417–419
Goldman ME, Guarino T, Fuster V, Mindich B (1987) The necessity for tricuspid valve repair can be determined intraoperatively by two-dimensional echocardiography. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 94: 542–550
Gorlin R, Gorlin SG (1951) Hydraulic formula for calculation of the area of the stenotic mitral valve, other cardiac valves, and central circulatory shunts. Am Heart J 41: 1
Greves J, Rahimtoola SH, McAnulty JH et al. (1981) Preoperative criteria predictive of late survival following valve replacement for severe aortic regurgitation. Am Heart J loi: 300–308
Grossman W (1991) Cardiac catheterization and angiography, 4th edn. Lea and Felbiger, Philadelphia
Grunkemeier GL, Rahimtoola SH (199o) Artificial heart valves. Annu Rev Med 4i: 251–263
Guyer DE, Gillam LD, Foale RA et al. (1984) Comparison of the echocardiographic and hemodynamic diagnosis of rheumatic tricuspid stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 3: 1135–1144
Haerten K, Dohn V, Dohn G (1980) Natürlicher Verlauf operationswürdiger Mitral-and Mehrfachklappenvitien bei konservativer Therapie. Z Kardiol 69: 611–617
Hakki AH, Kimbiris D, Iskandrian AS, Segal BL, Mintz GS, Bemis CE (1980) Angina pectoris and coronary artery disease in patients with severe aortic valvular disease. Am Heart J: 100: 441
Hall R (1989) Aortic stenosis. In: Julian PG et al. Diseases of the heart. Baillière Tindall, Chapter 26, pp 707–730
Hammermeister KE, Sethi G, Henderson WG et al., for the Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study on Valvular Heart Disease (1993) A comparison of outcomes in men is years after heart-valve replacement with a mechanical valve or bioprosthesis. N Engl J Med 328: 1289–1296
Hatle L, Angelsen B, Tromsdal A (1979) Non-invasive assessment of atrioventricular pressure half-time by Doppler ultrasound. Circulation 6o: 1096–1104
Hatle L, Brubakk A, Tromsdal A, Angelsen B (1978) Noninvasive assessment of pressure drop in mitral stenosis by Doppler ultrasound. Br Heart J 4o: 131–14o
Hauck AJ, Freeman DP, Ackermann DM, Danielson GK, Edwards WD (1988) Surgical pathology of the tricuspid valve: a study of 363 cases spanning 25 years. Mayo Clin Proc 63: 851–863
Hausen B, Albes JM, Rohde R, Demertzis S, Mugge A, Schafers HJ (1995) Tricuspid valve regurgitation attributable to endomyocardial biopsies and rejection in heart transplantation. Ann Thorac Surg 59: 1134–114o
Hayes CJ, Gersony WM, Driscoll DJ et al. (1993) Second natural history study of congenital heart defects. Results of treatment of patients with pulmonary valvar stenosis. Circulation 87: I 28–37
Helmcke F, Nanda NC, Hsiung MC, Soto B, Adey CK, Goyal RG, Gatewood RP (1987) Color Doppler assessment of mitral regurgitation with orthogonal planes. Circulation 75: 175–183
Henry WL (1975) Measurements of mitral orifice area in patients with mitral valve disease by real-time two dimensional echocardiography. Circulation 51: 827
Henry WL, Bonow RO, Borer JS et al. (1980) Observations on the optimum time for operative intervention for aortic regurgitation: I. Evaluation of the results of aortic valve replacement in symptomatic patients. Circulation; 61: 471
Henry WL, Kastl DJ (1977) Echocardiographic evaluation of patients with mitral stenosis. Am J Med 62: 813
Hess 0M, Turina J, l’urina M, Krayenbühl P (1986) There are no reliable preoperative markers of postoperative persistent left ventricular dysfunction. Z Kardiol 75 (Suppl 2): 95–99
Hickey AJ, MacMahon SW, Wilcken DEL (1985) Mitral valve prolapse and bacterial endocarditis: When is antibiotic prophylaxis necessary? Am Heart J 109: 431
Hickey MS, Smith LR, Muhlbaier LH et al. (1988) Current prognosis of ischemic mitral regurgitation: implications for future mangement. Circulation78 (Suppl I): 51–59
Hoffmann R, Flachskampf FA, Hanrath P (1993) Planimetry of orifice area in aortic stenosis using multiplane transesophageal echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 22: 529
Hofmann T, Kasper W, Meinertz T, Spillner G, Schlosser V, Just H (1987) Determination of aortic valve orifice area in aortic valve stenosis by two-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 59: 33o
Holper K, Haehnel JC, Augustin N, Sebening F (1993) Surgery for tricuspid insufficiency: long-term follow-up after De Vega annuloplasty. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 41: 1–8
Hood WP, Rackley CE, Rolett EL (1968) Wall stress in the normal and hypertrophied human left ventricle. Am J Cardiol 22: 550–558
Hoppe U, Sechtem U, Erdmann E (1994) Operationsindikation bei asymptomatischer hochgradiger Aortenklappenstenose. Dtsch med Wschr 119: 1630 `
Horstkotte D, Loogen F, Bircks W (1987) Klinik and natürlicher Verlauf chronischer Herzklappenerkrankungen. In: Horstkotte D, Loogen F, Bircks W (Hrsg) Erworbene Herzklappenfehler. Urban and Schwarzenberg, München, S 112–117
Horstkotte D, Schulte HD, Bircks W, Strauer BE (1994) Lower intensity anticoagulation therapy results in lower complication rates with the St. Jude Medical prosthesis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 107: 1136–1145
Horstkotte et al. (1991) Pathomorphological aspects, etiology and natural history of aquired mitral valve stenosis. Eur Heart J 12 (Suppl B): 55
Huddleston CB, Rosenbloom M, Goldstein JA, Pasque MK (1994) Biopsy-induced tricuspid regurgitation after cardiac transplantation. Ann Thorac Surg 57: 832–836
Inoue K, Feldman T (1993)Percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy using the Inoue balloon catheter. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 28: 119–125
Inoue K, Owaki T, Nakamura T, Kitamura F, Miyamoto N (1984) Clinical application of transvenous mitral commissurotomy by a new balloon catheter. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 87: 394–402
Israel DH, Sharma SK, Fuster V (1994) Antithrombotic therapy in prosthetic heart valve replacement. Am Heart J 127: 400–411
Jegaden O, Perinetti M, Barthelet M et al. (1992) Long-term results of porcine bioprostheses in the tricuspid position. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 6: 256–260
Jeresaty RM (1976) Sudden death in the mitral valve prolapse syndrome. Am J Cardiol 37: 317–318
Johnson GL, Vine DL, Cottrill CM, Noonan JA (1981) Echocardiographic mitral valve deformity in the mucopolysaccharidoses. Pediatrics 67: 401
Johnson LI, Sciacca RR, Ellis K (1978) Reduced left ventricular myocardial blood flow per unit mass in aortic stenosis. Circulation 57: 582
Josephson ME, Horowitz LN, Kastor JA (1977) Paroxysmal supra-ventricular tachycardia in patients with mitral valve prolapse. Circulation 57: 111
Judge TP, Kennedy JW, Bennett LJ (1971) Quantitative hemodynamic effects of heart rate in aortic regurgitation. Circulation 44: 355–367
Judgutt BJ, Fraser SJ, Lee JK (1977) Long-term results after tricuspid valve replacement - results with seven different prostheses. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 74: 20
Kalmar P, Irrgang E (1998) Cardiac surgery in Germany during 1997. A report by the German society for thoracic and cardiovascular surgery. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 46: 307–310
Kaminaga T, Naito H, Takamiya M, Nishimura T (1994) Quantitative evaluation of mitral regurgitation with ultrafast CT. J Comp Ass Tomogr 18/2: 239–242
Karp RB, Cyrus R), Blackstone EH, Kirklin JW, Kouchoukos NT, Pacifico Al) (1981) The Björk–Shiley valve. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 81: 602–614
Kaul S, Spotnitz WD, Glasheen WP, Touchstone DA (1991) Mechanism of ischemic mitral regurgitation. An experimental evaluation. Circulation 84: 2167–2180
Keefe JF, Wolk MJ, Levine HJ (1970) Isolated tricuspid valvular stenosis. Am J Cardiol 25: 252
Kerber RE, Isaeff PM, Hancock EW (1971) Echocardiographic patterns in patients with the syndrome of systolic click and late systolic murmur. N Engl J Med 284: 691–693
Kirklin JW, Kouchoukos NT (1981) Aortic valve replacement wit- hout myocardial revascularization. Circulation 63: 252–253
Kisslo J, von Ramm OT, Thurstone FL (1976) Cardiac imaging using a phased-array ultrasound system. II. Clinical technique and application. Circulation 53: 262–267
Kitchin A, Turner R (1964). Diagnosis and treatment of tricuspid stenosis. Br Heart J 26: 354
Kleikamp G, Schnepper U, Kortke H, Breymann T, Korfer R (1992) Tricuspid valve regurgitation following blunt thoracic trauma. Chest 102: 1294–1296
Klepzig H, Stanke R Kunkel B et al. (1982) Kombinierte First-PassÄquilibrium-Radionuklidventrikulographie zur nichtinvasiven Beurteilung der Schwere einer Aorteninsuffizienz. Z Kardiol 71: 661–664
Klues HG, Maron BJ, Dollar AL, Roberts WC. Diversity of structural mitral valve alterations in hypertrophie cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 1992 May; 85 (5): 1651–1660
Kratz J (1991). Evaluation and management of tricuspid valve disease. Cardiol Clin 9: 397–407
Kratz J, Crawford FA Jr., Sade RM et al. (1993) St. Jude prothesis for aortic and mitral valve replacement: a ten-year experience Ann Thorac Surg 56: 462–468
Kumar A, Sinha M, Sinha DNP (1982) Chronic rheumatic heart disease. Angiology 33: 141
Ladgefoged C, Rohr N (1984) Amyloid deposits in aortic and mitral valves. Virchows Arch (A) 404: 301
Lambertz H, Minale C, Flachskampf FA et al. (1989) Long-term follow-up after Carpentier tricuspid valvuloplasty. Am Heart J 117: 615–622
Landzberg JS, Pflugfelder PW, Cassidy MM et al. (1992) Etiology of the Austin-Flint murmur. J Am Coll Cardiol 2o: 408–413
Laniado S, Yellin EL, Yoran C et al. (1982) Physiologic mechanism in aortic insufficiency. I: The effect of changing heart rate on flow dynamics. II: Determinants of the Austin Flint murmur. Circulation 66: 226–235
Lau KW, Hung JS (1993) Controversies in percutaneous balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty: timing, patient selection and technique. J Heart Valve Dis 2: 321–325
Leor J, Feinberg MS, Vered Z et al. (1993) Effect of thrombolytic therapy on the evolution of significant mitral regurgitation in patients with a first inferior myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 21: 1661–1666
Leung DY, Griffin BP, Stewart WJ et al. (1996) Left ventricular function after valve repair for chronic mitral regurgitation: Predictive value of preoperative assessment of contractile reserve by exercise echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 28: 1198–205
Levine RA (1994) Right ventricular inflow tract. In: Weyman AE (ed) Principles and practice of echocardiography. Lea and Felbiger, Philadelphia, pp 824–862
Levine RA, Triulzi MO, Harrigan P, Weyman AE (1987) The relationship of mitral annular shape to the diagnosis of mitral valve prolapse. Circulation 75: 756–767
Lindblom D, Lindblom U, Qvist J, Lundstrom J (1990) Long-term relative survival rates after heart valve replacement. J Am Coll Cardiol 15: 566
Lisa CP, Tavel ME (1972) Tricuspid stenosis: Graphic features which help in its diagnosis. Chest 61: 291
Loogen F, Schaub W (1959) Zur Klinik and Hämodynamik der Trikuspidalstenose. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 84: 409
Lucas RVJ, Edwards JE (1982) The floppy mitral valve. Curr Proth Cardiol 7: 1
Lytle BW, Cosgrove DM, Loop FD et al. (1983) Replacement of aortic valve combined with myocardial revascularization: Determinants of early and late risk for Soo patients,1967–1981. Circu-lation 68: 1149–1162
Macmanus Q, Grunkemeier GL, Lambert LE et al. (1980) Year of operation as a risk factor in the late results of valve replacement. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 8o: 834–841
Magovern JA, Pennock JL, Campbell DB, Pae WE, Bartholomew M, Pierce WS, Waldhausen JA (1987) Aortic valve replacement and combined aortic valve replacement and coronary artery bypass grafting: Predicting high risk groups. J Am Coll Cardiol 9: 38
Markiewicz W, Stoner J, London E et al. (1976) Mitral valve prolapse in one hundred presumably healthy young females. Circulation 53: 464–473
Martin RP (1979) Reliability and reproducibility of 2D echocardiographic measurement of the stenotic mitral valve orifice area. J Am Coll Cardiol 43: 560
Marzo KP, Herrmann HC, Mancini DM (1993) Effect of balloon mitral valvuloplasty on exercise capacity, ventilation and skeletal muscle oxygenation. J Am Coll Cardiol 21: 856–865
Massu B, Botviniek EH, Shames D et al. (1978) Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy in patients with mitral valve prolapse. Circulation 57: 19–26
Masuyama T, Kodama K, Kitabatake A et al. (1986) Noninvasive evaluation of aortic regurgitation by continuous wave Doppler echocardiography. Circulation 73: 460–466
McGrath LB, Chen C, Bailey BM, Fernandez J, Laub GW, Adkins MS (1992) Early and late phase events following bioprosthetic tricuspid valve replacement. J Card Surg 7: 245–253
McKay RG (1991) The Mansfield Scientific Aortic Valvuloplasty Registry: Overview of acute hemodynamic results and procedural complications. J Am Coll Cardiol 57: 485
McMillan IKR (1955) Aortic stenosis: A postmortem cinephotographic study of valve action. Br Heart J 17:56
Mele D, Vandervoort P, Palacios I et al. (1995) Proximal jet size by Doppler color flow mapping predicts severity of mitral regurgitation. Clinical studies. Circulation 91: 746-754
Meyer T, Sareli P, Pocock WA et al. (5987) Echocardiographic and hemodynamic correlates of diastolic closure of mitral valve and diastolic opening of aortic valve in severe aortic regurgitation. Am J Cardiol 59: 1144–5448
Mills P et al. (1977) Long-term prognosis of mitral-valve prolapse. N Engl J Med 297: 13
Morganroth J, Mardelli TJ, Naito M et al. (1981) Apical cross-sectional echocardiography: standard for the diagnosis of idiopathic mitral valve prolapse syndrome. Chest 79: 23–28
Morris JJ, Schaff HV, Mullany CJ et al. (1993) Determinants of survival and recovery of left ventricular function after aortic valve replacement. Ann Thorac Surg 56: 22
Mulieri LA, Leavitt BJ, Martinn BJ, Haeberle JR, Alpert NR (1993) Myocardial force-frequency defect in mitral regurgitation heart failure is reversed by forskolin. Circulation 88: 2700–2704
Munoz S, Gallardo J, Diaz-Gorrin JR, Medina O (1975). Influence of surgery on the natural history rheumatic mitral and aortic valve disease. Am J Cardiol 35: 234–242
Murakami T, Hess OM, Gage JE, Grimm J, Krayenbuehl HP (1986) Diastolic filling dynamics in patients with aortic stenosis. Circulation 73: 1162
Nakamura T, Hultgren HN, Shettigar UR, Fowles RE (1984) Noninvasive evaluation of the severity of aortic stenosis in adult patients. Am Heart J 107: 959
NHLBI Balloon Valvuloplasty Registry Participants (1991) Percutaneous balloon aortic valvuloplasty: acute and 3o-day follow-up results in 674 patients from the NHLBI Balloon Valvuloplasty Registry. Circulation 84: 2383
Nichol PM, Gilbert GW, Kisslo JA (1977) 2D echocardiographic assessment of mitral stenosis. Circulation 55: 120
Nishimura RA et al. (1985) Echocardiographically documented mitral valve prolapse: long term follow up of 232 patients. N Engl J Med 313: 1305
Olson LJ, Subramanian R, Edwards WD (1984) Surgical pathology of pure aortic insufficiency: A study of 225 cases. Mayo Clin Proc 59: 835–841
Ormiston JA, Shah PM, Tei C, Wong M (1981) Size and motion of the mitral valve annulus in man. I. A two-dimensional echocardiographic method and findings in normal subjects. Circulati-
on 64:113–120
Ormiston JA, Shah PM, Tei C, Wong M (1982) Size and motion of the mitral valve annulus in man. II. Abnormalities in mitral valve prolapse. Circulation 65: 713–719
Orszulak TA, Schaff HV, DeSmet JM et al. (1993) Late results of valve replacement with the Björk-Shiley valve (1973 to 1982). J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 105: 302–212
Otto CM, Burwash IG, Legget ME et al. (1997) Prospective study of asymptomatic valvular aortic stenosis. Circulation 95: 2262–2270
Otto CM, Mickel MC, Kennedy JW et al. (1994) Three-Year outco- me after balloon aortic valvuloplasty. Circulation 89: 642
Palacios IF, Block PC, Wilkins GT,Weyman AE (1989) Follow up of patients undergoing percutaneous mitral balloon valvulotomy: analysis of factors determining restenosis. Circulation 79: 573–579
Palacios IF, Tuzcu ME, Weyman AE et al. (1995) Clinical follow-up of patients undergoing percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy. Circulation 91: 671
Pasaoglu I, Demiricin M, Dogan R et al. (1990) De Vegas tricuspid annuloplasty: analysis of 195 patients. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 38: 365–369
Pearlman AS (1991) Role of echocardiography in the diagnosis and evaluation of severity of mitral and tricuspid stenosis. Circulation 84 (3 Suppl): 1193–1197
Pearlman AS, Otto CM (1987) The use of Doppler techniques for quantitative evaluation of valvular regurgitation. Eur Heart J 8 (Suppl C): 35–43
Pellegrini A, Colombo T, Donatelli F et al. (1992) Evaluation and treatment of secondary tricuspid insufficiency. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 6: 288–296
Pellikka PA, Tajik AJ, Khandheria BK et al. (1993) Carcinoid heart disease. Clinical and echocardiographic spectrum in 74 patients. Circulation 87: 1188–1196
Perez JE, Ludbrook PA,Ahumada GG (1985). Usefulness of Doppler echocardiography in detecting tricuspid valve stenosis. Am J Cardiol 55: 601–603
Perr GJ et al. (1987) Evaluation of aortic insufficiency by Doppler color flow mapping. J Am Coll Cardiol 9: 952
Popp RL, Brown OR, Silverman JF et al. (1974) Echocardiographic abnormalities in the mitral valve prolapse syndrome. Circulation 49: 428–433
Prabhakar G, Kumar N, Gometza B, Al Halees Z, Duran CM (1993) Surgery for organic rheumatic disease of the tricuspid valve. J Heart Valve Dis 2: 561–266
Procacci PM, Savran SV, Schreiter SL, Bryson AL (1976) Prevalence of clinical mitral valve prolapse in 1,169 young women. N Engl J Med 294: 1086
Puddu PE, Pasternac A, Tubau JF et al. (1983) QT interval prolongation and increased plasma catecholamine levels in patients with mitral valve prolapse. Am Heart J los: 422
Rabago G, Fraile J, Martinell J,Artiz V (1986) Technique and results of tricuspid annuloplasty. J Card Surg 1: 247–253
Rahimtoola SH (1986) Perspective on valvular heart disease: An update. J Am Coll Cardiol 14: 1
Ramsdale DR, Bennett DH, Bray CL (1984) Angina, coronary risk factors and coronary artery disease in patients with valvular heart disease. A prospective study. Eur Heart J 5: 716–726
Rapaport E (1975) Natural history of aortic and mitral valve disease. Am J Cardiol 35: 221–227
Rapaport E, Rackley CE, Cohn LH (1994) Aortic valve disease. In: Schlant RC, Alexander RW (eds) Hursts The Heart. McGraw-Hill, New York, chap 79, pp 1457–1481
Reichek N (1994) Mitral regurgitation: Is this the gold standard? J Am Coll Cardiol 23: 959-960
Reichek N, Shelburne JD, Perloff JR (1971) Clinical aspects of rheumatic valvular disease. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 15: 491
Reul H, Son JAM van, Steinseifer U et al. (1993) In vitro comparison of bileaflet aortic heart valve prostheses. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 106: 412–420
Reyes VP, Raju BS, Wynne J et al. (1994) Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty compared with open surgical commissurotomy for mitral stenosis. N Engl J Med 331: 961–967
Ribeiro PA, Al Zaibag M, Al Kasab S et al. (1988) Provocation and amplification of the transvalvular pressure gradient in rheumatic tricuspid stenosis. Am J Cardiol 61: 1307–1311
Ribeiro PA, Al Zaibag M, Idris MT (1990) Percutaneous double balloon tricuspid valvotomy for severe tricuspid stenosis: 3-year follow-up study. Eur Heart J 11: 1109–1112
Ribeiro PA, Al Zaibag M, Sawyer W (1989) A prospective study comparing the haemodynamic with the cross-sectional echo-cardiographic diagnosis of rheumatic tricuspid stenosis. Eur Heart J 10: 120–126
Richards KL, Cannon SR, Miller JF, Crawford MH (1986) Calculation of aortic valve area by Doppler echocardiography: A direct application of the continuity equation. Circulation 73: 964
Ritchie JL, Hammermaster KE, Kennedy JW (1976) Refractory ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation in a patient with prolapsing mitral leaflet syndrome-successful control with over-driving pacing. Am J Cardiol 37: 314–316
Rivera JM, Vandervoort PM, Morris E, Weyman AE, Thomas JD (1994) Visual assessment of valvular regurgitation: comparison with quantitative Doppler measurements. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 7: 480–487
Rivera R, Duran E, Ajuria M (1985) Carpentiers flexible ring versus De Vegas annuloplasty. A prospective randomized study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 89: 196–203
Roberts WC (1970) Anatomically isolated aortic disease. Am J Cardiol 49: 151
Roberts WC (1970) The congenitally bicuspid aortic valve: A study of 85 autopsy cases. Am J Cardiol 26: 72
Roberts WC (1973) Valvular, subvalvular and supravalvular aortic stenosis. Morphologic features. Cardiovasc Clin 5: 97
Roberts WC (1983) Morphologic features of the normal and abnormal mitral valve. Am J Cardiol 51: 1005–1028
Roberts WC, Day PJ (1985) Electrocardiographic observations in clinically isolated, pure and chronic, severe aortic regurgitation: Analysis of 3o necropsy patients aged 19 to 65 years. Am J Cardiol 55: 432–438
Ronan JA, Perloff JK, Harrey WP (1965) Systolic clicks and late systolic murmur. Intracardiac phonocardiographic evidence of their mitral valve origin. Am Heart J 70: 319–325
Ross D, Jackson M, Davies J (1992) The pulmonary autograft–a permanent aortic valve. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 6: 113–116
Ross J jr, Brandenburg RO, Dinsmore RE, Friesinger GC II, Hultgren HH, Pepine CJ et al. (1987) Guidelines for coronary angiography. A report of the American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association Task Force on Assessment of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Cardiovascular Procedures ( Subcommittee on Coronary Angiography ). J Am Coll Cardiol lo: 935
Ross J jr, Braunwald E (1968) Aortic stenosis. Circulation (Suppl V ) 38: 61
Rutledge R, Kim J, Applebaum RE (1985) Actuarial analysis of the risk of prosthetic valve endocarditis in 1,598 patients with mechanical and bioprosthetic valves. Arch Surg 120: 469–472
Sabbah HN, Khaja F, Anbe DT, Stein PD (1977) The aortic closure sound in pure aortic insufficiency. Circulation 56: 859–863
Sabbah HN, Rosman H, Kono T, Alam M, Khaja F, Goldstein S (1993) On the mechanism of functional mitral regurgitation. Am J Cardiol 72: 1074–1076
San Roman JA, Vilacosta I, Zamorano JL et al. (1993) Transesophageal echocardiography in right-sided endocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol 21: 1226–1230
Savage DD, Devereux RB, Garrison RJ et al. (1983) Mitral valve prolapse in the general population. II: Clinical features: The Framingham Study. Am Heart J 106: 577
Savage DI), Garrison RJ, Devereux RB et al. (1983) Mitral valve prolapse in the general population. 1: Epidemiologic features: The Framingham Study. Am Heart J 106: 571
Schlant RC (1993) Aortic stenosis. Chapter 37 in Chatterjee and
Parmley. Cardiology (Vol. 2). Lippincott. Chapter 37, pp. 1–13 Schlant RC, Nutter D (1971) Heart failure in valvular heart disease. Medicine: 5o: 421
Schlüter M, Kremer P, Hanrath P (1984) Transesophageal 2D echo-cardiographic feature of flail mitral leaflet due to ruptured chordae tendineae. Am Heart J 108 /3: 609–610
Schnee MA, Bucal AA (1983) Fatal embolism in mitral valve prolapse. Chest 83: 285
Schönduhe FA, Althoff W, Dörge HC et al. (1994) Prophylactic reopreration for strut fractures of the Bjjörk-Shiley convexo-concave heart valve. J Heart Valve Dis 3: 247-253
Schritz JE, Gaffney FA, Beend L et al. (1981) Distinctive anthropometric characteristics of women with mitral valve prolapse. Am J Med 71: 533
Schuler S, Ohlshausen K, Schwartz F et al. (1982) Non-invasive assessment of myocardial contractility in asymptomatic patients with severe aortic regurgitation and normal left ventricular ejection fraction at rest. Am J Cardiol 50: 45–57
Schwammenthal E, Chen C, Benning F et al. (1994) Dynamics of mitral regurgitant flow and orifice area. Physiologic application of the proximal flow convergence method: Clinical data and experimental testing. Circulation 9o: 307–322
Scognamiglio R, Rahimtoola SH, Fasoli G et al. (1994) Nifedipine in asymptomatic patients with severe aortic regurgitation and normal left ventricular function. N Engl J Med 331: 689
Sellers RD, Levy MJ, Amplatz K, Lillehei CW (1964) Retrograde cardioangiography in acquired cardiac disease: technic, indications, and interpretation of 700 cases. Am J Cardiol 145: 437–347
Seymour J, Emanuel R, Patterson N (1968) Acquired pulmonary stenosis. Br Heart J 30: 776
Shah PM (1994)Echocardiographic diagnosis of mitral valve prolapse. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 7: 286–293
Shah PM, Gramiak R (1970) Echocardiographic recognition of mi- tral valve prolapse [Abstract]. Circulation 42 (Suppl 3): 45
Shellock FG, Curtis SC (1991) MR imaging and biomedical implants, materials, and devices: An updated review. Radiology 180: 541–550
Siegel RJ, Maurer G, Navatpumin T, Shah PK (1983) Accurate noninvasive assessment of critical aortic valve stenosis in the elderly. J Am Coll Cardiol 1: 639
Silber H, Khan SS, Matloff JM et al. (1993) The St. Jude valve. Thrombolysis as the first line of therapy for cardiac valve thrombosis. Circulation 87: 30–37
Simon R, Oelert H, Borst HG, Lichtlen P (1980) Influence of mitral valve surgery on tricuspid incompetence concomitant with mitral valve disease. Circulation 62: 1152–1157
Simpson IA, de Belder MA, Kenny A, Martin M, Nihoyannopoulos P (1995) How to quantitate valve regurgitation by echo Doppler techniques. British Society of Echocardiography. Br Heart J 73: 1-9
Skjaerpe T, Hatle L (1986). Noninvasive estimation of systolic pressure in the right ventricle in patients with tricuspid regurgitation. Eur Heart J 7: 704–710
Slama MS, Drieu LH, Malergue MC et al. (1993) Percutaneous double balloon valvuloplasty for stenosis of porcine bioprostheses in the tricuspid valve position: a report of 2 cases. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 28: 142–148
Smith HJ, Neutze JM, Roche AHG et al. (1976) The natural history of rheumatic aortic regurgitation and the indications for surgery. Br Heart J 38: 147–154
Snyder II RW, Glamann B, Lange RA et al. (1994) Predictive value of prominent pulmonary arterial wedge v waves in assessing the presence and severity of mitral regurgitation. Am J Cardiol 73: 568–570
Spagnuolo M, Kloth H, Taranta A et al. (1971) Natural history of rheumatic aortic regurgitation: Criteria predictive of death, congestive heart failure and angina in young patients. Circulation 44: 368–380
Spinale FG, Ishihra K, Zile M et al. (1993) Structural basis for changes in left ventricular function and geometry because of chronic mitral regurgitation and after correction of volume overload. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 106: 1147–1157
Steele P, Weiley H, Rainwater I et al. (1979) Platelet survival time and thrombembolism in patients with mitral valve prolapse. Circulation 60: 43
Stewart WJ, Currie PJ, Salcedo EE et al. (1992). Evaluation of mitral leaflet motion by echocardiography and jet direction by Doppler color flow mapping to determine the mechanism of mitral regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol 20: 1353–1361
Stone PH, Clark RD, Goldschlager N (1984) Determinants of prognosis in patients with aortic regurgitation who undergo aortic valve replacement. J Am Coll Cardiol 3: 1118–1126
Suzuki Y, Kambara H, Kadota K et al. (1986) Detection and evaluation of tricuspid regurgitation using real-time, two-dimensional, color-coded, Doppler flow imaging system: comparison with contrast two dimensional echocardiography and right ventriculography. Am J Cardiol 57: 811–815
l’einen D, Eriksson P (1985) Quantification of transvalvular pressure differences in aortic stenosis by Doppler ultrasound. Int J Cardiol 7: 121
Teupe C, Burger W, Schrader R, Zeiher AM (1997) Late (five to nine years) follow-up after balloon dilation of valvular pulmonary stenosis in adults. Am J Cardiol 8o: 240–242
Thomas JH, Panoussopoulos DG, Jewell WR, Pierce GE (1977) Tricuspid stenosis secondary to metastatic melanoma. Cancer 39: 1732
Thompson R, Mitchell A, Ahmed M, Towers M, Yacoub M (1979) Conduction defects in aortic valve disease. Am Heart J 98: 3
Turina J, Hess OM, Turina M, Krayenbühl HP (1993) Cardiac bio-prostheses in the 199os. Circulation 88: 775–781
Turina J, Turina M. Rothlin M, Krayenbühl HP (1984) Improved late survival in patients with chronic aortic regurgitation by earlier operation. Circulation (Suppl) 7o: 1147–152
Turpie AGG, Gent M, Laupacis A et al. (1993) A comparison of aspirin with placebo in patients treated with warfarin after heart-valve replacement. N Engl J Med 329: 524-529
Tuzcu EM, Block PC, Griffin BP,Weyman AE (1992) Immediate and long term outcome of percutaneous mitral valvotomy in patients 65 years or older. Circulation 85: 963–971
United Kingdom and United States (1965) Joint report on rheumatic heart disease. Circulation 32: 457–471
Van der Graaf Y, de Waard F, van Herwerden LA, Defauw JJ (1992) Risk of strut fracture of Björk-Shiley valves. Lancet 339: 257–2261
Vandenberg BF,Ayres RW,Lindower PD, Burns TI., Kerber RE (1995) Reproducibility and variability of the amount of tricuspid regurgitation with color Doppler echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 76: 198–199
Vared Z, Oren S, Rabinowitz B et al. (1985) Mitral valve prolapse. Quantitative analysis and long-term followup. Isr J Med Sci 21: 644
Vogt PR, Bauer EP, Carrel T, von Segesser L, Turina M (1992) Pericarditis constrictiva after aortic valve replacement simulating tricuspid stenosis. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 6: 108–110
Wahlers T, Albes J, Pethig K et al. (1996) Valve reconstruction or replacement for long-term biopsy-induced tricuspid regurgitation following heart transplantation. Transpl Int 9: S 247–248
Waller BF (1986) Rheumatic and non-rheumatic conditions producing valvular heart disease. In: Frankl WS, Brest AN (eds) Cardiovascular clinics: Valvular heart disease: Comprehensive evaluation and management. Philadelphia/PA, pp 3–104
Waller BF (1987) Etiology of pure tricuspid regurgitation. Cardiovasc Clin 17: 53–95
Waller BF, Morrow AG, Maron BJ, Del Negro AA, Kent KM, McGrath FJ, Wallace RB, McIntosh CL, Roberts WC (1982) Etiology of clinically isolated, severe, chronic, pure mitral regurgitation: analysis of 97 patients over 3o years of age having mitral valve replacement. Am Heart J 104: 276–288
Waller BF, Howard J, Fess S (1994) Pathology of aortic valve steno-sis and pure aortic regurgitation: II: A clinical morphologic assessment. Clin Cardiol: 17: 150
Waller BF, Howard J, Fess S (1995) Pathology of pulmonic valve stenosis and pure regurgitation. Clin Cardiol 18: 45–5o
Waller BF, Howard J, Fess S (1995) Pathology of tricuspid valve stenosis and pure tricuspid regurgitation-part 1,11, Ill. Clin Cardiol 18: 97–102; 167–174; 225–230
Wann LS (1978) Determination of mitral valve area by cross sectional echocardiography. Ann Intern Med 88: 337
Wilcken DEL, Hickey AJ (1988) Lifetime risk for patients with mitral valve prolapse of developing severe valve regurgitation requiring surgery. Circulation 78: 10
Williams JCP, Barratt-Boyes BG, Lowe JB (1961) Supravalvular aortic stenosis. Circulation 24: 1311
Wisenbaugh T (1994) Mitral valve disease. Curr Opin Cardiol 9: 146–151
Wisenbaugh T, Essop R, Middlemost S et al. (1993) Pulmonary hypertension is a contraindication to beta-blockade in patients with severe mitral stenosis. Am Heart J 125: 786–790
Wisenbaugh T, Essop R, Middlemost S, Skoularogis J, Sareli P (1992) Excessive vasoconstriction in rheumatic mitral stenosis with modestly reduced ejection fraction J Am Coll Cardiol 20/6: 1339-1344
Wisenbaugh T, Skudicky D, Sareli P (1994) Prediction of outcome after valve preplacement for rheumatic mitral regurgitation in the era of chordal preservation. Circulation 89: 191–197
Wisenbaugh T, Spann JF, Carabello BA (1984) Differences in myocardial performance and load between patients with similar amounts of chronic aortic versus chronic mitral regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol 3: 916
Wood P (1954) An appreciation of mitral stenosis. BMJ 1: 1051, 1113 Wooley CF, Fontana ME, Kilman JW, Ryan JM (1985) ‘tricuspid ste-nosis. Atrial systolic murmur, tricuspid opening snap, and right atrial pressure pulse. Am J Med 78: 375–384
Zamorano J, Erbel R, Mackowski T, Alfonso E, Meyer J (1992) Usefulness of tranesophageal echocardiography for diagnosis of mitral valve prolapse. Am J Cardiol 69/4: 419–242
Zile MR; Gaasch WH, Carroll JD, Levine HJ (1984) Chronic mitral regurgitation: Predictive value of preoperative echocardiographic indexes of left ventricular function and wall stress. J Am Coll Cardiol 3: 235–242
Zippiroli A, Rinaldi M, Kramer-Fox R et al. (1995) Natural history of mitral valve prolapse. Am J Cardiol 75 (15): 1028–1032
Zoghbi WA, Farmer KL, Soto JG, Nelson JG, Quinones MA (1986) Accurate noninvasive quantification of stenotic aortic valve area by Doppler echocardiography. Circulation 73: 452
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2000 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Flachskampf, F.A., Hanrath, P. (2000). Prothetischer Herzklappenersatz. In: Erdmann, E. (eds) Klinische Kardiologie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-12156-6_78
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-12156-6_78
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-12157-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-12156-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive