Skip to main content

Therapie der chronischen Herzinsuffizienz

  • Chapter
Klinische Kardiologie
  • 147 Accesses

Zusammenfassung

Die Sichtweise der Pathophysiologie und damit die Therapie der Herzinsuffizienz haben sich in den letzten 30 Jahren deutlich verändert. Die Framingham-Studie belegte, daß die häufigste Ursache der chronischen Herzinsuffizienz die chronische Drucküberlastung des Herzens bei arterieller Hypertonie ist.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Literatur zu Sektion V Kap.31

  • ACC/AHA Task Force Report (1995) Guidelines fort the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure. Circulation 92: 2764–2784

    Google Scholar 

  • Acsadi GA, Jiao S, Jani A, Duke D, Williams CW, Wolff JA (1991) Direct gene transfer and expression into rat heart in vivo. New Biologist 3: 71–81

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Acute Infarction Ramipril Efficacy (AIRE) Study Investigators (1993) Effect of ramipril on mortality and morbidity of survivors of acute myocardial infarction with clinical evidence of heart failure. I,ancet 342: 821–828

    Google Scholar 

  • Admiral PJJ, Derkx-Admiraal FHM, Jan Danser AH et al. (199o) Metabolism and production of angiotensin I in different vascular beds in subjects with hypertension. Hypertension 15: 44–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Aguirre FV, Pearson AC, Lewen MK, McCluskey M, Labovitz AJ • (1989) Usefulness of doppler echocardiography in the diagnosis of congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 63: 1098–1102

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akera T, Brody TM (1978) The Role of Na+/K+-ATPase in the inotropic action of digitalis. Pharmacol Rev 29: 187–220

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Khadra AS, Salem DN, Rand WM, Udelson JE, Smith JJ, Konstam MA (1998) Antiplatelet agents and survival: A cohort analysis from the studies of left ventricular dysfunction ( SOLVD) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 31: 419–425

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen DG, Jewell BR, Murray JW (1974) The contribution of activation processes to the length-tension relation of cardiac muscle. Nature 248: 606–607

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allen DG, Kentish JG (1985) The cellular basis of the length-tension relation in cardiac muscle. J Mol Cell Cardio117: 821–840

    Google Scholar 

  • Amery A, Brixco O, Clement D et al. (1985) Mortality and morbidity results from the european working party on high blood pressure in the elderly trial. Lancet 1: 1349–1351

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amiodarone Trials Meta–Analysis Investigators (1997) Effect of prophylactic amiodarone on mortality after acute myocardial infarction and in congestive heart failure: meta–analysis of individual data from 6500 patients in radomised trials. Lancet 350: 14–17–1424

    Google Scholar 

  • Anand IS, Ferrari R, Kalra GS, Wahi PL, Poole-Wilson PA, Harris PC (1989) Edema of cardiac origin. Circulation 80: 299–305

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson PAW, Malouf NN, Oakeley AE, Pagani ED, Allen PD (1991) Troponin T isoform expression in humans. A comparison among normal and failing adult heart, fetal heart, and adult and fetal skeletal muscle. Circ Res 69: 1226–1233

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymus (1991) Calcium antagonist caution. Lancet 337: 885–886

    Google Scholar 

  • Anversa P, Hiler B, Ricci R, Guideri G, Olivetti G (1986) Myocyte loss and myocyte hypertrophy in the aging rat heart. J Am Coll Cardiol 8: 1441–1448

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arai M, Alpert NR, MacLennan DH, Barton P, Periasamy M (1993) Alterations in sarcoplasmic reticulum gene expression in human heart failure. A possible mechanism for alterations in systolic and diastolic properties of the failing myocardium. Circ Res 72: 463–469

    Google Scholar 

  • Arai M, Matsu H, Periasamy M (1994) Sarcoplasmic reticulum gene expression in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Circ Res 74: 555–564

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arai M, Otsu K, MacLennan DH, Periasamy M (1992) Regulation of sarcoplasmic reticulum gene expression during cardiac and skeletal muscle development. Am J Physiol 262: C614 - C62o

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arnold SB, Bird RC, Meister W et al. (1980) Long-term digitalis therapy improves left ventricular function in heart failure. N Engl J Med 303: 1443–1449

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aufiero TX, Reddy RC, Magovern JA et al. (1995) Alternatives to human heart replacement. Curr Opin Cardiol lo: 218–222 Bairn DS (1985) Effects of amrinone on myocardial energetics in severe heart failure. Am J Cardiol 56: 16B - 21B

    Google Scholar 

  • Barcenas-Ruiz L, Beuckelmann DJ, Wier WG (1987) Sodium-calcium exchange in heart: currents and changes in [Ca2+1. Science 238: 1720–1722

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bayliss J, Norell M, Capena-Anson R et al. (1987a) Untreated heart failure: Clinical and neuroendocrine effects of introducing diuretics. Br Heart J 57: 17–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Bayliss J, Thomas L, Poole-Wilson P (1987b) Acute hemodynamic and neuroendocrine effects of dopexamine, a new vasodilator for the treatment of heart failure: comparison with dobutamine, captopril, and nitrate. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 9: 551–559

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benotti JR, Grossman W, Braunwald E, Davalos DD, Alousi AA (1978) Hemodynamic assessment of amrinone–a new inotropic agent. N Engl J Med 299: 1373–1379

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benotti JR, McCue JE, Alpert JS (1985) Comparative vasoactive therapy for heart failure. Am J Cardiol 56: 19B - 24B

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beuckelmann DJ, Erdmann E (1991) Herzinsuffizienz bei dilatati-ver Kardiomyopathie–Eine Störung der Calciumhomöostase. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 116: 504–508

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beuckelmann DJ, Näbauer M, Erdmann E (1991) Characteristics of calcium-current in isolated human ventricular myocytes from patients with terminal heart failure. J Mol Cell Cardiol 23: 929–937

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beuckelmann DJ, Näbauer M, Erdmann E (1992) Intracellular calcium handling in ventricular myocytes from patients with terminal heart failure. Circulation 85: 1046–1055

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beuckelmann DJ, Näbauer M, Erdmann E (1993) Alterations of K+-currents in isolated human ventricular myocytes from patient with terminal heart failure. Circ Res 73: 379–385

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beuckelmann DJ, Wier WG (1989) Sodium-calcium exchange in guinea-pig cardiac cells: exchange current and intracellular calcium. J Physiol (London) 499–520

    Google Scholar 

  • Binkley PF, Nunziata E, Haas GJ, Nelson SD, Cody RJ (1991) Parasympathetic withdrawal is an integral component of autonomic imbalance in congestive heart failure: demonstration in human subjects and verification in a paced canine model of ventricular failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 18: 464–472

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Birnbaumer L (1987) Which G protein subunits are the active mediators in signal transduction? Trends Pharmacol Sci 8: 209–211

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blech JJF, Budges AB, Scott N, Chopra M (1991) Oxygen free radicals and congestive heart failure. Br Heart J 65: 245–248

    Google Scholar 

  • Boheler KR, Carrier L, De la Bastie D, Allen PD, Komajda M, Mercadier JJ, Schwartz K (1991) Skeletal actin m-RNA increases in the human heart during ontogenic development and is the major isoform of control and failing adult hearts. J Clin Invest 88: 323–330

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boheler KR, Chassagne C, Martin X, Wisnewsky C, Schwartz K (1992) Cardiac expressions of a-and 13-myosin heavy chains and sarcomeric a-actins are regulated through transcriptional mechanism. Results from nuclear run-on assays in isolated rat cardiac nuclei. J Biol Chem 267: 12979–12985

    Google Scholar 

  • Boheler KR, Schwartz K (1992) Gene expression in cardiac hypertrophy. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2: 176–182

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Böhm M, Beuckelmann D, Brown L et al. (1988) Reduction of ß-adrenoceptor density and evaluation of positive inotropic responses in isolated, diseased human myocardium. Eur Heart J 9: 844–852

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Böhm M, Diet F, Feiler G, Kemkes B, Kreuzer E, Weinhold C, Erdmann E (199oa) Subsentive of the failing human heart to isoprenaline and milrinone is related to 3-adrenoceptor downregulation. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 12: 726–732

    Google Scholar 

  • Böhm M, Dorner H, Htun P, Lensche H, Platt D, Erdmann E (1994) Effects of exercise on myocardial adenylate cyclase and Gi-expression in senescence. Am J Physiol 264: 805–814

    Google Scholar 

  • Böhm M, Gierschik P, Jakobs K-H, Pieske B, Schnabel P, Ungerer M, Erdmann E (199ob) Increase of Gia in human hearts with dilated but not ischemic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 82: 1249–1265

    Google Scholar 

  • Böhm M, Morano I, Pieske B, Rüegg JC, Wankerl M, Zimmermann R, Erdmann E (1991) Contribution of cAMP-Phosphodiesterase inhibition and sensitization of the contractile proteins for calcium to the inotropic effect of pimobendan in the failing human myocardium. Circ Res 68: 698–701

    Google Scholar 

  • Böhm M, Pieske P, Schnabel P, Schwinger R, Kemkes B, Klövekorn WP, Erdmann E (1989) Reduced effects of dopexamine on force of contraction in the failing human heart despite preserved I2 adrenoceptor subpopulation. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 14: 549–559

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Böhm M, Reuschel-Janetschek E, Erdmann E (199oc) Lack of sustained hemodynamic effects of the 3 adrenoceptor agonist dopexamine in end-stage congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 65: 395–396

    Google Scholar 

  • Böhm M, Schwinger RHG, Erdmann E (199od) Different cardiodepressant potency of various calcium antagonists in human myocardium. Am J Cardiol 66: 1039–1041

    Google Scholar 

  • Böhm M, Zolk O, Flesch M, Schiffer F, Schnabel P, Stasch JP, Knorr A (1998) Effects of angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on cardiac ß-adrenergic signal transduction. Hypertension 31: 747–754

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bolte HD, Luderitz B, Erdmann E (1971) Beziehungen zwischen Elektrolytstörungen and Glykosidwirkungen. In: Kluthe R (Hrsg) Medikamentöse Therapie bei Nierenerkrankungen. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 138

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonow RO, Udelson JE (1992) Left ventricular diastolic dysfunc- tion as a cause of heart failure. Ann Intern Med 117: 502–510

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borow KM, Green LIT Grossman W, Braunwald E (1982) Left ventricular end-systolic stress-shortening and stress-length relations in humans. Am J Cardiol 50: 1301–1311

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bouvagnet P, Mairhofer H, Leger JO (1989) Distribution of pattern of myosin in normal diseased human ventricular myocardium. Basic Res Cardiol 84: 91–98

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bowditch HP (1871) Über die Eigentümlichkeit der Reizbarkeit, welche die Muskelfasern des Herzens zeigen. Ber Sächs Ges (Akad) Wis 652–689

    Google Scholar 

  • Brillantes AM, Allen P, Takahasi T, Izumo S, Marks AR (1992) Differences in cardiac calcium release channel (ryanodine receptor) expression in myocardium from patients with endstage heart failure caused by ischemic vs. dilated cardiomyopathy. Circ Res 71: 18–26

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bristow MR, Anderson FL, Port JD et al. (199,) Differences in ß-adrenergic neuroeffector mechanisms in ischemic vs. idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation 84: 1024–1039

    Google Scholar 

  • Bristow MR, Gilbert Em, Abraham WT et al., for the MOCHAInvestgators (1996) Carvedilol produces dose-related improvements in left ventricular function and survival in subjects with chronic heart failure. Circulation 94: 2807_2816

    Google Scholar 

  • Bristow MR, Ginsburg R, Minobe W et al. (1982) Decreased catecholamine sensitivity and ß-adrenergic-receptor density in failing human hearts. N Engl J Med 307: 205–211

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bristow MR, Ginsburg R, Umans V et al. (1986) ß,- and 02-adrenergic-receptor subpopulations in nonfailing and failing human ventricular myocardium: coupling of both receptor subtypes to muscle contraction and selective 31-receptor down-regulation in heart failure. Circ Res 59: 297–309

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bristow MR, Hershberger RE, Port JD, Minobe W, Rasmssen R (1989) Or and 132-adrenergic receptor-mediated adenylate cyclase stimulation in nonfailing and failing human ventricular myocardium. Mol Pharmacol 35: 295–303

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brodde OE (1995) ß,- and 01-adrenoceptors in the human heart properties, function, and alterations in chronic heart failure. Pharmacol Rev 43: 203–242

    Google Scholar 

  • Brodde 0E, OHara N, Zerkowski HR, Rohm N (1984) Human cardiac adrenoceptors both ß,- and 0,-adrenoceptors are functionally coupled to the adenylate cyclase in right atrium. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 6: 1184–1191

    Google Scholar 

  • Brodde 0E, Zerkowski HR, Doetsch N, Motomura S, Khamssi M, Michel MC (1989) Myocardial ß-adrenoceptor changes in heart failure: concomitant reduction in ß,- and 32-adrenoceptor function related to the degree of heart failure in patients with mitral valve disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 14: 323–331

    Google Scholar 

  • Brömme HJ, Holtz J (1996) Apoptosis in the heart: when and why? Mol Cell Biochem 163 /164: 261–275

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown JJ, Davies DL, Johnson VW (1970) Renin relationships in congestive heart failure, treated and untreated. Am Heart J 80: 329–336

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown LA, Harding SE (1992) The effect of pertussis toxin on ß,-adrenoceptor responses in isolated cardiac myocytes from noreadrenaline-treated guinea-pigs and patients with cardiac failure. Br J Pharmacol 106: 115–122

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown RA, Dixon J, Farmer JB et al. (1985) Dopexamine: a novel agonist at peripheral dopamine receptors and 132-adrenoceptors. Br J Pharmacol 85: 599–608

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brunkhorst D, Leyen H von der, Meyer W et al. (1989) Relation of positive inotropic and chronotropic effects of pimobendan, UD-CG 212 Cl, milrinone and other phosphodiesterase inhibitors to phosphodiesterase III inhibition in guinea pig heart. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 339: 575–583

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buckley NM, Penefsky ZJ, Litwak RS (1972) Comparative force-frequency-relationship in human and other mammalian ventricular myocardium. Pflugers Arch 332: 259–270

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burkart F, Erdmann E, Hanrath P et al. (1993) Therapie der chronischen Herzinsuffizienz. Z Kardiol 82: zoo-206

    Google Scholar 

  • Burkart F, Pfisterer M, Kiowski W, Follath F, Burckhardt D, with the technical assistance of Jordi H (1990) Effect of antiarrhythmic therapy on mortality in survivors of myocardial infarction with asymptomatic complex ventricular arrhythmias: Basel antiarrhythmic study of infarct survical ( BASIS ). J Am Coll Cardiol 16: 1711–1718

    Google Scholar 

  • Butcher RW, Sutherland EW (1962) Adenosine 3`,5`-phosphate in biological materials. Purification and properties enzyme to characterize adenosine 3`,5`-phosphate in human urine. J Biol Chem 237: 1244–1249

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Capasso JM, Malhotra A, Remily RM, Scheuer J, Sonnenblick EH (1983) Effects of age on mechanical and electrical performance of rat myocardium. Am J Physiol 245 (Heart Circ Physiol 14): H72 - H81

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Captopril Multicenter Research Group (1983) A placebo-controlled trial of captopril in refractory chronic congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2: 755–763

    Google Scholar 

  • Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial II Investigators (1992) Effect of the antiarrhythmic agent moricizine on survival after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 327: 227–233

    Google Scholar 

  • Cazeau S, Ritter P, Bakdach S, Lazarus A, Limousin M, Henao L, Mundler O, Daubert JC, Mugica J (1994) Four chamber pacing in dilated Cardiomyopathy. PACE 17: 1974–1979

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chatterjee K, Ports TA, Brundage BH, Massie B, Holly AN, Parmley WW (1980) Oral hydralazine in chronic heart failure: sustained beneficial hemodynamic effects. Ann Intern Med 92: 600–604

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen FY, Adams DH, Aranki SF, Collin JJ, Couper GS, Rizzo RJ, Cohn LH (1998) Mitral valve repair in cardiomyopathy. Circulation 98: II-1224-((-127

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheng W, Li B, Kajstura J, Li P, Wolin MS, Sonnenblick EH, Hintze TH, Olivetti G, Anversa P (1995) Stretch-induced programmed myocyte cell death. J Clin Invest 96: 2247–2259

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chidsey CA, Braunwald E, Morrow AG (1965) Catechol-amine excretion and cardiac stores of norepinephrine in congestive heart failure. Am J Med 39: 442–451

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chien KR, Knowlton KU (1989) Cardiovascular molecular biology. Introduction to the series. Circulation So: 219–233

    Google Scholar 

  • CIBIS Investigators and Committees (1994) A randomized trial of 3-blockade in heart failure. The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study (CIBIS). Circulation 9o: 1765–1773

    Google Scholar 

  • CIBIS-II Investigators and Committees (1999) The cardiac insufficiency bisoprolol study II (CIBIS-II): a randomised trial. Lancet 353: 9–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Cigola E, Kajstura J, Li B, Meggs LG, Anversa P (1997) Angiotensin II activates programmed myocyte cell death in vitro. Exp Cell Res 231: 363–371

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cittadini A, Grossmann DJ, Napoli R, Katz SE, Strömer H, Smith RJ, Clark R, Morgan JP, Douglas PS (1997) Growth hormone attenuates early ventricular remodeling and improves cardiac function in rats with large myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 29: 1109–1116

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cody RJ, Atlas SA, Laragh JH et al. (1986) Atrial natriuretic factor in normal subjects and heart failure patients: plasma levels and renal, hormonal, and hemodynamic responses to peptide infusion. J Clin Invest 78: 1362–1374

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohn IN (1989) The sympathetic nervous system in heart failure. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 14 (Suppl 5): 57–61

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohn JN (1990) Abnormalities of peripheral nervous system control in congestive heart failure. Circulation 82 (Suppl I): 159–167

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohn JN, Archibald DG, Ziesche S et al. (1986) Effect of vasodilator therapy on mortality in chronic congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 314: 1547–1552

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohn JN, Goldstein SO, Greenberg BH et al. (1998) A dose-dependent increase in mortality with vesnarinone among patients with severe heart failure. Vesnarinone Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med 339 (25): 1810–1816

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohn JN, Johnson G, Ziesche S et al. (1991) Comparison of enalapril with hydralazine-isosorbide dinitrate in the treatment of chronic congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 325: 303–310

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohn JN, Levine TB, Olivari MT et al. (1984) Plasma norepinephrine as a guide to prognosis in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 311: 819–823

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohn JN, Ziesche S, Smith R et al. (1997) Effect of the calcium antagonist felodipine as supplementary vasodilator therapie in patients with chronic heart failure treated with enalapril. Circulation 96: 856–863

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colucci WS, Alexander RW, Williams GH et al. (1981) Decreased lymphocyte 13-adrenergic receptor density in patients with heart failure and tolerance to the 13-adrenergic agonist pirbuterol. N Engl J Med 305: 185–190

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Consensus Trial Study Group (1987) Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure: results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS). N Engl J Med 316: 1429–1435

    Google Scholar 

  • Conway MA, Allis J, Ouwerkerk R et al. (1991) Detection of low phosphocreatine to ATP ratio in failing hypertrophied human myocardium by 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Lancet 38: 973–976

    Google Scholar 

  • Corbalân R, Jalil J, Chamorro G, Casanegra P, Valenzuela P (1990) Effects of captopril vs. milrinone therapy in modulating the adrenergic nervous system response to exercise in congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 65: 644–649

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Courville C, Mason VR (1938) The heart in acromegaly. Arch Intern Med 61: 704–713

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowburn PJ, Cleland JGF, McArthur JD et al. (1998) Short-term haemodynamic effects of BQ-123, a selective endothelin ETA-receptor antagonist, in chronic heart failure. Lancet 352: 201–202

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crozier I, Ikram H, Awan N et al. (1995) Losartan in heart failure, hemodynamic effects and tolerability. Circulation 91: 691–697

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cuneo RC, Wilmshurst P, Lowy C, McGauley G, Sönksen PH (1989) Cardiac failure responding to growth hormone. Lancet: 838–839

    Google Scholar 

  • Danielsen W, Leyen H von der, Meyer W et al. (1989) Basal and isoprenaline-stimulated cAMP content in failing vs. nonfailing human cardiac preparations. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 14: 171–173

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Danish Study Group on Verapamil after myocardial infarction (1990) Secondary prevention with verapamil after myocardial infarction. Am J Cadiol 66: 331–401

    Google Scholar 

  • DasGupta P, Broadhurst P, Lahiri A (1991) The effects of intravenosus carvedilol, a new multiple action vasodilatory ß-blocker, in congestive heart failure. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 18 (Suppl 4): 12–16

    Google Scholar 

  • De la Bastie D, Levitsky D, Rappaport L et al. (1990) Function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and expression of its Cat+-ATPasegene in pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy in the rat. Circ Res 66: 554–564

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Demopoulos L,Yeh M, Gentilucci M et al. (1997) Nonselective 13-adrenergic blockade with carvedilol does not hinder the benefits of exercise training in patients with congestive heart failure. Circulation 95: 1764–1767

    Google Scholar 

  • DiBianco R, Shabetai R, Kostuk W et al. (1989) A comparison of oral milrinone, digoxin, and their combination in the treatment of patients with chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 320: 677–683

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dibner-Dunlap ME, Thames MD (1990) Abnormalities of baroreflex control in heart failure. Heart Failure 6: 12–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Dickstein K, Chang P, Willenheimer R et al. (1995) Comparison of the effects of losartan and enalapril on clinical status and exercise performance in patients with moderate or severe chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 26: 438–445

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dies F, Krell MJ, Whitlow P et al. (1986) Intermittend dobutamine in ambulatory outpatients with chronic cardiac failure. Circulation (Suppl II): II - 138

    Google Scholar 

  • Dies F, Krell MJ, Whitlow P et al. (1986) Intermittent dobutamine in ambulatory outpatients with chronic cardiac failure. Circulation 74 (Suppl II): II - 138

    Google Scholar 

  • Digitalis Investigation Group (1997) The effect of digoxin on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. N Engl J Med 336: 525–533

    Google Scholar 

  • Digitalis Investigation Group (1998) The effect of digoxin on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. N Engl J Med 336: 525–533

    Google Scholar 

  • Docherty JR (1990) Cardiovascular responses in ageing: A Review. Pharmacol Rev 42: 103–125

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doval HC, Nul DR, Grancelli HO et al., for Grupo de la Sobrevida en al insuficiencia Cardiaca en Argentina (GESiCA) (1994) Randomised trial of low-dose amiodarone in severe congestive heart failure. Lancet 344: 493–498

    Google Scholar 

  • Drexler H (1993) Der periphere Kreislauf bei chronischer Herzinsuffizienz. Internist 34: 961–964

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drexler H, Lu W (1992) Endothelial dysfunction of hindquarter resistance vessels in experimental heart failure. Am J Physiol 262: H164o-H1645

    Google Scholar 

  • Dubois-Randé, Merlet P, Roudot F et al. (1992) 3-adrenergic contractile reserve as a predictor of clinical outcome in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am Heart J 124: 679–685

    Google Scholar 

  • Duerr RL, Huang S, Miraliakbar HR, Clark R, Chien KR, Ross Jr J (1995) Insulin-like growth factor-I enhances ventricular hypertrophy and function during the onset of experimental cardiac failure. J Clin Invest 950: 6190–6270

    Google Scholar 

  • Duerr RL, Mc Kirnan D, Gim RD, Clark RG, Chien KR, Ross Jr J (1996) Cardiovascular effects of insulin-like growth facotr-I and growth hormone in chronic left ventricular failure in the rat. Circulation 93: 2188–2196

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dupuis J, Goresky CA, Fournier A (1996) Pulmonary clearance of circulationg endothelin-1 in dogs in vivo: Exclusive role of ET(B) receptors. J Appl Physiol 81: 1510–1515

    Google Scholar 

  • Düsing R (1986) Diuretika. Pharmakologie and therapeutischer Einsatz. Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart, S 1–108

    Google Scholar 

  • Dyckner T, Wester PO (1985) Skeletal muscle magnesium and potassium determinations: correlation with lymphocyte contents of magnesium and potassium. J Am Coll Nutr 4: 619–625

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dzau V, Colucci W, Hollenberg N, Williams G (1981) Relation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system to clinical state in congestive heart failure. Circulation 63: 645–656

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dzau VJ, Burt DW, Pratt RE (1988) Molecular biiiology of the reninangiotensin system. Am J Physiol 255: 563–573

    Google Scholar 

  • Dzau VJ, Gibbons GH (1987) Autocrine-paracrine mechanisms of vascular myocytes in hypertension. Am J Cardiol 60: 991–996

    Google Scholar 

  • Dzau VJ, Hollenberg NK (1984) Renal response to captopril in severe heart failure: Role of furosemide in natriuresis and reversal of hyponatremia. Ann Int Med loo: 777–782

    Google Scholar 

  • Dzau VJ, Packer M, Lilly LS et al. (1984) Prostaglandins in severe heart failure: relation to activation of the renin-angiotensin system and hyponatremia. N Engl J Med 310: 347–352

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ehsani AA, Ogawa T, Miller TR, Spina RJ, Jilka SM (1991) Exercise training improves left ventricular systolic function in older men. Circulation 83: 96–103

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eichhorn EJ, Bedotto JM, Balloy CR et al. (199ob) Effect of ß-adrenergic blockade on myocardial function and energetics in congestive heart failure. Circulation 82: 473–483

    Google Scholar 

  • Eichhorn EJ, Heesch CM, Barnett JH et al. (1994) Effect of metoprolol on function and energetics in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy: a randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled study. J Am Coll Cardiol 24: 1310–1320

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eichhorn EJ, Jeesch CM, Risser RC, Marcoux L, Hatfield B (199oa) Predictors of systolic and diastolic improvement in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy treated with metoprolol. J Am Coll Cardiol 25: 154–162

    Google Scholar 

  • Elkayam U, Amin J, Mehra A et al. (1990) A prospective, randomized double-blind, crossover study to compare the efficacy and safety of chronic nifedipine therapy with that of isosorbide di-nitrate and their combination in the treatment of chronic heart failure. Circulation 82: 1954–1961

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ellbogen DA, Mohanty PK, Szentpetery S, Thames MD (1989) Arterial baroreflex abnormalities in heart failure: Reversal after orthotopic cardiac transplantation. Circulation 79: 51–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Engelmeier RS, GConnell JB, Walsh R, Rad N, Scanlon PJ, Gunnar RM (1985) Improvement in symptoms and exercise tolerance by metoprolol in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy: double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Circulation 72: 536–546

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Erdmann E (1984) Therapie der akuten and chronischen Herzinsuffizienz mit Herzglykosiden. In: Riecker G (Hrsg) Handbuch der inneren Medizin. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokio,S 563–656

    Google Scholar 

  • Erdmann E, Brown L, Kreuzer E, Kemkes B, Weinhold C, Holper K, Klövekorn W (1985a) Altersabhängige Regulation der Herzglykosidrezeptoren. Z Kardiol [Suppl 7] 74: 33–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Erdmann E, Presek P, Swozil R (1976) Über den Einfluß von Kalium auf die Bindung von Strophanthin an menschliche Herzmuskelzellmembranen. Klin Wochenschr 54: 383–389

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Erdmann E, Werdan K, Brown L (1985b) Multiplicity of cardiac glycoside receptors in the heart. Trends Pharmacol Sci 6: 293–295

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson H, Svärdsudd K, Larsson B et al. (1989) Risk factors for heart failure in the general population: The study of men born in 1913. Eur Heart J to: 647–656

    Google Scholar 

  • Eschenhagen T, Mende U, Nose M et al. (1991) Isoprenaline-induced increase in m-RNA levels of inhibitory G-protein-a-subunits in rat heart. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 343: 609–615

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eschenhagen T, Mende U, Nose M et al. (1992a) Increased messenger RNA level of the inhibitory G-protein-a-subunit-Gice2 in human endstage heart failure. Circ Res 7o: 688–696

    Google Scholar 

  • Eschenhagen T, Mende U, Schmitz W, Scholz H (1992b) Veränderungen der Genexpression bei terminaler Myokardinsuffizienz. Z Kardiol 81 (Supp14): 33–40

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Esler MD, Thompson JM, Kaye DM et al. (1995) Effects of aging on the responsiveness of the human cardiac sympathetic nerves to stressors. Circulation 91: 351–358

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fabiato A (1975) Dependence of the contractile activation of skinned cardiac cells the sarcomere length. Nature 256: 54–56

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fabiato A (1983) Calcium-induced release of calcium from the cardiac s.r. Am J Physiol 245: CI-C14

    Google Scholar 

  • Farrar DJ, Hill JD, Gray jr LA et al. (1988) Heterotopic prostetic ventricles as a bridge to cardiac transplantation. N Engl J Med 318: 333–340

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fazio S, Cittadini A, Cuocolo A et al. (1993) J Clin Endocrinol Metab 77: 790–793

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fazio S, Sabatini D, Capaldo D et al. (1996) A preliminary study of growth hormone in the treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 334: 809–814

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman AM, Bristow MR, Parmley WW et al., for the Vesnarinone Study Group (1993) Effects of vesnarinone on morbidity and mortality in patients with heart failure. N Engl J Med 329: 149–155

    Google Scholar 

  • Feldman AM, Cates AE, Bristow MR, Dop C van (1989) Altered expression of a-subunits of G-proteins in failing human hearts. J Mol Cell Cardiol 21: 359–365

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman AM, Cates AE, Veazey WB et al. (1988b) Increase of the 40000-mo1 wt pertussis toxin substrate ( G protein) in the failing human heart. J Clin Invest 82: 189–197

    Google Scholar 

  • Feldman AM, Jackson DG, Bristow MR, Cates AE, Dop C van (1991a) Immunodetectable levels of the inhibitory guanine nucleotide binding regulatory proteins in failing human heart: disordance with measurements of adenylate cyclase activity and levels of pertussis toxin substrate. J Mol Cell Cardiol 23: 439–452

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman AM, Ray PE, Silan CM et al. (1991b) Selective gene expression in failing human heart. Quantification of steady-state levels of messenger RNA in endomyocardial biopsies using the polymerase chain reaction. Circulation 83: 1866–1872

    Google Scholar 

  • Feldman MD, Alderman JD, Arosty JM et al. (1988a) Depression of systolic and diastolic myocardial reserve during atrial pacing tachacardia in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. J Clin Invest 82: 1661–1669

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman MD, Copelas L, Gwathmey JK et al. (1987) Deficient production of cyclic AMP: pharmacologic evidence of an important cause of contractile dysfunction in patients with endstage heart failure. Circulation 75: 331–339

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman MD, Gwathmey JK, Phillips P, Schoen F, Morgan JP (1988c) Reversal of the force-frequency-relationship in working myocardium from patients with endstage heart failure. J Appl Cardiol 3: 273–283

    Google Scholar 

  • Feldman RD, Limbird LE, Nadeau J, Robertson D, Wood AJ (1984) Alterations in leukocyte [3-receptor affinity with aging: A potential explantation for altered 13-adrenergic sensitivity in the elderly. N Engl J Med 31o: 815–819

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson DW (1990) Baroflex-mediated circulatory control in human heart failure. Heart Failure 6: 3–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson DW, Abboud FM, Mark AL (1984) Selective impairment of baro-reflex-mediated vasoconstrictor responses in patient with ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 69. 451–460

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson DW, Berg J, Sanders JS, Roach PJ, Kempf JS, Kienzle MG (1989) Sympathoinhibitory responses to digitalis glycosides in heart failure patients. Circulation 8o: 65–77

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson DW, Berg WJ, Sanders JS (1990) Clinical and hemodynamic correlates of sympathetic nerve activity in normal humans and patients with heart failure: evidence from direct neurographic recordings. J Am Coll Cardiol 16: 1125–1134

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flesch M, Kilter H, Cremers B et al. (1999) Effects of endotoxin on human myocardial contractility involvement of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite. J Am Coll Cardiol 33: 1062–1070

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flesch M, Kilter H, Cremers B et al. (1997) Acute effects of nitric oxide and cyclic GMP on human myocardial contractility. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 281: 1340–1349

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flesch M, Schwinger RHG, Schnabel P et al. (1996) Sarcoplasmatic reticulum Caz+ATPase and phospholamban mRNA and protein levels in end-stae heart failure due to ischemic or dilated cardiomyopathy. J Mol Med 74: 321–332

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fowler MB, Laser JA, Hopkins GL, Minobe W, Bristow MR (1986) Assessment of the ß-adrenergic receptor pathway in the intact failing human heart: progressive receptor down-regulation and subsensitivity to agonist response. Circulation 74: 1290–1302

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Francis GS, Benedict C, Johnstone DE et al., for the SOLVD Investigators (1990) Comparison of neuroendocrine activation in patients with left ventricular dysfunction with and without congestive heart failure. Circulation 82: 1724–1729

    Google Scholar 

  • Francis GS, Goldsmith SR, Ziesch S, Nakajima H, Cohn JN (1985) Relative attenuation of sympathetic drive during exercise in patients with congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 5: 832–839

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Francis GS, Goldsmith SR, Ziesche SM, Cohn JN (1982) Response of plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine to dynamic exercise in patients with congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 49: 1152–1159

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frank O (1895) Zur Dynamik des Herzmuskels. Z Biol 32: 370–382

    Google Scholar 

  • Frustraci A, Perrone GA, Gentiloni N, Russo MA (1992) Reversible dilated cardiomyopathy due to growth hormone deficiency.Am J Clin Pathol 97: 503–511

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuster V, Stein B, Halperin JL, Chesebro JH (199o) Antithrombotic therapy in cardiac disease: an approach based on pathogenesis and risk stratification. Am J Cardiol 65: 38C-44 C

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaffney TW, Braunwald E (1963) Importance of adrenergic nervous system in the support of circulatory function in patients with congestive heart failure. Am J Med 34: 320–324

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gage J, Rutman H, Lucido D, Le Jemtel TH (1986) Additive effects of dobutamine and amrinone on myocardial contractility and ventricular performance in patients with severe heart failure. Circulation 74: 367–373

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ganten D, Lindpaintner K, Ganten U et al. (1991) Transgenic rats: New animal models in hypertension research. Hypertension 17: 843–855

    Google Scholar 

  • Gauthier C. Tavernier G, Charpentier F, Langin D, Le Marec H (1996) Functional 133-adrenoceptor in the human heart. J Clin Invest 98: 556–562

    Google Scholar 

  • Genth-Zotz S, Zotz R, Geil S, Voigtländer T, Meyer J, Darius H (1999) Recombinant growth hormone therapy in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. Effects on hemodynamics, left ventricular function, and cardiopulmonary exercise capacity. Circulation 99: 18–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Gheorghiade M, Hall V, Lakier JB, Goldstein S (1989) Comparative hemodynamic and neurohormonal effects of intravenous captopril and digoxin and their combinations in patients with severe heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 13: 134–142

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert EM, Abraham WT, Olsen S et al. (1996) Comparative hemodynamic, left ventricular functional, and antiadrenergic effects of chronic treatment with metoprolol vs. carvedilol in the failing heart. Circulation 94: 2817–2825

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert EM, Anderson JL, Deitchman D et al. (199o) Long-term ß-blocker vasodilator therapy improves cardiac function in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: A double blind, randomized study of bucindolol vs. placebo. Am J Med 88: 223–229

    Google Scholar 

  • Gille E, Lemoine H, Ehle B, Kauman AJ (1985) The affinity of (-)propraolol for ß,- and 132-receptors of human heart. Differential antagonism of the positive inotropic effects and adenylate cyclase stimulation by (-)-noradrenaline and (-)-adrenaline. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 331: 6o - 70

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillebert TC, Sys SU, Brusaert DL (1989) Influence of loading patterns on peak length-tension relation and on relaxation in cardiac muscle. J Am Coll Cardiol 13: 483–490

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilman AG (1984) G proteins and dual control of adenylate cyclase. Cell 36: 577–579

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • GISSI-3 (1994) Effects of lisinopril and transdermal glyceryl trinitrate singly and together on 6-week mortality and ventricular function after myocardial infarction. Lancet 343: 1115–1122

    Google Scholar 

  • Gold MR, Feliciano Z, Gottlieb SS, Fisher ML (1995) Dual-chamber pacing with a short atrioventricular delay in congestive heart failure: A randomized study. J Am Coll Cardiol 26: 967–973

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg LI (1989) Pharmacological bases for the use of dopamine and related drugs in the treatment of congestive heart failure. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 14 (Suppl 8): 21–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldsmith SR, Francis GS, Cowley AW (1986) Arginine vasopressin and the renal response to water loading in congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 58: 295–301

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein RE, Boccuzzi SJ, Crues D (1991) Dilitazem increases late-onset congestive heart failure in postinfarction patients with early reductio in ejection fraction. Circulation 83: 52–60

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goodyer AVN, Jaeger CA (1955) Renal response to non-smoking hemorrhage: role of the autonomic nervous system and of the renal circulation. Am J Physiol 180: 69–74

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gorcsan III J, Feldman AM, Kormos RL et al. (1998) Heterogeneous immediate effects of partial left ventriculectomy on cardiac performance. Circulation 97: 839–842

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gottlieb RA, Burleson KO, Kloner RA, Babior BM, Engler RL (1994) Reperfusion injury induces apoptosis in rabbit cardiomyocytes. J Clin Invest 94: 1621–1628

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gottlieb SS, Dickstein K, Fleck E et al. (1993) Hemodynamic and neurohormonal effects of the angiotensin II antagonist losartan in patients with congestive heart failure. Circulation 88: 1602–1609

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greef K (1977) Zur Pharmakokinetik des g-Strophanthins. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 102: 135–139

    Google Scholar 

  • Green SA, Cole G, Jacinto M, Innis M, Liggett SB (1993) A polymorphism of the human beta 2-adrenergic receptor within the fourth transmembrane domain alters ligand binding and functional properties of the receptor. J Biol Chem 268: 23116–23121

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Griendling KK, Murphy TJ, Alexander RW (1993) Molecular biolo- gy of the renin-angiotensin system. Circulation 87: 1816–1828

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grossman W (199o) Evaluation of systolic and diastolic function of the myocardium. In: Grossman W, Bairn D (eds) Cardiac Catheterization and Angiography, 4th edn, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, pp 319–342

    Google Scholar 

  • Gulati J (1992) Length-sensing function of troponin C and Starlings Law of the heart. Circulation 85: 1954–1955

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gurevitch J, Frolkis I, Yuhas Y et al. (1996) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha is released from the isolated heart undergoing ischemia and reperfusion. J Am Coll Cardiol 28: 247–252

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • GUSTO Angiographie Investigators (1993) The effects of tissue plasminogen activation, streptokinase or both on coronary artery, patency, ventricular function and survival of the acut myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 329: 1615–1622

    Google Scholar 

  • Gwathmey JK, Copelas L, MacKinnon R et al. (1987) Abnormal intracellular calcium handling in myocardium form patients with end-stage heart failure. Cire Res 61: 7o - 76

    Google Scholar 

  • Gwathmey JK, Morgan JP (1985) Altered calcium handling in experimental pressure-overload hypertrophy in the ferret. Cire Res 57: 836–843

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gwathmey JK, Slawsky MT, Hajjar RJ, Briggs GM, Morgan JP (1990) Role of intracellular calcium handling in force-interval relationships of human ventricular myocardium. J Clin Invest 85: 1599–1613

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Habib FM, Springall DR, Davies GJ et al. (1996) Tumour necrosis factor and inducible nitric oxide synthase in dilated cardiomyopathy. Lancet 347: 1151–1155

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hall AS, Murray GD, Ball SG (1997) Follow-up study of patients randomly allocated ramipril or placebo for heart failure after acute myocardial infarction: AIRE extension ( AIREX) study. Lancet 349: 1493–1497

    Google Scholar 

  • Hasenfuss G (1992) Neue Kardiotonika/Inodilatatoren: Energetisehe Aspekte. Z Kardiol 81 (Suppl 4): 57–63

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hasenfuss G, Reinecke H, Studer R et al. (1994) Relation between myocardial function and expression of sarcoplasmic reticulum Caz+-ATPase in failing and nonfailing human myocardium. Cire Res 75: 4334–4343

    Google Scholar 

  • Hasking GJ, Esler MD, Jennings EL (1986) Norepinephrine spillover to plasma in patients with congestive heart failure: evidence of increased overall and cardiorenal sympathetic nerve activity. Circulation 73: 615–621

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hausdorfer WP, Caron MG, Lelkowitz RJ (1990) Turning off the signal. Desensitization of 13-adrenergic receptor function. FASEB J 4: 2881–2889

    Google Scholar 

  • Hegglin R (1934) Über Organvolumen and Organgewicht: Nebst Bemerkungen über die Größenbestimmungsmethoden. Z Konstitutionslehre 18: 110–134

    Google Scholar 

  • Heilbrunn SM, Shah P, Bristow MR, Valantine HA, Ginsburg R, Fowler MB (1989) Increased I3-receptor density and improved hemodynamic response to catecholamine stimulation during long-term metoprolol therapy in heart failure from dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation 79: 483–490

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Helin K, Stoll M, Meffert S, Stroth S, Unger T (1997) The role of angiotensin receptors in cardiovascular diseases. Annals of Medicine 29: 23–29

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson AH (1994) Amiodarone for chronic failure. Lancet 344: 489–490

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hershberger RE, Feldman AM, Bristow MR (1991) Ai-Adenosine receptor inhibition of adenylate cyclase in failing and nonfailing human ventricular myocardium. Circulation 83: 1343–1351

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heublein DM, Wie C, Lerman A et al. (1994) Endothelin in human congestive heart failure. Circulation 89: 1580–1586

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hickam JB, Cargill WH (1948) Effects of exercise pressure in normal person and in patients with cardiovascular disease and pulmonary emphysema. J Clin Invest 27: 10–15

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Higginbotham MB, Morris KG, Williams RS et al. (1986) Regulation of stroke volume during submaximal and maximal upright exercise in normal man. Circ Res 58: 281–291

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ho KK1, Anderson KM, Kannel WB, Grossman W, Levy D (1993) Survival after the onset of congestive heart failure in Framingham heart study subjects. Circulation 88: so7–115

    Google Scholar 

  • Hochleitner M, Hörtnagl H, Ng C-K et al. (1990) Usefulness of physiologic dual-chamber pacing in drug-resistant idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 66: 198–202

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Honerjäger P, Heiss A, Schäfer-Korting M, Schönsteiner G, Reiter M (1984) UDCG-n5–a cardiotonic pyridazinone which elevates cyclic AMP and prolongs the action potential in guinea-pig papillary muscles. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 325: 259–269

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoppe UC et al, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kardiologie Herz-and Kreislaufforschung (1998) Leitlinien zur Therapie der chronischen Herzinsuffizienz. Z Kardiol 87: 645–661

    Google Scholar 

  • Hort W (1955) Qunatitative Untersuchungen über die Kapillarisierung des Herzmuskels im Erwachsenen-and Greisenalter, bei Hypertrophie and Hyperplasie.Virchows Arch [Pathol Anat] 327: 56o - 576

    Google Scholar 

  • Hort W (1968) Morphologie der akuten and chronischen Herzdilatation and Herzinsuffizienz. Verh Dtsch Ges Kreislaufforsch 34: 1–15

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hulsmann WC (1991) Biochemical profile of propionyl-L-carnitine. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 5 (Suppl I): 7–10

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hunkeler NM, Kullman J, Murphy AM (1991) Troponin I isoform expression in human heart. Circ Res 69: 1409–1414

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huxley H (1969) The mechanism of muscular contraction. Science 164: 1356–1361

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Investigators of the Study on Propionyl-L-Carnitine in Chronic Heart Failure (1999) Study on propionyl-L-carnitine in chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 19: 7o - 76

    Google Scholar 

  • Ishikawa T,Yanagisawa M, Kimura S, Goto K, Masaki T (1988) Positive inotropic action of novel vasoconstrictor peptide endothelin on guinea pig atria. Am J Physiol 225: H97o-H973

    Google Scholar 

  • ISIS-4 (Fourth International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group* (1995) ISIS-4: A randomised factorial trial assessing early oral captopril, oral mononitrate, and intravenous magnesium sulphate in 58050 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 345: 669–685

    Google Scholar 

  • Isoyama S, Grossman W, Wei JY (1988) Effect of age on myocardial adaptation to volume overload in the rat. J Clin Invest 81: 185o - 1857

    Google Scholar 

  • Isoyama S, Wei JY, Izumo S, Fort P, Schoen FJ, Grossman W (1987) Effect of age on the development of cardiac hypertrophy produced by aortic constriction in the rat. Circ Res 61: 337–345

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ito H, Hiroe M, Hirata Y et al. (1993) Insulinlike growth factor-I induces hypertrophy with enhanced expression of muscle specific genes in cultured rat cardiomyocytes. Circulation 87: 1715–1721

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Izumo S, Nadal-Ginard B, Mandavi V (1988) Protooncogene induclion and reprogramming of cardiac gene expression produced by pressure overload. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 339–343

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaddoura S, Firth JD, Boheler KR, Sudgen PZH, Poole-Wilson PA (1996) Endothelin-1 is involved in norepinephrine-induced ventricular hypertrophy in vivo. Circulation 93: 2068–2079

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kajstura J, Cigola E, Malhotra A et al. (1997) Angiotensin II induces apoptosis of adult ventricular myocytes in vitro. J Mol Cell Cardiol 29: 859–87o

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kajstura J, Leri A, Finato N et al. (1998) Myocyte proliferation in end-stage cardiac failure in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95 (15) 8801–8805

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kannel WB, Cupples A (1988) Epidemiology and risk of cardiac failure. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2: 387–395

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kannel WB, Plehn JF, Cupples A (1988) Cardiac failure an sudden death in the Framingham Study. Am Heart J 115: 869–875

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kass DA (1991) Evaluation of left ventricular systolic function. Heart Failure 4: 198–205

    Google Scholar 

  • Kass DA, Baughman KL, Pak PH, Cho PW, Levin HR, Gardner TJ, Halperin HR, Tsitlik JE, Acker MA (1995) Reverse remodeling from cardiomyopasty in human heart failure. External constraint vs. active assist. Circulation 91: 2314–2318

    Google Scholar 

  • Kass DA, Manghan WL (1988) From Emax to pressure volume relations: A broader view. Circulation 77: 1203–1211

    Google Scholar 

  • Katz AM (1990) Cardiomyopathy of overload. N Engl J Med 322: 100-no

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaumann A), Lemoine H (1987) 32-Adrenoceptor-mediated positive inotropic effect of adrenaline in human ventricular myocardium. Quantitative discrepancies with binding and adenylate cyclase stimulation. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 335: 403–411

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly RA, Eid H, Kramer Bk et al. (1990) Endothelin enhances the contractile responsiveness of adult rat ventricular myocytes to calcium via a pertusis toxin-sensitive pathway. J Clin Invest 86: 1164–1171

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kentish JC (1988) The length-tension relation in the failing myocardium and ist cellular basis. Heart Failure 4: 125–136

    Google Scholar 

  • Kithas PA,Artman M, Thompson WJ, Strada SJ (1988) Subcellular distribution of high affinity type IV cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase activity in rabbit ventricular myocardium: relations to the effects of cardiotonic drugs. Circ Res 62: 782–786

    Google Scholar 

  • Kokkonen JO, Saarinen J, Kovanen PT (1997) Regulation of local angiotensin II formation in the human heart in the presence of interstitial fluid. Circulation 95: 1455–1463

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Komoro I, Kurabayashi M, Takaku F, Yazaki Y (1988) Expression of cellular oncogene in the myocardium during the development stage and pressure-overload hypertrophy of the rat hearts. Circ Res 62: 1075–1083

    Google Scholar 

  • Komuro I, Kurabayashi M, Shibazaki Y, Takaku F, Yazaki Y (1989) Molecular cloning and characterization of CA2++Mg2+_dependent adenosine triphosphatase from rat cardiac sacroplasmic reticulum. Regulation of its expression by pressure overload and developmental stage. J Clin Invest 83: 1102–1108

    Google Scholar 

  • Konstam MA, Rousseau MF, Kronenberg MW et al. (1992) Effects of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril on the long-term progression of left ventricular dysfunction in patients with heart failure. Circulation 86: 431–438

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krown KA, Page MT, Nguyen C et al. (1996) Tumor recrosis factor a-induced apoptosis in cardia myocytes: involvement of the sphingolipid signaling cascade in cardiac cell death. J Clin Invest 98: 2854–2865

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krown KA, Yasui K, Brooker MJ et al. (1995) TNFa receptor expression in rat cardiac myocytes..: TNFa inhibition of L-type Cat+ current and Ca2+transients. FEBS Lett 376: 24–30

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kubo SH, Gollub S, Bourge R et al. (1992) Beneficial effects of pimobendan on exercise tolerance and quality of life in patients with heart failure–results of a multicenter trial. Circulation 85: 942–949

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kubo SH, Rector TS, Heifetz SM, Cohn JN (1989) a2-receptor-mediated vasoconstriction in patients with congestive heart failure. Circulation 8o: 166o - 1669

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurabayashi M, Shibasaki Y, Komuro I, Tsuchimochi H, Yazaki Y (1990) The myosyn switching in human cardiac hypertrophy. Jpn Circ J 54: 1192–1205

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kyriakides ZS, Kelesides K, Melanidis J et al. (1986) Systolic functional response of normal older and younger adult left ventricles to dobutamine. Am J Cardiol 58: 816–819

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lakatta EG (1993) Deficient Neuroendocrine Regulation of the Cardiovascular System With Advancing in Healthy Humans. Circulation 87: 631–636

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lakatta EG, Jewell BR (1977) Length-dependent activation. Its affect on the length-tension relation in cat ventricular muscle. Circ Res 40: 251–257

    Google Scholar 

  • Laks MM, Morady F, Swan MB (1973) Myocardial hypertrophy produced by chronic infusion of subhypertensive doses of norepinephrine in the dog. Chest 64: 75–78

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lambertz H, Meyer J, Erbel R (1984) Long-term hemodynamic effects of prenalterol in patients with severe congestive heart failure. Circulation 69: 298–306

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lands AM, Arnold A, McAuliff JP, Luduena FP, Brown TG (1967) Differentiation of receptor systems activated by sympathomimetic amines. Nature 214: 597–598

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Le Jemtel TH, Keung E, Sonnenblick EH et al. (1979) Amrinone: a new non-glycosidic, non-adrenergic cardiotonic agent effective in the treatment on intractable myocardial failure in man. Circulation 59: 1098–1106

    Google Scholar 

  • Lechat P, Packer M, Chalon S, Cucherat M, Arab T, Boissel JP (1998) Clinical effects of f3-adrenergic blockade in chronic heart failure. Circulation 98: 1184–1191

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee CO, Kang DH, Sokol JG, Lee KS (1980) Relation between intracellular Na+-ion activity and tension of sheep cardiac purkinje fibers exposed to dihydroouabain. Biophys J 29: 315–330

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee DC-S, Johnson RA, Goroll AH, Newell JB, Strauss WH, Haber E (1982) Heart failure in outpatients. A randomised trial of digoxin vs. placebo. N Engl J Med 306: 699–705

    Google Scholar 

  • Levine TB, Francis GS, Goldsmith SR, Cohn JN (1983) The neuro-humoral and hemodynamic response to orthostatic tilt in patients with congestive heart failure. Circulation 67: 1070–1075

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levine TB, Francis GS, Goldsmith SR, Simon A, Cohn JN (1982) Activity of the sympathetic nervous system and renin-angiotensin system assessed by plasma hormone levels and their relationship to hemodynamic abnormalities in congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 49: 1659–1666

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levine TB, Kalman J, Mayer L, Fillit HM’ Packer M (1990) Elevated circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor in congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 323: 236–241

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levitsky D, De la Bastie D, Schwartz K, Lompré AM (1991) Caz+ATPase and function of sarcoplasmic reticulum during cardiac hypertrophy. Am J Physiol (Suppl) 261: 23–26

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Bain RP, Rohde RD (1993) The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. N Engl J Med 329: 1456–62

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liggett SB, Wagoner LE, Craft LL, Hornung RW, Holt BD, McIntosh TC (1998) The he 164 32 adrenergic receptor polymorphism adversely affects the outcome of congestive heart failure. J Clin Invest 102: 1534–2539

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Limas CJ, Olivari M-T, Goldenberg IF, Levine RB, Benditt DG, Simon A (1987) Calcium uptake by cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum in human dilated cardiomyopathy. Cardiovasc Res 21: 601–605

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Linzbach AJ (1956) Über das Längenwachstum der Herzmuskel-fasern and ihrer Kerne in Beziehung zur Herzdilatation. Virchows Arch [Pathol Anat] 328: 165

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Linzbach AJ,Akuomoa-Boateng E (1973) Die Altersveränderungen des menschlichen Herzens: I Das Herzgewicht im Alter. Klin Wochenschr 51: 156–163

    Google Scholar 

  • Löffelholz K, Pappano A (1985) The parasympathetic neuroeffector junction of the heart. Pharmacol Rev 37: 1–24

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lompré AM, Lambert F, Lakatta EG, Schwartz K (1991a) Expression of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca“-ATPase and calsequestrin genes in rat heart during ontogenic development and aging. Circ Res 69: 1380–1388

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lompré AM, Mercadier JJ, Schwartz K (1991b) Changes in gene ex- pression during cardiac growth. Int Rev Cytol 124: 137–186

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lorell BH (1988) Left ventricular diastolic pressure-volume relations: Understanding and managing congestive heart failure. Heart Failure 4: 206–223

    Google Scholar 

  • Lowes BD,Minobe W,Abraham WT et al. (1997) Changes in gene expression in the intact human heart. Downregulation of ot-myosin heavy chain in hypertrophied, failing ventricular myocardium. Clin Invest loo: 2315–2324

    Google Scholar 

  • Maciel LMZ, Polikar R, Rohrer D, Popovich BK, Dillmann WH (1990) Ageinduced decreases in the messenger RNA coding for the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca’-ATPase of the rat heart. Circ Res 69: 230–234

    Google Scholar 

  • Makino N, Hata T, Sugano M, Dixon IMC, Yanaga T (1996) Regression of hypertrophy after myocardial infarction is produced by the chronic blockade of angiotensin type 1 receptor in rats. J Mol Cell Cardiol 28;: 507–517

    Google Scholar 

  • Mann DL, Kent RI, Parsons B, Cooper G (1992) Adrenergic effects on the biology of the adult mammalian cardiocyte. Circulation 85: 790–804

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Massie B, Bourassa M, DiBianco R et al. (1985) Long-term oral administration of amrinone for congestive heart failure: lack of efficacy in a multicenter controlled trial. Circulation 71: 963–971

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsumori A, Ono K, Nishio R, Nose Y, Sasayama S (1997) Amiodarone inhibits production of tumor necrosis factor-aby human mononuclear cells. A possible mechanism for its effect in heart failure. Circulation 96: 1386–1389

    Google Scholar 

  • Mc Murray JJV, Ray SG, Abdulla I, Dargie HD, Morton JJ (1992) Plasma endothelin in chronic heart failure. Circulation 85: 1374–1379

    Google Scholar 

  • McKnee PA, Castelli WP, McNamara PM, Kannel WB (1971) The natural history of congestive failure: the Framingham Study. N Engl J Med 285: 1441–1446

    Google Scholar 

  • McMurray JJV (1998) Failure to practice evidence-based medicine: why do physicians not treat patients with heart failure with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors? Eur Heart J 19: (Suppl I) Ls5-Lzs

    Google Scholar 

  • Mercadier JJ, Bouveret P, Gorza L et al. (1983) Myosin isoenzymes in normal and hypertrophied human ventricular myocardium. Circ Res 53: 52–62

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mercadier JJ, Lompre AM, Duc P et al. (1990) Altered sacroplasmic reticulum Ca’-ATPase gene expression in the human ventricle during end-stage heart failure. J Clin Invest 85: 305–309

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Merit-HF Study Group (1999) Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR/XL randomised intervention trial in congestive heart failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet 353: 2001–2007

    Google Scholar 

  • Merola B, Cittadini A, Colao A et al. (1993) Cardiac structural and functional abnormalities in adult patients with growth hormone deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Matab 77: 1658–1661

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller CA, Pae WE, Pierce WS (1990) Combined registry for the clinical use of mechanical ventricular assist pumps and the total artificial heart in conjunction with heart transplantation: 4th official report–1989. J Heart Transplant 9: 453–458

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller LW (1991) Mechanical assist devices in intensive cardiac care. Am Heart J 121: 1887–1892

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Misao J, Hayakawa Y, Ohno M, Kato S, Fujiwara T, Fujiwara H (1996) Expression of bel-z Protein, an inhibitor of apoptosis, and box, an accelerator of apoptosis, in ventricular myocytes of human hearts with myocardial infarction. Circulation 94: 1506–1512

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Molenaar P, OReilly G, Sharkey A et al. (1993) Characterization and localization of endothelin receptor subtypes in the human atrioventricular conducting system and myocardium. Circ Res 72: 526–538

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan HE, Baker KM (1991) Cardiac hypertrophy: mechanical, neural and endocrine dependence. Circulation 83: 13–25

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan J (1991) Abnormal intracellular modulation of calcium as a major cause of cardiac contractile dysfunction. N Engl J Med 325: 626–632

    Google Scholar 

  • Morley JE, Reese S (1989) Clinical implications of the aging heart. Am J Med 86: 77–86

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Movsesian MA, Bristow MR, Krall J (1989) Caz+-uptake by cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum from patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Circ Res 65: 1141–1144

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Movsesian MA, Colyer J, Wang JH, Krall J (1990) Phospholambanmediated stimulation of Caz+-uptake in sarcoplasmic reticulum from normal and failing hearts. J Clin Invest 85: 1698–1702

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Movsesian MA, Smith CJ, Krall J, Bristow MR, Manganiello VC (1991) Sarcoplasmatic reticulum-associated cyclic adenosine 5`-monophosphate phosphodiesterase activity in normal and failing human hearts. J Clin Invest 88: 15–19

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MRC Working Party (1992) Medical Research Council trial of treatment of hypertension in older adults: principal results. BMI 304: 405–412

    Google Scholar 

  • Mukoyama M, Nakajima M, Horiuchi M, Sasamura H, Pratt RE, Dzau VJ (1993) Expression cloning of type 2 angiotensin II receptor of a unique class of seven membrane receptors. J Biol Chem 268: 24539–24542

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mulieri LA, Hasenfuss G, Leavitt B, Allen PD, Alpert NR (1992) Altered myocardial force-frequency relation in human heart failure. Circulation 85: 1743–1750

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Müller FU, Boheler KR, Eschenhagen T, Schmitz W, Scholz H (1993) Isoprenaline stimulates gene transcription of the inhibitory G protein a-subunit Gia2 in rat heart. Circ Res 72: 696–700

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Münzel T, Giaid A, Kurz S, Stewart DJ, Harrison DG (1995a) Evidence for a role of endothelin 1 and protein kinase C in nitroglyarine tolerance. Proc Natl Acad Sci 92: 5244–5248

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Münzel T, Sayegh H, Freeman BA, Tarpey MM, Harrison DG (1995b) Evidence for enhanced vascular superoxide anion production in nitrate tolerance. A novel mechanism underlying tolerance and cross tolerance. J Clin Invest 95: 187–194

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy TH Takeuchi K, Alexander RW (1992) Molecular cloning of AT 1 angiotensin receptors. Am J Hyperten 5: 236–242

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy TJ, Alexander RW, Griendling KK, Runge MS, Bernstein KE (1991) Isolation of a cDNA encoding the vascular type-1 angiotensin II receptor. Nature 351: 233–236

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Näbauer M, Beuckelmann DJ, Erdmann E (1993) Characteristics of transient outward current in human ventricular myocytes from patients with terminal heart failure. Circ Res 73: 386–394

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nagai R, Zarain-Herzberg A, Brandl CJ et al. (1989) Regulation of myocardial Cat+-ATPase and phospholamban m-RNA expression in response to pressure overload and thyroid hormone. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 2966–2970

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagasaki K, Fleischer S (1988) Ryanodine sensitivity of the calcium release channel of sarkoplasmic reticulum. Cell Calcium 9: 1–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakao K, Minobe W, Roden R, Bristow MR, Leinwand LA (1997) Myosin heavy chain gene expression in human heart failure. J Clin Invest 100: 2362–2370

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Narayanan N (1981) Differential alterations in ATP-supported calcium transport activities of sarcoplasmic reticulum and sarcolemma of aging myocardium. Biochim Biophys Acta 678: 442–459

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Narula J, Haider N, Virmani R et al. (1996) Apoptosis in myocytes in end-stage heart failure. N Engl J Med 335: 1182–1189

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • NETWORK Investigators (1998) Clinical outcome with enalapril in symptomatic chronic heart faillure; a dose comparison. Eur Heart J19: 481–489

    Google Scholar 

  • Neumann J, Schmitz W, Scholz H et al. (1988) Increase in myocardial Gi-proteins in heart failure. Lancet 2: 936–937

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen QT, Cernacek P, Calderoni A et al. (1998) Endothelin a receptor blockade causes adverse left ventricular remodeling but improves pulmonary artery pressure after infarction in the rat. Circulation 98: 2323–2330

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nickenig G, Böhm M (1998) Cardiac specific expression of ATs receptors in experimental heart failure. Heart Failure Reviews 3: 101–107

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nickenig G, Böhm M (1998) Vaskuläre AL-Rezeptoren bei arterieller Hypertonie and metabolischem Syndrom. Herz Kreisl 30: 329–334

    Google Scholar 

  • Nilius B, Hess P, Lansman JB, Tsien RW (1985) A novel type of car- diac calcium channel in ventricular cells. Nature 316: 443

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nul DR, Doval HC, Grancelli HO et al., for the GESICA-GEMA Investigators (1997) Heart rate is a marker of amiodarone mortality reduction in severe heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 29: 1199–1205

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogawa T, Spina RJ, Martin III WH et al. (1992) Effects of aging, sex, and physical training on cardiovascular responses to exercixe. Circulation 86: 494–503

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohlshausen KE et al., for the German and Austrian Xamoterol Study Group (1988) Double-blind placebo-controlled comparison of digoxin and xamoterol in chronic heart failure. Lancet I: 489–493

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohlsson A, Beck R, Bennett T et al. (1995) Monitoring of mixed venous oxygen saturation and pressure from biosensors in the right ventricle. A 24 hour study in patients with heart failure. Eur Heart J 16: 1215–1222

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohnhaus EE (1983) Dosierung von Herzglykosiden. In: Erdmann E (Hrsg) Therapie mit Herzglykosiden. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokio, S 40–47

    Google Scholar 

  • Olivari MT, Levine TB, Cohn JN (1983) Abnormal neurohumoral response to nitroprusside infusion in congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2: 411–417

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olivetti G, Abbi R, Quaini F et al. (1997) Apoptosis in the failing human heart. N Engl J Med 336 /16: 1131–1141

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olivetti G, Melissari M, Capasso JM, Anversa P (1991) Cardiomyopathy of the aging human heart. Myocyte loss and reactice cellular hypertrophy. Circ Res 68: 1560–1568

    Google Scholar 

  • Olsen SL, Gilbert EM, Renlund DG et al. (1995) Carvedilol improves left ventricular function and symptoms in chronic heart failure: A double-blind randomized study. J Am Coll Cardiol 25: 1225–1231

    Google Scholar 

  • Oral H, Dorn GW, Mann DL (1997) Sphingosine mediates the immediate negative inotropic effects of tumor necrosis factor-a in the adult mammalian cardiac myocyte. J Biol Chem 272: 3836–4842

    Google Scholar 

  • Orchard CH, Lakatta EG (1985) Intracellular calcium transients and developed tension in rat heart muscle. A mechanism for the negative-interval-strength relationship. J Gen Physiol 86: 637–651

    Google Scholar 

  • Osterziel KJ, Strohm O, Schuler J et al. (1998) Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of human recombinant growth hormone in patients with chronic heart failure due to dilated cardiomyopathy. Lancet 351: 1233–1237

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Otsu K, Willard HF, Khanna VK et al. (1990) Cloning of cDNA encoding the Cat+-release channel (ryanodine receptor) of rabbit cardiac muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum. J Biol Chem 265: 13472–13483

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Packer M (1987a) Do vasodilators prolong life in heart failure? N Engl J Med 316: 1471–1473

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Packer M (1987b) How should we judge the efficacy of drug therapy in patients with chronic congestive heart failure? The insights of six blind men. J Am Coll Cardiol 9: 433–438

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Packer M (1989a) Is activation of the sympathetic nervous system beneficial or detrimental to the patient with chronic heart failure? Lessons learned from clinical trials with ß-adrenergic agonists and antagonists. J Cardiovasc Pharmaco114 (Suppl 5 ): 38

    Google Scholar 

  • Packer M (1989b) Pathophysiological mechanismus underlying the adverse effects of calcium channel-blocking drugs in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation 8o (Suppl IV): IV59-IV-67

    Google Scholar 

  • Packer M (1992) Pathophysiology of chronic heart failure. Lancet 340: 88

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Packer M for the RADIANCE-Study (1993) Withdrawal of digoxin from patients with chronic heart failure treated with angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors. N Engl J Med 329: 1–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Packer M, Bristow MR, Cohn JN et al. (1996) The effect of carvediloi on morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 334: 1348–1355

    Google Scholar 

  • Packer M, Carver JR, Rodeheffer RJ et al. (1991) Effect of oral milrinone on mortality in severe chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 325: 1468

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Packer M, Caspi A, Charlton V et al. (1998) Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis and vascular biology, basic science/circulation, cardiopulmonary and critical care, high blood pressure research, kidney: Hormonal, metabolic and immunologic modulation in heart failure. Circulation 98: (Supple) 3

    Google Scholar 

  • Packer M, Cohn JN (1999) Concensus recommendations forthe management of chronic heart failure. Am J Cardiol 83 (Suppl): 1A-38 A

    Google Scholar 

  • Packer M, Lee WH, Kessler PD, Gottlieb SS, Medina N, Yushak M (1987) Prevention and reversal of nitrate tolerance in patients with congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 317: 799–804

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Packer M, Medina N, Yushak M (1984) Hemodynamic and clinical limitations of long-term inotropic therapy with amrinone in patients with severe chronic heart failure. Circulation 7o: 1038–1046

    Google Scholar 

  • Pardee H (1942) Nomenclature and criteria for diagnosis of diseases of the heart. NYHA, New York, pp 9–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Parsons WJ, Ramkumar V, Stiles GS (1988) The new cardiotonic drug sulmazole is an Ai-adenosine receptor antagonist and functionally blocks the inhibitory regulator Gi. Mol Pharmacol 33: 441–449

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paul M, Bachmann J, Ganten D (1992) The tissue renin-angiotensin systems in cardiovascular disease. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2: 94–99

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Petrou M, Clarke S, Morrison K, Bowles C, Dunn M, Yacoub M (1999) Clenbuterol increases stroke power and contractile speed of skeletal muscle for cardia assist. Circulation 99: 713–729

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moyé LA et al. (1992) Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 327: 669–677

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pfisterer ME, Kiowski W, Burckhardt D, Follat F, Burkart F (1992) Beneficial effect of amiodarone on cardiac mortality in patients with asymptomatic complex ventricular arrhythmias after acute myocardial infarction and preserved but not impaired left ventricular function. Am J Cardiol 69: 1399–1402

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Philbin EF (1998) Factors determining angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor underutilization in heart failure in a community setting. Clin Cardiol 21: 103–108

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pieske B, Beyermann B, Breu V, Löffler BM, Schlotthauer K, Maier LS, Schmidt-Schweda S, Just H, Hasenfuss G (1999) Functional effects of endothelin and regulation of endothelin receptors in isolated human nonfailing and failing myocardium. Circulation 99: 1802–1809

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pitt B, Segal R, Martinez FA et al., on behalf of ELITE Study Investigators (5997) Randomised trial of losartan vs. captopril in patients over 65 with heart failure (Evaluation of Losartan in the Elderly Study, ELITE). Lancet 349: 747–752

    Google Scholar 

  • Plotnick GD, Becker LC, Fisher ML et al. (1986) Use of the Frank-Starling mechanism during submaximal vs. maximal upright exercise. Am J Physiol 251: HL1o1-H11o5

    Google Scholar 

  • Pönicke K, Vogelsang M, Heinroth M et al. (1998) Endothelin-receptors in the failing and non-failing human heart. Circulation 97: 744–751

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poole-Wilson PA (1983) Hypokalemia induced by thiazide diuretics in the treatment of hypertension: a cause of concern, not nihilism. Postgrad Med 59 (Suppl 3): 137–139

    Google Scholar 

  • Port JD, Gilbert EM, Larrabee P (199o) Neurotransmitter depletion compromises the ability of indirect acting amines to provide inotropic support in the failing human heart. Circulation 81: 929–938

    Google Scholar 

  • Port S, Cobb FR, Coleman RE, Jones RH (198o) Effect of age on the response of the left ventricular ejection fraction to exercise. N Engl J Med 303: 1133–1137

    Google Scholar 

  • Pousset F, Isnard R, Lechat P, Kalotka H, Carayon A, Maistre G, Escolano S, Thomas D, Komajda M (1998) Prognostic value of plasma endothelin-1 in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 18: 254–258

    Google Scholar 

  • Pratt CM, Camm JA, Cooper W et al., for the SWORD Investgators (1998) Mortality in the survival with oral D-Sotalol ( SWORD) trial: Why did patients die? Am J Cardial 81: 869–876

    Google Scholar 

  • Raifer SI, Rossen JD, Douglas FL, Goldberg LI, Karrison T (1986) Effects of long-term therapy with oral ibopamine on resting hemodynamics and exercise capacity in patients with heart failure: relationship to the generation of N-methyl-dopamine and to plasma norepinephrine levels. Circulation 73: 740–748

    Google Scholar 

  • RALES Investigators (1996) Effectiveness of spironolactone added to an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a loop diuretic for severe chronic congestive heart failure [the randomized aldactone evaluation study (RALES)]. Am J Cardiol 78: 902–907

    Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen PR, Minobe W, Bristow MR (199o) Calcium antagonist binding sites in failing and non failing ventricular myocardium. Biochem Pharmacol 39: 691–696

    Google Scholar 

  • Raya T, Fonken SJ, Lee RW et al. (1991) Hemodynamic effects of direct angiotensin II blockade compared to converting enzyme inhibition in rat model of heart failure. Am J Hypertens 4: 334–340

    Google Scholar 

  • Rector TS, Olivari MT, Levine TB, Francis GS, Cohn JN (1987) Predicting survival for an individual with congestive heart failure using the plasma norepinephrine concentration. Am Heart J 114: 148–152

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reichman ItT, Joyo Cl, Dembitsky WP et al. (199o) Improved patient survival after cardiac arrest using a cardiopulmonary support system. Ann Thorac Surg 49: 101–105

    Google Scholar 

  • Reinecke H, Studer R, Eschenhagen T et al. (1993) Erhöhte Genexpression des kardialen Na+/Ca2+-Austauschers im insuffizienten menschlichen Myokard. Z Kardiol 8z (Suppl): 20

    Google Scholar 

  • Reiter M (1988) Calcium mobilization and cardiac inotropic mechanisms. Pharmacol Rev 4o: 189–217

    Google Scholar 

  • Remes J, Reunanen A, Aromaa A, Pyörälä K (1992) Incidence of heart failure in eastern Finland: a population-based surveillance study. Eur Heart J 13: 588–593

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reuter H (1983) Calcium channel modulation by neurotransmitters, enzymes and drugs. Nature 3o1: 569–574

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds DW, Bartelt N, Taephe R, Bennett TD (1995) Measurement of pulmonary artery diastolic pressure from the right ventricle. J Am Coll Cardiol 25: 1176–1182

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodbell M (198o) The role of hormone receptors and GTP-regulatory proteins in membrane transduction. Nature 284: 17–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodeheffer RJ, Gerstenblith G, Becker LC, Fleg JL, Weisfeldt ML, Lakatta EG (1984) Exercise cardiac output is main-tained with advancing age in healthy human subjects: Cardiac dilation in increased stroke volume compensate for a diminished heart rate. Circulation 69: 203–213

    Google Scholar 

  • Rolandi E, Sabino F, Cantoni V et al. (1989) Long-term therapy of chronic congestive heart failure with ibopamine: a multicenter trial. J Cardiovasc Pharmaco114 (Suppl 8 ): 93–101

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal JH, Pfeiffer B, Mecheilor ML et al. (1984) investigations of components of the renin-angiotensin system in rat vascular tissue. Hypertension 6: 383–392

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowles JR, Mortimer BJ, Olsen DB (1993) Ventricular assist and total artificial heart devices for clinical use in 1993. ASAIO J 39: 840–855

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sadoshima J, Xu Y, Slayter HS, Izumo S (1993) Autocrine release of angiotensin II mediates stretch-induced hypertrophy of cardiac myocytes in vitro. Cell 75: 977–984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sakai M, Danzinger RS, Xiao RP, Spurgeon HA, Lakatta EG (1992) Contractile response of individual cardiac myocytes to norepinephrine declines with senescence. Am J Physiol 262: H184 - H189

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sakai S, Miyauchi T, Kobayashi M, Yamaguchi I, Goto K, Sugishita Y (1996) Inhibition of myocardial endothelin pathway improves long-term survival in heart failure. Nature 383: 353–355

    Google Scholar 

  • Sasaki K,Yamano Y, Bardhan S et al. (1991) Cloning and expression of a complementary DNA encoding a bovine adrenal angiotensin II typ-1 receptor. Nature 351: 230–232

    Google Scholar 

  • Sasse S, Brand NJ, Kyprianou P et al. (1993) Troponin-I-gene expression during human cardiac development and in end-stage heart failure. Circ Res 72: 932–938

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Satoh M, Nakamura M, Tamura G, Makita S, Segawa I, Tashiro A, Satodate R, Hiramori K (1997) Inducible nitric oxide synthase and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in myocardium in human dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 29: 716–724

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schieffer B, Wirger A, Meybrunn M et al. (1994) Comparative effects of chronic angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade on cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction in the rat. Circulation 89: 2273–2282

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitz W, Leyen H von der, Meyer W, Neumann J, Scholz H (1989) Phosphodiesterase inhibition and positive inotropic effects. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 14 (Suppl 3): 11–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Schnabel P, Böhm M, Gierschik P, Jakobs K-H, Erdmann E (1990) Improvement of cholera toxin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation by endogenous ADP-ribosylation factor from bovine brain provides evidence for an unchanged amount of Gsa in failing human myocardium. J Mol Cell Cardiol 22: 73–82

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schnabel P, Mies F, Böhm M (1999) Hormontherapie bei Herzinsuffizienz: Wachstumshormon and Insulin-like-growth factor-I. Z Kardiol 88: 1–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Scholz H (1986) Positive inotropic agents: different mechanism of action. In: Erdmann E, Greef K, Skou JC (eds) Cardiac Glycosides 1785–1985: Steinkopff Darmstadt, pp 181–188

    Google Scholar 

  • Schunkert H, Dzau VJ, Tang SS et al. (199o) Increased rat cardiac angiotensin converting enzyme activity and m-RNA expression in pressure overload left ventricular hypertrophy: Effects on coronary restistance, contractility, and relaxation. J Clin Invest 86: 1913–1923

    Google Scholar 

  • Schüren KP, Hüttemann U (1974) Chronisch obstructive Lungenerkrankungen: Die hämodynamische Wirkung von Digitalis beim chronischen Cor pulmonale in Ruhe and unter Belastung. Klin Wochenschr 52: 736–746

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz K, Beckmann J, Dufour C et al. (1992) Exclusion of cardiac myosin heavy chain and actin gene involvement in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy of several french families. Circ Res 71: 3–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwinger RHG, Böhm M, Erdmann E (1990) Evidence against spare or uncoupled ß-adrenoceptors in the human heart. Am Heart J 119: 899

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwinger RHG, Böhm M, Erdmann E (1992) Inotropic and lusitropic dysfunction in myocardium from patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Am Heart J 123: 116–128

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwinger RHG, Böhm M, Mittmann C, La Rosée K, Erdmann E (1991) Evidence for a sustained effectiveness of sodium-channel activators in failing human myocardium. J Mol Cell Cardiol 23: 461–471

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwinger RHG, Böhm M, Müller-Ehmsen J et al. (1993) Effect of inotropic stimulation on the negative force-frequency relationship in the failing human heart. Circulation 88: 2267–2276

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharow VG, Sabbah HN, Shimoyama H et al. (1996) Evidence of cardiocyte apoptosis in myocardium of dogs with chronic heart failure. Am J Pathol 148: 141–1149

    Google Scholar 

  • SHEP Cooperative Research Group (1991) Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension. Final results of the Systolic Hypertension in Elderly Program (SHEP). JAMA 265: 3255–3264

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheu SS, Blaustein MP (1986) Sodium/calcium exchange and regulation of cell calcium and contractility in cardiac muscle, with a note about vascular smooth muscle. In: Fozzard HA (ed) The heart and cardiovascular system. Raven, New York, pp 509–535

    Google Scholar 

  • Siliprandi N, Di Lisa F, Menabö R (1991) Propionyl-L-carnitine: biochemical significance and possible role in cardiac metablolism. Cardiovas Drugs Ther (Suppl I): 17–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Simonton CA, Daly PA, Kereiakes D, Modin G, Chatterjee K (1987) Survival in severe left ventricular failure treated with the new nonglycosidic, nonsympathomimetic oral inotropic agents. Chest 92: 118–124

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson P (1983) Norepinephrine-stimulated hypertrophy of cultured rat myocardial cells is an a,-adrenergic response. J Clin Invest 72: 732

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh SN, Fletcher RD, Fisher SG et al., for the Survival Trial of Antiarrhythmic in Congestive Heart Failure (1995) Amiodarone in patients with congestive heart failure and asymptomatic ventricular arrhythmia. N Engl J Med 333: 77–82

    Google Scholar 

  • Siskind SJ, Sonnenblick EH, Forman J, Scheuer L, Le Jemtel TH (1981) Acute substantial benefit of inotropic therapy with amrinone on exercise hemodynamics and metabolism in severe congestive heart failure. Circulation 64: 966–970

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith TW, Haber E (1973) Digitalis. Clinical value of the radio-immunoassay of the digitalis glycosides. Pharmacol Rev 25: 219–242

    Google Scholar 

  • Solomon SD, Jarcho JA, McKenna W et al. (1990) Familiar hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a genetically heterogenous disease. J Clin Invest 86: 993–999

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SOLVD Investigators (1991) Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 325: 293–302

    Google Scholar 

  • SOLVD Investigators (1992) Effects of enalapril on mortality and the development of heart failure in asymptomatic patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions. N Engl J Med 327: 685–691

    Google Scholar 

  • Spann JF, Buccino RA, Sonnenblick EH, Braunwaldt E (1967) Contractile state of cardiac muscle obtained from cats with experimentally produced ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure. Circ Res 21: 341–349

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Starling EH (1908) The Linacre lecture on the law of the heart. Longmans, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Starling EH (1921) The law of the heart. Lancet I: 212

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinfath M, Geertz B, Schmitz Wet al. (1991) Distinct downregulation of cardiac f3,-and ß2-adrenoceptors in different human heart disease. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 343: 217–220

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stoll M, Steckelings UM, Paul M,Bottari SP, Metzger R, Unger R (1995) The angiotensin AT2 receptor mediates inhibition of cell proliferation in coronary endothelial cells. J Clin Invest 95: 651–657

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • STOP-Hypertension: Dahlöf B, Lindholm LH, Hansson L et al. (1991) Morbidity and mortality in the swedish trial in older patients with hypertension. Lancet 338: 1281–1285

    Google Scholar 

  • Strauer BE (1976) Änderungen der Kontraktilität bei Druck-and Volumenbelastung des Herzens.Verh Dtsch Ges Kreislaufforsch 42: 69–79

    Google Scholar 

  • Strauer BE (1979) Das Hochdruckherz. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Studer R, Reinecke H, Müller B, Holtz J, Just H, Drexler H (1994) Increased Angiotensin-I converting enzyme gene expression in the failing human heart. J Clin Invest 94: 301–310

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sung CP, Arleth A), Ohlstein EH (1993) Carvedilol inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. J Cardiovasc Pharm 21: 221–227

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sütsch G, Kiowski W,Yan XW et al. (1998) Short-term oral endothelin-receptor antagonist therapy in conventionally treated patients with symptomatic severe chronic heart failure. Circulation 98: 2262–2268

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki T, Kumazaki T, Mitsiu Y (1993) Endothelin-i is produced and secreted by neonatal rat cardiac myocytes in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 193: 823–830

    Google Scholar 

  • Swedberg K, Eneroth P, Kjekshus J,Wilhelmsen L, for the CONSENSUS Trial Study Group (1990) Hormones regulating cardiovascular function in patients with severe congestive heart failure and their relation to mortality. Circulation 82: 1730–1736

    Google Scholar 

  • Swedberg K, Held P, Kjekshus J et al., on behalf of the CONSENSUS II Study Group (1992) Effects of the early administration enalapril on mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 327: 678–684

    Google Scholar 

  • Swedberg K, Hjalmarson A, Waagstein F, Wallentin I (1979) Prolongation of survival in congestive cardiomyopathy by 3-receptor blockade. Lancet I: 1374–1376

    Google Scholar 

  • Swedberg K, Viquerat C, Rouleau J-L et al. (1984) Comparison of myocardial catecholamine balance in chronic congestive heart failure and in angina pectoris without failure. Am J Cardiol 54: 783–789

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tada M, Katz AM (1982) Phosphorylation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and sarcolemma.Annu Rev Physiol 44: 401–423

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi T, Allen P, Lacro R et al. (1992) Expression of dihydropyridine receptor (Ca2’-channel) and calsequestrin genes in the myocardium of patients with end-stage heart failure. J Clin Invest 9o: 927–935

    Google Scholar 

  • Tan LB, Jalil JE, Pick R, Janicki JS, Weber KT (1991) Cardiac myocyte necrosis induced by angiotensin II. Circ Res 1185–1195

    Google Scholar 

  • Task Force of the Working Group on Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology (1997) The treatment of heart failure. Eur Heart J 18: 736–753

    Google Scholar 

  • Task Force on Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology (1995) Guidelines for the diagnosis of heart failure. Eur Heart J 16: 741–751

    Google Scholar 

  • Tate CA, Taffet GE, Hudson EK et al. (1990) Enhanced calcium uptake of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum in exercise-trained old rats. Am J Physiol 258: H431 - H435

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas JA, Marks BH (1978) Plasma norepinephrine in congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 41: 233–243

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas PB, Eck Liu, Webb ML, Mukherjee R, Spinale FG (1996) Evidence of the endothelin-1 autocrine loop in cardiac myocytes: relation to contractile function with congestive heart failure. Am J Physiol 40: H2629 - H2673

    Google Scholar 

  • Timmermann PBMWM, Wong PC, Chiu AT et al. (1993) Angiotensin II receptors and angiotensin II receptors antagonists. Pharmacol Rev 45: 205–251

    Google Scholar 

  • Timsit J, Rion B, Bertherat J et al. (1990) Effects of chronic growth hormone hypersecretion on intrinsic contractility, energetics, isomyosin pattern, and myosin adenosine triphosphatase activity of rat left ventricle. J Clin Invest 86: 507–515

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Topol EJ, Traill TA, Fortuin NJ (1985) Hypertensive hypertrophie cardiomyopathy of the elderly. N Engl J Med 312: 277–281

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Torre-Amione G, Kapadia S, Lee J et al. (1995) Expression and functional significance of tumor necrosis factor receptors in human myocardium. Circulation 92: 1487–1493

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Torre-Amione G, Kapadia S, Lee J et al. (1996) Tumor necrosis factor-a and tumor necrosis factor receptors in the faiing human heart. Circulation 93: 704–711

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ullrich KJ, Riecker G, Kramer K (1954) Das Druckvolumendia- gramm des Warmblüterherzens. Pflugers Arch 259: 481–489

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Unger T, Ganten D, Lang RE, Scholkens VA (1985) Is tissue converting inhibition a determinant of the antihypertensive efficacy of converting enzyme inhibitors? Studies with two different compounds. Hoe 398 and MK 421 in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 6: 872–880

    Google Scholar 

  • Ungerer M, Böhm M, Elce JS, Erdmann E, Lohse MJ (1993) Altered expression of 13-adrenergic receptor kinase and 131-adrenergic receptors in the failing human heart. Circulation 87: 454–463

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Unverferth DV, Blanford M, Kates RE, Leier CV (1980) Tolerance to dobutamine after a 72-hour continuous infusion. Am J Med 69: 262–266

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Urata H, Nishimura H, Ganten D (1995) Mechanisms of angiotensin II formation in humans. Eur Heart J 16: 79–85

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uretsky BF, Jessup M, Konstam MA et al. (1990) Multicenter trial of oral enoximone in patients with moderate to moderately severe congestive heart failure. Circulation 82: 774–780

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uretsky BF, Young JB, Eden F et al., on behalf of the PROVED Investigate Group (1993) Randomized study assessing the effect of digoxin withdrawal in patients with mild to moderate chronic congestive heart failure: Results of the PROVED Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 22: 955–962

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Veldhuisen D, Man A, Dunselman P et al., on behalf of the DIMT Study Group (1993) Double-blind placebo-controlled study of ibopamine and digoxin in patients with mild to moderate heart failure: Results of the Dutch ibopamine multicenter trial ( DIMT ). J Am Coll Cardiol 22: 1564–1573

    Google Scholar 

  • Vantrimpont P, Rouleau JL, Wun CC et al. (1997) Additive beneficial effects of ß-blockers to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in the survival and ventricular enlargement (SAVE) study. J Am Coll, Cardiol 29: 229–236

    Google Scholar 

  • Varonkov Y, Shell WE, Smirnov V, Gukovsky D, Chazov EI (1977) Augmentation of serum CPK activity by digitalis in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 55: 719–727

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Volterrani M, Desenzani P, Lorusso R et al. (1997) Haemodynamic effects of intravenous growth hormone in congestive heart failure. Lancet 349: 1067–1068

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waagstein F, Bristow MR, Swedberg K et al. (1993) Beneficial effects of metoprolol in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Lancet 342: 1441–1446

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waagstein F, Caidahl K, Wallentin I, Bergh CH, Hjalmarson A (1989) Long-term 13-blockade in dilated cardiomyopathy: effects of short-and long-term metoprolol treatment followed by withdrawal and readministration of metoprolol. Circulation 80: 551–563

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waagstein F, Hjalmarson A, Varnauskas E, Wallentin I (1975) Effect of chronic 3-adrenergic receptor blockade in congestive cardiomyopathy. Br Heart J 37: 1022–1036

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wada A, Tsutamoto T, Ohnishi M et al. (1999) Effects of a specific endothelin-converting enzyme inhibitor on cardiac, renal, and neurohumoral functions in congestive heart failure. Circulation 99: 570–577

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wankerl M, Böhm M, Morano I et al. (1990) Calcium sensitivity and myosin light chain pattern of atrial and ventricular skinned fibers from patients with various kinds of cardiac disease. J Mol Cell Cardiol 22: 1425–1438

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weber KT, Andrews V, Janicki JS, Likoff M, Reichek N (1982) Pirbuterol, and oral 13-adrenergic receptor agonist in the treatment of chronic cardiac failure. Circulation 66: 1262–1271

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weber KT, Brilla CG (1991) Pathological hypertrophy and cardiac interstitium. Circulation 83: 1849–1865

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weber KT, Brilla CG (1992) Left ventricular hypertrophy and structural remodeling as a determinant of myocardial failure. In: Cruickshank JM, Messerli FH (eds) Left ventricular hypertrophy and its regression. Science, London, pp 21–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinstein LS, Spiegel AM, Carter AD (1988) Cloning and characterization of the human gene of the a-subunit of Gia, a GTPbinding signal transducing protein. FEBS Lett 232: 333–340

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weishaar RE, Kobylarz-Singer DC, Steffen RP, Kaplan HR (1987) Subclasses of cyclic AMP-specific phosphodiesterase in left ventricular muscle and their involvement in regulating myocardial contractility. Circ Res 61: 501–509

    Google Scholar 

  • White HD, Norris RM, Brown MA et al. (1987) Left ventricular endsystolic volume as the major determinant of survival after recovery from myocardial infarction. Circulation 76: 44–51

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • WHO (1995) Physician guidelines (for GPS) designed to be transla- ted and distributed worldwide to primary care physicans.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wikstrand J, Kendall M (1992) The role of b receptor blockade in preventing sudden death. Eur Heart J 13: 111–120

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilmshurst PT, Thompson DS, Jenkins BS et aL (1983) Haemodynamic effects of intravenous amrinone in patients with impaired left ventricular function. Br Heart J 49: 77–82

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson JR, Mancini DM (1993) Skeletal muscle metabolic dysfunction–implications for exercise intolerance in heart failure. Circulation 82 (Suppl VII): 104–109

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson JR, Reichek JR, Dunkman WB, Goldberg S (1981) Effect of diuresis on the performance of the failing left ventricle in man. Am J Med 7o: 234–239

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodley SL, Gilbert EM, Anderson JL et al. (1991) 13-blockade with bucindolol in heart failure caused by ischemic vs. idiopathic dilated cardio-myopathy. Circulation 84: 2426–2441

    Google Scholar 

  • XAMOTEROL in severe heart failure study group (1990) Xamoterol severe heart failure. Lancet 336: 1–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Xiao RP, Spurgeon HA, O’Connor F, Lakatta EG (1994) Age-associated changes in 3-adrenergic modulation on rat cardiac excitation-contraction coupling. J Clin Invest 94: 2051–2059

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu D, Emoto N Giaid A, Slaughter C et al. (1994) ECE-1: A membrane bound metalloprotease that catalyzes the proteolytic activation of big endothelin-i. Cell 78: 473–485

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamada H, Fabris B, Allen AM (1991) Localization of angiotensin converting enzyme in rat heart. Circ Res 68: 141–151

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamada T, Horiuchi M, Dzau VJ (1996) Angiotensin II type 2 receptors mediates programmed cell death. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 150–160

    Google Scholar 

  • Yonezawa T, Umemoto S, Fujii A, Katayama K, Matsuzaki (1996) Comparative effects of type 1 angiotensin II-receptor blockade with angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor of left ventricular distensibility and collagen metabolism in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J of Cardiovasc Pharmacol 27: 119–124

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yue TL, McKenna PG, Gu JL et al. (1994) Carvedilol, a new vasodilatating ß-adrenoceptor blocker antihypertensive drug, protects endothelial cells from damage initiated by xanthine-xanthine oxidase and neutrophils. Cardiovasc Res 28: 400–406

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yue TL, McKenna PJ, Gu JL, Cheng HY, Ruffolo RR, Feuerstein GZ (1993) Carvedilol, a new antihypertensive agent, prevents lipid peroxidation and oxidative injury to endothelial cells. Hypertension 22: 922–928

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zierhut W, Stude R, Laurent D et al. (1996) Left ventricular wall stress and sarcoplasmic reticulum Cat+-ATPase gene expression in renal hypertensive rats: dose-dependent effects of ACE inhibition and AT1-receptor blockade. Cardiovasc Res 31: 758–768

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zolk O, Quattek MS, Sitzler G et al. (1999) Expression of endothelin-1, endothelin converting enzyme, and endothelin-receptors in chronic heart failure. Circulation 99: 2218–2123

    Google Scholar 

  • Zucker IH, Earle AM, Gilmore JP (1977) The mechanism of adaptation of left atrial stretch receptors in dogs with chronic congestive heart failure. J Clin Invest 60: 323–331

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zucker IH, Wang W, Chen J-S (1990) Baroreceptor and cardiac receptor abnormalities in experimental heart failure. Heart Failure 6: 33–41

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2000 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Böhm, M., Erdmann, E. (2000). Therapie der chronischen Herzinsuffizienz. In: Erdmann, E. (eds) Klinische Kardiologie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-12156-6_31

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-12156-6_31

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-12157-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-12156-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics