Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Literatur
Adolph RJ, Holmes JC, Fukusumi H. Hemodynamic studies in patients with chronically implanted pacemakers. Am Heart J 76: 829–838, 1968
Alpert MA, Curtis JJ, SanFelippo JF, Flaker GC, Walls JT, Mukerji V, Villarreal D, Katti SK, Madigan NP, Krol RB. Comparative survival after permanent ventricular dual chamber pacing for patients with chronic high degree atrioventricular block with and without préexistent heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 7: 925–932, 1986
Alpert MA, Curtis JJ, Sanfelippo JF, Flaker GC, Walls JT, Mukerji V, Villarreal D, Katti SK, Madigan NP, Morgan RJ. Comparative survival following permanent ventricular and dual-chamber pacing for patients with chronic symptomatic sinus node dysfunction with and without heart failure. Am Heart J 113: 958–965, 1987
Alt E, Heinz M, Theres H, Matula M, Blömer H. A new body motion activity-based rate-responsive pacing system (abstract). PACE 10: 422, 1987
Alt E, Schlegl MJ, Matula MM. Intrinsic heart rate response as a predictor of rate-adaptive pacing benefit. Chest 107: 925–930, 1995
Andersen HR, Thuesen L, Bagger JP, Vesterlund T, Thomsen PEB. Prospective randomised trial of atrial versus ventricular pacing in sick-sinus syndrome. Lancet 344: 1523–1528, 1994
Antonioli GE, Audoglio R, Brownlee RR.Antonioli GE, Aubert AE, Ector H Science, theory, and clinical considerations related to sensing atrial depolarisation in single-lead pacing. In: (eds) Pacemaker Leads 1991. Elsevier Science Publisher, Amsterdam, pp 115–133, 1991
Antonioli GE, Boriani G, Bottoni N, Capucci A, Guardigli G, Marconi M, Menozzi C, Sermasi S, Silvani S, Toselli, Tumiotto G. DDDR versus DDD pacing in chronotropic incompetence: a multi-center study (abstract). PACE 15: 514, 1992
Arendt RM, Gerbes AL, Stangl E, Ritter D, Zähringer J, Schultheiß HP, Kemkes B, Erdmann E.Kreye VAW, Bussmann WD Tonische und phasische Aktivität des endokrinen Herzens bei kardiovaskulären Patienten und Patienten mit Leberzirrhose. In: (Hrsg) ANP-Atriales natriuretisches Peptid und das kardiovaskuläre System. Steinkopff Verlag, Darmstadt, S 149–157, 1988
Astrand I. Aerobic work capacity in men and women with special reference to age. Acta Physiol Scand 49(Suppl 169): 1–92, 1960
Astrand PO, Rhyming I. A nomogram for calculation of aerobic capacity (physical fitness) from pulse rate during submaximal work. J Appi Physiol 7: 218–221, 1954
Astrand PO, Cuddy TE, Saltin B, Stenberg J. Cardiac output during submaximal and maximal work. J Appl Physiol 19: 268–274, 1964
Ausubel K, Furman S. The pacemaker syndrome. Ann Intern Med 103: 420–429, 1985
Ausubel K, Steingart RM, Shimshi M, Klementowicz P, Furman S. Maintenance of exercise stroke volume during ventricular versus atrial synchronous pacing: role of contractility. Circulation 5:1037–1043, 1985
Bailer D, Hoeft A, Korb H, Wolpers HG, Zipfel J, Hellige G. Basic physiological studies on cardiac pacing with special reference to the optimal mode and rate after cardiac surgery. Thorac cardiovasc Surgeon 29: 168–173, 1981
Baratto MT, Clerico BA, Fommei E, Chicca MGD, Contini C. Atrial natriuretic peptide during different pacing modes in comparison with hemodynamic changes. PACE 13: 432–442, 1990
Barold SS.Singer I, Kupersmith J Hemodynamics of cardiac pacing and rate-adaptive pacemakers. In: (eds) Clinical manual of electrophysiology. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 274–294, 1993
Bates ER, Shenker Y, Grekin RJ. The relationship between plasma levels of immunoreactive atrial natriuretic hormone and hemodynamic function in man. Circulation 73: 1155–1161, 1986
Batey R, Sweesy M, Scala G, Forney RC. Comparison of low rate dual chamber pacing to activity response rate variable ventricular pacing. PACE 13: 646–652, 1990
Beaver WL, Wasserman K, Whipp BJ. Improved detection of lactate threshold during exercise using a log-log transformation. J Appl Physiol 59: 1936–1940, 1985
Beaver WL, Wasserman K, Whipp BJ. Bicarbonate buffering of lactic generated during exercise. J Appl Physiol 60: 472–478, 1986a
Beaver WL, Wasserman K, Whipp BJ. A new method for detecting anaerobic threshold by gas exchange. J Appl Physiol 60: 2020–2027, 1986b
Bechtold H, Förschler B, Meyer F, Haag M. Massiv gestörter Pulmonalvenenfluß bei Schrittmacher-syndrom (Abstract). Herzschr Elektrophys 3: 168, 1992
Behrens S, Andresen D, Brüggemann T, Ehlers C, Schröder R. Reproduzierbarkeit der symptomlimitierten Sauerstoffaufnahme und der anaeroben Schwelle im Rahmen spiroergometrischer Untersuchungen bei Patienten mit Herzinsuffizienz. Z Kardiol 83: 44–49, 1994
Benditt DG, Milstein S, Buetikofer J, Gornick CC, Mianulli M, Fetter J. Sensor-triggered, rate-variable cardiac pacing. Current technologies and clinical implications. Ann Intern Med 107: 714–724, 1987a
Benditt DG, Mianulli M, Fetter J, Benson W, Dunnigan A, Molina E, Gornick CC, Almquist A. Single-chamber cardiac pacing with activity-initiated chronotropic response: evaluation by cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Circulation 75: 184–191, 1987b
Berkovits BV, Castellanos A, Lemberg L. Bifocal demand pacemaker (abstract). Circulation 39–111:44, 1969
Bernstein AD, Camm AJ, Fletcher RD, Gold RD, Rickards AF, Smyth NPD, Spielman SR, Sutton R. The NASPE/BPEG generic pacemaker code for antibradyarrhythmia and adaptive-rate pacing and antitachyarrhythmia devices. PACE 10: 794–799, 1987
Bernstein V, Rotem CE, Peretz DI. Permanent pacemakers: 8-year follow-up study. Incidence and management of congestive cardiac failure and performance. Ann Intern Med 74: 361–369, 1971
Betocchi S, Piscione F, Villari B, Pace L, Ciarmiello A, Perrone-Filardi P, Salvatore C, Salvatore M, Chiariello M. Effects of induced asynchrony on left ventricular diastolic function in patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 21: 1124–1131, 1993
Bevegard S, Jonsson B, Karlöf I, Lagergren H, Sowton E. Effect of changes in ventricular rate on cardiac output and central pressures at rest and during exercise in patients with artificial pacemakers. Cardiovasc Res 1: 21–33, 1967
Bilitch M, Cosby RS, Cafferky EA. Ventricular fibrillation and competitive pacing. N Engl J Med 276: 598–604, 1967
Blanc JJ, Mansourati J, Ritter P, Nitzsche R, Pages Y, Genet L, Morin JF Atrial natriuretic factor release during exercise in patients successively paced in DDD and rate matched ventricular pacing. PACE 15: 397–402, 1992
Bolli P, Muller FB, Linder L, Raine AEG, Resink TJ, Erne P, Kiowski W, Ritz R, Bühler FR. The vasodilator potency of atrial natriuretic peptide in man. Circulation 75: 221–228, 1987
Bortz J. Lehrbuch der Statistik. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1985
Bowditch HP. Über die Eigenthümlichkeiten der Reizbarkeit, welche die Muskelfasern des Herzens zeigen. Beitr d Kais Sächs Ges d Wiss 23: 652–689, 1871
Brandt J, Fahraeus T, Ogawa T, Schüller H. Practical aspects of rate-adaptive atrial (AAIR) pacing: clinical experiences in 44 patients. PACE 14: 1258–1264, 1991
Brandt RR, Wright RS, Redfield MM, Burnett JC. Atrial natriuretic peptide in heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 22: 86A–92A, 1993
Braunwald E, Fram CJ. Studies on Starlings’s law of the heart. IV Observations on the hemodynamic functions of the left atrium in man. Circulation 24: 633–642, 1961
Braunwald E. The control of ventricular function in man. Br Heart J 27: 1–16, 1965
Brenner BM, Ballermann BJ, Gunning ME, Zeidel ML. Diverse biological actions of atrial natriuretic peptide. Physiol Rev 70: 665–699, 1990
Brinker J, Jutzy R, Hayes D, McElroy B, and the Synchrony study group. Dual chamber rate modulated pacemaking: initial U.S. experience (abstract). PACE 12: 1277, 1989
Brinker J, MacCarter D, Shewmaker S, and the Meta DDDR investigators. Improved functional capacity with DDDR pacing in patients with chronotropic incompetence (abstract). PACE 14: 684, 1991
Bristow MR, Ginsburg R, Minobe W, Cubicciotti RS, Sageman WS, Lurie K, Billingham ME, Harrison DC, Stinson EB. Decreased catecholamine sensitivity and β-adrenergic-receptor density in failing human hearts. N Engl J Med 307: 205–211, 1982
Bristow MR, Ginsberg R, Umans V, Fowler M, Minobe W, Rasmussen R, Zera P, Menlove R, Shah P, Jamieson S, Stinson EB. β 1-and β 2-adrenergic-receptor subpopulations in nonfailing and failing human ventricular myocardium: coupling of both receptor subtypes to muscle contraction and selective β 1receptor down-regulation in heart failure. Circ Res 59: 297–309, 1986
Bruce RA, Kusumi F, Hosmer D. Maximal oxygen uptake and nomographic assessment of functional aerobic impairment in cardiovascular disease. Am Heart J 85: 546–562, 1973
Buckingham TA, Woodruff RC, Pennington DG, Redd RM, Janosik DL, Labovtz AJ, Graves R, Kennedy HL. Effect of ventricular function on the exercise hemodynamics of variable rate pacing. J Am Coll Cardiol 11: 1269–1277, 1988
Bühler FR. Spielt das atriale antipressorische natriuretische Peptid eine pathophysiologische Rolle? Schweiz med Wschr 117: 1930–1937, 1987
Callaghan F, Vollmann W, Livingston A, Boveja B, Abels D. The ventricular depolarization gradient: effects of exercise, pacing rate, epinephrine, and intrinsic heart rate control on the right ventricular evoked response. PACE 12: 1115–1130, 1989
Cammilli L, Alcidi L, Papeschi G.Watanabe Y A new pacemaker autoregulating the rate of pacing in relation to metabolic needs. In: (ed) Cardiac pacing. Proceedings of the 5th international symposium. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, S. 414–419, 1977
Campeau L. Grading of angina pectoris. Circulation 54: 522–523, 1975
Capucci A, Boriani G, Specchia S, Marinelli M, Santarelli A, Magnani B. Evaluation by cardiopulmonary exercise test of DDDR versus DDD pacing. PACE 15: 1908–1913, 1992
Castellanos A, Lemberg L, Jude J, Mobbin-Uddin K, Berkovits BV. Implantable demand pacemaker. Br Heart J 30: 29–33, 1968
Chamberlain DA, Leinbach RC, Vassaux CE, Kastor JA, DeSanctis RW, Sanders CA. Sequential atrioventricular pacing in heart block complicating acute myocardial infarction. N Eng J Med 282: 577–582, 1970
Chamberlain DA, Wollons DJ, White NM, English MJ. Synchronous AVpacing with a single pervenous electrode (abstract). Br Heart J 35: 559, 1973
Chardack WM, Gage AA, Federico AJ, Schimert G, Greatbatch W Clinical experience with an implantable pacemaker. Ann NY Acad Sci 111: 1075–1092, 1964
Chidsey CA, Braunwald E, Morrow AG. Catecholamine excretion and cardiac stores of norepinephrine in congestive heart failure. Am J Med 39: 442–451, 1965
Chin CF, Messenger JC, Greenberg PS, Ellestad MH. Chronotropic incompetence in exercise testing. Clin Cardiol 2: 12–18, 1979
Chinn S. Statistics in respiratory medicine. 1. Ranges, confidence intervals, and related quantities: what they are and when to use them. Thorax 46: 391–393, 1991a
Chinn S. Statistics in respiratory medicine. 2. Repeatability and method comparison. Thorax 46: 454–456, 1991b
Chirife R. The pre-ejection period: an ideal physiologic variable for rate-responsive pacing (abstract). PACE 10: 425, 1987
Clemo HF, Baumgarten CM, Stambler BS, Wood MA, Ellenbogen KA. Atrial natriuretic factor: implications for cardiac pacing and electrophysiology. PACE 17: 70–91, 1994
Cohen TJ. A theoretical right atrial pressure feedback heart rate control system to restore physiologic control to the rate-limited heart. PACE 7: 671–677, 1984
Cohn JN, Levine TB, Olivari MT, Garberg V, Lura D, Francis GS, Simon AB, Rector T Plasma norepinephrine as a guide to prognosis in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 311: 819–823, 1984
Corbelli R, Masterson M, Wilkoff BL. Chronotropic response to exercise in patients with atrial fibrillation. PACE 13: 179–187, 1990
Crozier I, Richards AM, Foy SG, Ikram H. Electrophysiological effects of atrial natriuretic peptide on the cardiac conduction system in man. PACE 16: 738–742, 1993
Cruickshank JM, Degaute JP, Kuurne T, Vincent JL, Neil-Dwyer G, Hayes J, Kytta J, Carruthers ME, Patel S. Reduction of stress/catecholamine-induced cardiac necrosis by β 1-selective blockade. Lancet 1: 585–589, 1987
Csapo G, Weisswange A, Perach W, Kannegiesser B. Autoregulation of pacemaker rate by blood temperature (abstract). Proceed 8th World Congress Cardiol 1976; p 485; A1559, 1976
Daubert C, Mabo P, Pouillot C, Lelong B.Barold SS, Mugica J Atrial chronotropic incompetence: implications for DDDR pacing. In: (eds) New perspectives in cardiac pacing 2. Futura publishing, Mount Kisco, New York, pp 251–272, 1991
De Bold AJ, Borenstein HB, Veress AT, Sonnenberg H. A rapid and potent natriuretic response to intravenous injection of atrial myocardial extract in rats. Life Sci 28: 89–94, 1981
Den Dulk K, Lindemands FW, Brugada P, Smeets JLRM, Wellens HJJ. Pacemaker syndrome with AAI rate variable pacing: importance of atrioventricular conduction properties, medication, and pacemaker programmability. PACE 11: 1226–1233, 1988
DiCarlo LA, Morady F, Krol RB, Baerman JM, de Buitleir M, Schork MA, Sereika SM, Schurig L. The hemodynamic effects of ventricular pacing with and without atrioventricular synchrony in patients with normal and diminished left ventricular function. Am Heart J 114: 746–752, 1987
Dietz JR. Release of natriuretic factor from heart-lung preparation by atrial distension. Am J Physiol 247: R1093–R1096, 1984
Donald KW, Bishop JM, Cumming G, Wade OL. The effect of exercise on the cardiac output and circulatory dynamics of normal subjects. Clin Sci 14: 37–73, 1955
Dreifus LS, Fisch C, Griffin JC, Gillette PC, Mason JW, Parsonnet V. Guidelines for implantation of cardiac pacemakers and antiarrhythmic devices: a report of the ACC/AHA task force on assessment of diagnostic and therapeutic cardiovascular procedures. Circulation 84: 455–467, 1991
Edelstam C, Nordlander R, Wallgren E, Rosenqvist M. AAIR pacing and exercise: what happens to AV conduction? (abstract) PACE 13: 1193, 1990
Edwards BS, Zimmermann RS, Schwab TR, Heublein DM, Burnett JC jr. Atrial stretch, not pressure, is the principal determinant controlling the acute release of atrial natriuretic factor. Circ Res 62:191–195, 1988
Eimer HH, Witte J. Zur Leistungsbreite bei Patienten mit festfrequentem Herzschrittmacher unter Berücksichtigung von Hämodynamik, arteriovenöser Sauerstoffdifferenz und Lungenfunktion. Z Kardiol 63: 1099–1110, 1974
Ekelund LD, Holmgren A. Central hemodynamics during exercise. Circulation Res 20/21 (Suppl I): 33–43, 1967
Elborn JS, Stanford CF, Nicholls DP. Reproducibility of cardiopulmonary parameters during exercise in patients with chronic cardiac failure. The need for a preliminary test. Eur Heart J 11: 75–81, 1990
Ellenbogen KA, Kapadia K, Walsh M, Mohanty PK. Increase in plasma atrial natriuretic factor during ventriculoatrial pacing. Am J Cardiol 64: 236–237, 1989
Ellenbogen KA, Thames MD, Mohanty PK. New insights into pacemaker syndrome gained from hemodynamic, humoral and vascular responses during ventriculo-atrial pacing. Am J Cardiol 65: 53–59, 1990
Ellestad MH, Wan MKC. Predictive implications of stress testing. Follow-up of 2700 subjects after treadmill stress testing. Circulation 51: 363–369, 1975
Elmquist R, Senning A. An implantable pacemaker for the heart. Medical Electronics 2nd International Conference, Paris, 1959
Epperlein S, Kreft A, Siegert V, Liebrich A, Himmrich E, Treese N. DDD-versus DDDR-Schrittmacherstimulation: Vergleich der kardiopulmonalen Leistungsfähigkeit, der Häufigkeit von Vorhofarrhythmien und der Lebensqualität. Z Kardiol 85: 226–236, 1996
Erne P, Raine EG, Burgisser E, Gradel E, Burkart F, Buhler FR. Paradoxical inhibition of atrial natriuretic peptide release during pacing-induced hypotension. Clinical Science 73: 459–462, 1987
Fananapazir L, Srinivas V, Bennett D. Comparison of resting hemodynamic indices and exercise performance during atrial synchronized and asynchronous ventricular pacing. PACE 6: 202–209, 1983a
Fananapazir L, Bennett DH, Monks P. Atrial synchronized ventricular pacing: contribution of the chronotropic response to improved exercise performance. PACE 6: 601–608, 1983b
Fananapazir L, Rodemaker M, Bennett DH. Reliability of the evoked response in determining the paced ventricular rate and performance of the QTor rate responsive (TX) pacemaker. PACE 8: 701–714, 1985
Feigenbaum H. Echokardiographie. Perimed Verlag, Erlangen 1985
Ferrer MI. The sick sinus syndrome in atrial disease. JAMA 206: 645–646, 1968
Fick A: Über die Messung des Blutquantums in den Herzventrikeln. Sitzungsband der phys. med. Gesellschaft Würzburg 1870
Fink LI, Wilson JR, Ferraro N. Exercise ventilation and pulmonary artery wedge pressure in chronic stable congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 57: 249–253, 1986
Floras JS. Sympathoinhibitory effects of atrial natriuretic factor in normal humans. Circulation 81: 1860–1873, 1990
Folkman MJ, Watkins E. An artificial conduction system for the management of experimental complete heart block. Surg Forum 8: 331–334, 1957
Francis GS, Goldsmith SR, Ziesche SM, Cohn JN. Response of plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine to dynamic exercise in patients with congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 49:1152–1156, 1982
Francis GS, Goldsmith SR, Ziesche S, Nakajima H, Cohn JN. Relative attenuation of sympathetic drive during exercise in patients with congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 5: 832–839, 1985
Francis GS. Hemodynamic and neurohumoral responses to dynamic exercise: normal subjects versus patients with heart disease. Circulation 76: VI11–VI17, 1987
Francis GS, Benedict C, Johnstone DE, Kirlin PC, Nicklas J, Liang C, Kubo SH, Rudin-Toretsky E, Yusuf S. Comparison of neuroendocrine activation in patients with left ventricular dysfunction with and without congestive heart failure. Circulation 82: 1724–1729, 1990
Frank O. Zur Dynamik des Herzmuskels. Z Biol (München): 32: 371–436, 1895
Funke HD. Ein Herzschrittmacher mit belastungsabhängiger Frequenzregulation. Biomed Tech 20: 225–228, 1975
Funke HD. Die optimierte sequentielle Stimulation von Vorhof und Kammer-ein neuartiges Therapiekonzept zur Behandlung bradykarder Dysrhythmien. Herz Kreisl 10: 479–483, 1978
Furman S, Schwedel JB, Robinson G, Hurwitt ES. Use of an intracardiac pacemaker in the control of heart block. Surgery 49: 98–108, 1961
Furman S.Alt E, Barold SS, Stangl K The Evolution of Bradycardia Pacing. In: (Eds) Rate adaptive pacing. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 1–7, 1993
Gerbes AL, Arendt RM, Schnizer W, Silz S, Jüngst D, Zähringer J, Paumgartner G. Regulation of atrial natriuretic factor release in man: effect of water immersion. Klin Wochenschr 64: 666–667, 1986
Gesell RA. Cardiodynamics in heart block as affected by auricular systole, auricular fibrillation and stimulation of the vagus nerve. Am J Physiol 40: 267–313, 1916
Gilmore JD, Sarnoff SJ, Mitchell JH, Linden RJ. Synchronicity of ventricular contraction, observations comparing hemodynamic effects of atrial and ventricular pacing. Br Heart J 25: 299–307, 1963
Goldreyer BN. Physiological pacing: the role of AV synchrony. PACE 5: 613–615, 1982
Goldstein DS. Plasma norepinephrine as an indicator of sympathetic neural activity in clinical cardiology. Am J Cardiol 48: 1147–1154, 1981
Görnandt L.Roskamm H, Reindell H Rechtsherz-Einschwemmkatheteruntersuchung. In: : Herzkrankheiten. Springer Verlag, Berlin, S. 358–365, 1982
Gottlieb SS, Kukin ML, Ahern D, Packer M. Prognostic importance of atrial natriuretic peptide in patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 13: 1534–1539, 1989
Granath A, Jonsson B, Strandell T. Circulation in healthy old men, studied by right heart catheterization at rest and during exercise in supine and sitting position. Acta Med Scand 176: 425–446, 1964
Greenberg B, Chatterjee K, Parmley WW, Werner JA, Holly AN. The influence of left ventricular filling pressure on atrial contribution to cardiac output. Am Heart J 98: 742–751, 1979
GrossmanW Cardiac catheterization and angiography. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia 1986
Gutkowska J, Bonan R, Roy D, Bourassa M, Garcia R, Thibault G, Genest J, Cantin M. Atrial natriuretic factor in human plasma. Biophys Res Comm 139: 287–295, 1986
Gwinn N, Lernen R, Kratz J, White JK, Zile MR, Gillette P. Chronotropic incompetence: a common and progressive finding in pacemaker patients. Am Heart J 123: 1216–1219, 1992
Haltern G, Sigmund M, Ochs JG, Hanrath P. Frequenzadaptive Schrittmacherstimulation bei Patienten mit Herzinsuffizienz (Abstract). Z Kardiol 83: 130, 1994
Hammond HK, Kelly TL, Froelicher VF. Radionuclide imaging correlates of heart rate impairment during maximal exercise testing. J Am Coll Cardiol 2: 826–833, 1983
Hansen JE. Exercise instruments, schemes, and protocols for evaluating the dyspneic patient. Am Rev Respir Dis 129 (Suppl): 25–27, 1984a
Hansen JE, Sue DY, Wasserman K. Predicted values for clinical exercise testing. Am Rev Respir Dis, 129 (Suppl): 49–55, 1984b
Harken DE. Bifocal demand pacing. Chest 59: 355–356, 1971
Harper GR, Pina IL, Kutalek SP. Intrinsic conduction maximizes cardiopulmonary performance in patients with dual chamber pacemakers. PACE 14: 1787–1791, 1991
Harrison TR, Pilcher C. Studies in congestive heart failure. II. The respiratory exchange during and after exercise. J Clin Invest 8: 291–315, 1930
Hartzler GO, Maloney JD, Curtis JJ, Barnhorst DA. Hemodynamic benefits of atrioventricular sequential pacing. Am J Cardiol 40: 232–236, 1977
Hatano K, Kato R, Hayashi H et al. Usefulness of rate responsive atrial pacing in patients with sick sinus syndrome. PACE 12: 16–24, 1989
Haufe MC, Weil J, Gerzer R, Theisen K.Kreye VAW, Bussmann WD Akute rechtsatriale Drucksteigerung durch intrakardiale Stimulation erhöht den atrialen natriuretischen Faktor (ANF). In: (Hrsg) ANP — Atriales natriuretisches Peptid und das kardiovaskuläre System. Steinkopff Verlag, Darmstadt, S 149–157, 1988
Hedman A. Long-term follow-up of patients with the QT interval sensing rate-responsive pacemaker. J Intern Med 225: 385–391, 1989
Hedman A, Hjemdahl P, Nordlander R, Aström H. Effects of mental and physical stress on central haemodynamics and cardiac sympathtic nerve activity during QT interval-sensing rate-responsive and fixed rate ventricular inhibited pacing. Eur Heart J 11: 903–915, 1990
Heinz G, Kratochwill C, Schmid S, Krener G, Siostrzonek P, Pacher R, Grimm M, Laufer G, Gössinger H. Sinus node dysfunction after orthotopic heart transplantation: The Vienna experience. PACE 17: 2057–2063, 1994
Henritze J, Weltman A, Schurrer RL, Barlow K. Effects of training at and above the lactate threshold on the lactate threshold and maximal oxygen uptake. Eur J Appl Physiol 54: 84–88, 1985
Henry JP, Gauer OH, Reeves JL. Evidence of the atrial location of receptors influencing urine flow. Circ Res 4: 85–90, 1956
Hesselson AB, Parsonnet V, Bernstein AD, Bonavita GJ. Deleterious effects of long-term single-chamber ventricular pacing in patients with sick sinus syndrome: the hidden benefits of dual-chamber pacing. J Am Coll Cardiol 19: 1542–1549, 1992
Higano ST, Hayes DL. Investigation of a new activity sensing rate responsive dual chamber pacemaker (abstract). PACE 12: 1277, 1989
Higano ST, Hayes DL, Christiansen JR. Metabolic effects of atrioventricual synchrony during low levels of exercise (abstract). PACE 13: 559, 1990
Hinkle LE, Carver ST, Plakun A. Slow heart rates and increased risk of cardiac death in middle-aged men. Arch Intern Med 129: 732–748, 1972
Hochleitner M, Hörtnagl H, Ng CK, Hörtnagl H, Gschnitzer F, Zechmann W. Usefulness of physiologic dual-chamber pacing in drug-resistant idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 66:198–202, 1990
Hochleitner M, Hörtnagl H, Hörtnagl H, Fridrich L, Gschnitzer F. Long-term efficacy of physiologic dual-chamber pacing in the treatment of end-stage idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 70:1320–1325, 1992
Holden W, McAnulty JH, Rahimtoola SH. Characterization of heart rate response to exercise in the sick sinus syndrome. Br Heart J 40: 923–930, 1978
Hollmann W. The relationship between pH, lactic acid, potessium in the arterial and venous blood, the ventilation, PoW and puls frequency during increasing spiroergometric work in endurance-trained and untrained persons. Pan-American Congress for Sports Medicine, Chicago, 1959;
zitiert nach: Hollman WPrinz JP und : Zur Geschichte und klinischen Bedeutung der kardiopulmonalen Arbeitsuntersuchung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Spiroergometrie. Z Kardiol 83:247–257, 1994
Höltmann B, Schött D. Vergleichende Untersuchungen der Hämodynamik bei Patienten mit DDD-Schrittmachern während unterschiedlicher Stimulationsmodi und AV-Überleitungszeiten in Ruhe und bei Belastung. Herzschrittmacher 4: 133–137, 1984
Holtz JMünzel T, Bassenge E, . Das natriuretische Vorhofhormon im Menschen. Z Kardiol 76:655–670, 1987
Hull RW, Snow F, Herre J, Ellenbogen KA. The plasma catecholamine responses to ventricular pacing: implications for rate responsive pacing. PACE 13: 1408–1415, 1990
Humen DP, Anderson K, Brumwell D.Steinbach K A pacemaker which automatically increases its pacing rate with physical activity. In: (ed) Cardiac pacing. Proceedings of the VIIIth World Symposium of Cardiac Pacing, Steinkopff, Darmstadt, pp 259–264, 1983
Humen DP, Kostuk WJ, Klein GJ. Activity-sensing, rate-responsive pacing: improvement in myocardial performance with exercise. PACE 8: 52–59, 1985
Hyman, AS. Resuscitation of the stopped heart by intracardial therapy. Experimental use of an artificial pacemaker. Arch Intern Med 50: 283–305, 1932
Igawa O, Tomokuni A, Saitoh M, Kitamura H, Miyakoda H, Kotake H, Mashiba H, Itoh S, Kurogane H, Yoshida Y. Sympathetic nervous system response to dynamic exercise in complete AV block patients treated with AV synchronous pacing with fixed AV delay or with auto-AV-delay. PACE 13: 1766–1772, 1990
Irnich W, Bleifeld W, Effert S. Permanente transvenöse Elektrostimulation des Herzens mit einer myokardial fixierten Elektrode. Thoraxchir 20: 440–443, 1972
Irnich W, de Bakker JMT. Konzept eines Optimal-Schrittmachers. Biomedizinische Technik, Band 20: 89–90, 1975
Irnich W, Conrady J. A new principle of rate adaptive pacing in patients with sick sinus syndrome. PACE 11:1823–1828, 1988
Isenberg G.Griebenow R, Gülker H Zellphysiologische Grundlagen der kardialen Sympathikus- und Parasympathikuswirkung. In: (Hrg) Autonomes Nervensystem und Herzrhythmusstörungen. Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, New York, S. 17–55, 1990
Iskandrian AS. Pacemaker therapy in congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 66: 223–224, 1990
Jamieson JD, Palade GE. Specific granules in atrial muscle cells. J Cell Biol 23: 151–172, 1964
Janicki JS, Gupta S, Ferris ST, McElroy PA. Long-term reproducibility of respiratory gas exchange measurements during exercise in patients with stable cardiac failure. Chest 97: 12–17, 1990
Jennings GL, Murray DE. Circulatory regulation at rest and exercise and the functional assessment of patients with congestive heart failure. Circulation 81 (Suppl II): II5–II13, 1990
Judge RD, Wilson WS, Siegel JH. Hemodynamic studies in patients with implanted cardiac pacemakers. N Engl J Med 270: 1391–1395, 1964
Jutzy RV, Florio J, Isaeff DM, Marsa R, Bansai RC, Jutzy KR, Levine PA, Feenstra L. Comparative evaluation of rate modulated dual chamber and WIR pacing. PACE 13: 1838–1846, 1990
Kappenberger L, Gloor HO, Babotai I, Steinbrunn W, Turina M. Hemodynamic effects of atrial synchronisation in acute and long-term ventricular pacing. PACE 5: 639–645, 1982
Kappenberger LJ, Herpes L. Rate responsive dual chamber pacing. PACE 9: 987–991, 1986
Karlöf I. Haemodynamic effect of atrial triggered versus fixed rate pacing at rest and during exercise in complete heart block. Acta med Scand 197: 195–206, 1975
Katz A, Sahlin K. Regulation of lactic acid production during exercise. J Appl Physiol 65:509–518, 1988
Kay NG, Bubien RS, Epstein AE, Plumb VJ. Effect of catheter ablation of the atrioventricular junction on quality of life and exercise tolerance in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 62: 741–744, 1988
Kelly PA, MacAulay-Hunter EF, Astridge PS, Masheter ER, Lowry PJ, Perrins EJ, Kaye GC. Atrial contraction is necessary for the release of atrial natriuretic peptide during exercise in patients with complete heart block (abstract). PACE 16: 887, 1993
Kisch B. Electron microscopy of the atrium of the heart. I. Guinea pig. Exp Med Surg 14:99–112, 1956
Kleinert M. Five-year clinical experience with different permanent atrial electrodes. Herz Kreisl 9:435–440, 1977
Knapp K, Gmeiner R, Hammerle P, Raas E. Der Einfluß der Vorhofkontraktion auf das Schlagvolumen bei Schrittmacherstimulation. Z Kardiol 65: 783–789, 1976
Krasner JL, Noukydis PV, Nardella PC. A physiologically controlled cardiac pacemaker. J Assoc Adv Med Instrum 1: 14, 1966; zitiert nach: Mond HG, 1993
Kreymann G, Jacobs G, Rödiger W.Markewitz A, Rödiger W How can physiological pacing improve exercise tolerance? Some basic considerations. In: (eds) Advances in physiological pacing. Medplan Verlag, München, pp 65–72, 1986
Kristensson BE, Amman K, Ryden L. The hemodynamic importance of atrioventricular synchrony and rate increase at rest and during exercise. Europ Heart J 6: 773–778, 1985
Kruse I, Ryden L. Comparison of physical work capacity and systolic time intervals with ventricular inhibited and atrial synchronous ventricular inhibited pacing. Br Heart J 46: 129–136, 1981
Kruse I, Amman K, Conradson TB, Ryden L. A comparison of the acute and long-term hemodynamic effects of ventricular inhibited and atrial synchronous ventricular inhibited pacing. Circulation 65: 846–855, 1982
La Villa G, Padeletti L, Lazzeri C, Salvi S, Michelucci A, Fronzaroli C, Porciani C, Mezzani A, Franchi F. Plasma levels of natriuretic peptides during ventricular pacing in patients with a dual chamber pacemaker. PACE 17: 953–958, 1994
Laczkovics A. The central venous blood temperature as a guide for rate control in pacemaker therapy. PACE 7: 822–830, 1984
Lagergren H, Johansson L: Intracardiac stimulation for complete heart block. Acta Chir Scand 125: 562–566, 1963
Lagergren H, Johansson L, Karlös L, Thornander H. Atrial triggered pacemaking without thoracotomy: Apparatus and results in twenty cases. Acta Chir Scand 132: 678–796, 1966
Lamas GA, Pashos CL, Normand S-LT, McNeil B (1995) Permanent pacemaker selection and subsequent survival in elderly Medicare pacemaker recipients. Circulation 91: 1063–1069
Landzberg JS, Franklin JO, Mahawar SK, Himelman RB, Botvinick EH, Schiller NB, Springer MJ, Griffin JC. Benefits of physiologic atrioventricular synchronization for pacing with an exercise rate reponse. Am J Cardiol 66: 193–197, 1990
Lang RE, Thölken H, Ganten D, Luft FC, Ruskoaho H, Unger T. Atrial natriuretic factor- a circulating hormone stimulated by volume loading. Nature (London) 314: 264–266, 1985
Lau CP, Camm AJ. Role of left ventricular function and Doppler-derived variables in predicting the hemodynamic benefits of rate responsive pacing. Am J Cardiol 62: 906–911, 1988
Lau CP, Wong CK, Leung WH, Liu WX. Superior cardiac hemodynamics of atrioventricular synchrony over rate responsive pacing at submaximal exercise: observations in activity sensing DDDR pacemakers. PACE 13: 1832–1837, 1990
Lau CP, Tai YT, Li P, Fong PC, Li J, Tang MO, Chung F. Symptomatology, quality of life assessment and pressor response during AAIR, DDDR and WIR pacing in patients with the sick sinus syndrome (abstract). Eur J CPE 2: A42, 1992
Lechleitner P, Genser N, Hauptlorenz S, Putensen C, Mitterschiffthaler G, Artner-Dworzak E, Puschendorf B, Dienstl F. Verhalten von atrialem natriuretischem Peptid (ANP) und zyklischem Guanosinmonophosphat (cGMP) bei der Kardioversion. Z Kardiol 80: 574–579, 1991
Lehmacher W Verlaufskurven und Crossover. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1987
Lehmann M.Alt E, Barold SS, Stangl K The impact of exercise metabolism; catecholamine levels and individual fitness. In: (eds) Rate adaptive pacing. Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, pp 41–51, 1993
Leinbach RC, Chamberlain DA, Kastor JA, Harthorne JW, Sanders CA. A comparison of the hemodynamic effects of ventricular and sequential A-V pacing in patients with heart block. Am Heart J 78: 502–508, 1969
Lemke B, Höltmann BJ, Selbach H, Barmeyer J. The atrial pacemaker: retrospective analysis of complications and life expectancy in patients with sinus node dysfunction. Int J Cardiol 22: 185–193, 1989
Lemke B, von Dryander S, Höltmann BJ, Gomell T, Barmeyer J. Prognose von Patienten mit Brady-arrhythmie nach SM-Implantation (Abstract). Herzschr Elektrophys 1: 164, 1990a
Lemke B, Gude J, von Dryander S, Barmeyer J, Braun E, Krieg M. Einfluß von AV-Synchronisation und Frequenzsteigerung auf die Hämodynamik und das atriale natriuretische Peptid bei Patienten mit totalem AV-Block. Z Kardiol 79: 547–556, 1990b
Lemke B, von Dryander S, Großkurth D, Jäger D, Machraoui A, Barmeyer JAntonioli GE, Aubert AE, Ector H: Longterm results of actively fixed pacemaker-leads in atrial and ventricular position. In: (eds) Pacemaker leads 1991. Elsevier Amsterdam, S. 277–282, 1991
Lemke B, von Dryander S, Farag O, Jäger D, Machraoui A, Barmeyer J, Böhm S, Voss B. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) release and functional capacity in rate modulated pacing (abstract). PACE 15: 523, 1992a
Lemke B, von Dryander S, Jäger D, Machraoui A, Böhm S, Tunn S. Neurohumoral and functional capacity response to rate modulated pacing (abstract). Circulation 86:1–51, 1992b
Lemke B, Winter UJ: Hämodynamische Bedeutung der programmierbaren atrioventrikulären Verzögerungszeit für die Zwei-Kammer-Stimulation. Herzschr Elektrophys 3: 41–57, 1992c
Lemke B, von Dryander S. Berechnung einer optimierten AV-Verzögerungszeit (Abstract). Herzschr Elektrophys 5: 118, 1994
Lemke B, Fischer W, Schulten HK. Richtlinien zur Herzschrittmachertherapie. Indikationen, Systemwahl, Nachsorge. Z Kardiol 85: 611–628, 1996
Lichtlen PR. Koronarangiographie. Perimed Verlag, Erlangen 1979
Linde-Edelstam C, Gullberg B, Norlander R, Pehrsson SK, Rosenqvist M, Ryden L. Longevity in patients with high degree atrioventricular block paced in the atrial synchronous or the fixed rate ventricular inhibited mode. PACE 15: 304–313, 1992a
Linde-Edelstam C, Hjemdahl P, Pehrsson SK, Aström H, Nordlander R. Is DDD pacing superior to WI,R? A study on cardiac sympathetic nerve activity and myocardial oxygen consumption at rest and during exercise. PACE 15: 425–434, 1992b
Linderer T, Chatterjee K, Parmley WW, Sievers RE, Glantz SATyberg JV, Influence of atrial systole on the Frank-Starling relation and the end-diastolic pressure-diameter relation of the left ventricle. Circulation 67: 1045–1053, 1983
Litwin SE, Gorman G, Huang SKS. Effects of different pacing modes on left ventricular relaxation in closed-chest dogs. PACE 12: 1070–1076, 1989
Lown B, Verrier RL. Neural activity and ventricular fibrillation. N Engl J Med 294: 1165–1170, 1976
Mabo P, Pouillot C, Kermarrec A, Lelong B, Lebreton H, Daubert C. Lack of physiological adaptation of the atrioventricular interval to heart rate in patients chronically paced in the AAIR mode. PACE 14: 2133–2142, 1991
Machraoui A, Gude J, Braun BE, Jäger D, Lemke B, Krieg M, Barmeyer J. Einfluß der Vorhof größe auf das zirkulierende atriale natriuretische Peptid — eine echokardiographische Studie. Herz/Kreislauf 24: 13–16, 1992
Mancini GB, McGillem MJ, Bates ER, Weder AB, BeBoe SF, Grekin RJ. Hormonal response to cardiac tamponade: inhibition of release of atrial natriuretic factor despite elevation of atrial pressures. Circulation 76: 884–890, 1987
Mann DL, Kent RI, Parsons B, Cooper G. Adrenergic effects on the biology of the adult mammalian cardiocyte. Circulation 85: 790–804, 1992
Matthews DE, Farewell VT. Using and understanding medical statistics. Karger, Basel 1988
McElroy PA, Janicki JSWeber KT, Physiologic correlates of the heart rate response to upright isotonic exercise: relevance to rate-responsive pacemakers. J Am Coll Cardiol 11: 94–99, 1988
Menozzi C, Brignole M, Moracchini PV, Lolli G, Bacchi M, Tesorieri MC, Tosoni GD, Bollini R. Intrapatient comparison between chronic WIR and DDD pacing in patients affected by high degree AV block without heart failure. PACE 13: 1816–1822, 1990
Miyamoto Y, Curtiss EI, Kormos RL, Armitage JM, Hardesty RL, Griffith BP. Brady arrhythmia after heart transplantation. Incidence, time course, and outcome. Circulation 82: IV313–IV317, 1990
Mond HGAlt E, Barold SS, Stangl K: Respiration. In: (eds) Rate adaptive cardiac pacing. Springer Verlag Berlin pp 98–110, 1993
Mukharji J, Rehr RB, Hastillo A, Thompson JA, Hess ML, Paulsen WJ, Vetrovec GW. Comparison of atrial contribution to cardiac hemodynamics in patients with normal and severely compromised cardiac function. Clin Cardiol 13: 639–643, 1990
Munteanu J, Wirtzfeld A, Stangl K, Alt E, Seidl K.Gomez FP Is the hemodynamic benefit of VDD pacing due to AV-synchrony or to rate responsiveness? In: (ed) Cardiac pacing. Editorial Grouz, Madrid pp 893–897, 1985
Naito M, Dreifus LS, Mardelli TJ, Chen CC, David D, Michelson EL, Morganroth J. Echocardiographic features of atrioventricular and ventriculoatrial conduction. Am J Cardiol 46:625–633, 1980
Nakaoka H, Kitahara Y, Imatahara Y, Imataka K, Fujii J, Ishibashi M, Yamaji T. Atrial natriuretic peptide with artificial pacemakers. Am J Cardiol 60: 384–385, 1987
Nappholz T, Lubin M, Maloney J. Measuring minute ventilation with a pacing catheter (abstract). PACE 8: 785, 1985
Narahara KA, Blettel ML. Effect of rate on left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction during chronic ventricular pacing. Circulation 67: 323–329, 1983
Nathan DCenter S, Wu CY, Keller W, . An implantable synchronous pacemaker for long-term correction of complete heart block. Am J Cardiol 11: 362–367, 1963
Needleman P, Greenwald JE. Atriopeptin: a cardiac hormone intimately involved in fluid, electrolyte, and blood-pressure homeostasis. N Engl J Med 314: 828–834, 1986
Neuzner J, Mitrovic V, Breidenbach T, Schlepper M, Pitschner H. Neurohumoral response to exercise during ventricular fix rate and rate modulated pacing (abstract). PACE 15: 523, 1992
Nicklas JM, DiCarlo LA, Koller PT, Morady F, Diltz EA, Shenker Y, Grekin RJ. Plasma levels of immunoreactive atrial natriuretic factor increase during supraventricular tachycardia. Am Heart J 112: 923–928, 1986
Noll B, Krappe J, Göke B. Beeinflussung des atrialen natriuretischen Faktors durch die AV-Über-leitungszeit bei Schrittmacherträgern. Dtsch med Wschr 113: 1994–1996, 1988
Noll B, Krappe J, Göke B, Maisch B. Atrial natriuretic peptide levels reflect hemodynamic changes under pacemaker stimulation. PACE 13: 970–975, 1990
Nordlander R, Pehrsson SK, Aström H, Karlsson J. Myocardial demands of atrial-triggered versus fixed-rate ventricular pacing in patients with complete heart block. PACE 10: 1154–1159, 1987
Oie BK, Skadberg BT, Myking OL, Ohm OJ. Acute effects of different pacing modes on atrial natriuretic peptide, catecholamines and right atrial pressure in patients with complete atrioventricular block. Eur JCPE 1: 29–35, 1993
Oldroyd KG, Rae AP, Carter R, Wingate C, Cobbe SM. Double blind crossover comparison of the effects of dual chamber pacing (DDD) and ventricular rate adaptive (WIR) pacing on neuroendocrine variables, exercise performance, and symptoms in complete heart block. Br Heart J 65: 188–193, 1991
Oliver JR, Twidale N, Lakin C, Cain M, Tonkin AM. Plasma atrial natriuretic polypeptide concentrations during and after reversion of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias. Br Heart J 59: 458–462, 1988
Park RC, Little WC, O’Rourke RA. Effect of alteration of left ventricular activation sequence on the left ventricular end systolic pressure-volume relationship in closed-chest dogs. Circ Res 57: 706–717, 1985
Pehrsson SK. Influence of heart rate and atrioventricular synchronization on maximal work tolerance in patients treated with artificial pacemakers. Acta Med Scand 214: 311–315, 1983
Pehrsson SK, Hjemdahl P, Nordlander R, Astrom H. A comparison of sympathoadrenal activity and cardiac performance at rest and during exercise in patients with ventricular demand or atrial synchronous pacing. Br Heart J 60: 212–220, 1988
Poliner LR, Dehmer GJ, Lewis SE, Parkey RW, Blomqvist CG, Willerson JT. Left ventricular performance in normal subjects: a comparison of the responses to exercise in the upright and supine position. Circulation 62: 528–534, 1990
Poole-Wilson PA. Exercise as a means of assessing heart failure and its response to treatment. Cardiology 76: 347–356, 1989
Porstmann W, Witte J, Dressier L, Schaldach M, Vogel I, Warnke H. P wave synchronous pacing using anchored atrial electrode implanted without thoracotomy. Am J Cardiol 30: 74–76, 1972
Prinzen FW, Delhaas T, Arts T, Reneman RS.Sideman S, Beyar R Asymmetrical changes in ventricular wall mass by asynchronous electrical activation of the heart. In: (eds) Interactive Phenomena in the Cardiac System. Plenum Press, New York, pp 257–264, 1993
Prior M, Masterson M, Blackburn G, Maloney J, Wilkoff B. Critical identification of patients with sinus node dysfunction for potential sensor-driven pacing (abstract) PACE 11: 512, 1988
Proctor EE, Leman RB, Mann DL, Kaiser J, Kratz J, Gilette P. Single- versus dual-chamber sensor-driven pacing: comparison of cardiac outputs. Am Heart J 122: 728–732, 1991
Punzengruber C, Hartter E, Weissel M, Burghuber OC, Ludvik B, Woloszczuk W Periphere und rechts-atriale Plasmaspiegel des atrialen natriuretischen Peptids und ihre Beziehung zum atrialen Mitteldruck. Z Kardiol 76: 72–75, 1987
Rahimtoola SH, Ehsani A, Sinno MZ, Loeb HS, Rosen KM, Gunnar RM. Left atrial transport function in myocardial infarction. Importance of its booster pump function. Am J Med 59: 686–694, 1975
Raine AEG, Erne P, Bürgisser E, Müller FB, Bolli P, Burkart F, Bühler FR. Atrial natriuretic peptide and atrial pressure in patients with congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 315: 533–537, 1986
Raven P, Mitchell J.Weisfeldt ML The effect of aging on the cardiovascular response to dynamic and static exercise. In: (ed) The aging heart. Raven Press, New York, pp 269–296, 1980
Rector TS, Olivari MT, Levine TB, Francis GS, Cohn JN. Predicting survival for an individual with congestive heart failure using the plasma norepinephrine concentration. Am Heart J 114: 148–152, 1987
Redfield MM, Edwards BS, McGoon MD, Heublein DM, Aarhus LL, Burnett JC Jr. Failure of atrial natriuretic factor to increase with volume expansion in acute and chronic congestive heart failure in the dog. Circulation 80: 651–657, 1989
Reiter MJ, Hindman MC. Hemodynamic effects of acute atrioventricular sequential pacing in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Am J Cardiol 49: 687–692, 1982
Rickards AF, Norman J. Relation between QT interval and heart rate. New design of physiologically adaptive cardiac pacemaker. Br Heart J 45: 56–61, 1981
Rickards AF, Donaldson RM. Rate responsive pacing. Clin Prog Pacing Electrophysiol 1: 12–19, 1983
Richards AM, Tonolo G, Melutyre GD, Lecki BJ, Robertson JIS. Radio-Immunoassay for plasma alpha human atrial natriuretic peptide: a comparison of direct and pre-extracted metods. J Hypertension 5: 227–236, 1987
Rognoni G, Bolognese L, Aina F, Occhetta E, Magnani A, Rossi P Respiratory dependent atrial pacing management of sinus node disease. PACE 11:1853–1859, 1988
Roos J, Linhart JW, Braunwald E. Effects of changing heart rate in man by electrical stimulation of the right atrium. Circulation 32: 549–558, 1965
Rosenkranz KA, Schaldach M: Transvenös-endokardiale Vorhofsteuerung von Schrittmachern. Dtsch Med Wschr 96: 680–686, 1971
Rosenqvist M, Brandt J, Schüller H: Long-term pacing in sinus node disease: Effects of stimulation mode on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Am Heart J 116: 16–22, 1988
Rosenqvist M, Obel IW Atrial pacing and the risk for AV block: time for a change in attitude? PACE 12: 97–101, 1989
Rosenqvist M: Atrial pacing for sick sinus syndrome. Clin Cardiol 13: 43–47, 1990a
Rosenqvist M, Aren C, Kristensson BE, Nordlander R, Schüller H. Atrial rate-responsive pacing in sinus node disease. Eur Heart J 11: 537–542, 1990b
Rosenqvist M, Isaaz K, Botvinick EH, Dae MW, Cockrell J, Abott JA, Schiller NB, Griffin JC. Relative importance of activation sequence compared to atrioventricular synchrony in left ventricular function. Am J Cardiol 67: 148–156, 1991
Ross J, Linhart JW, Braunwald E. Effects of changing heart rate in man by electrical stimulation of the right atrium. Circulation 32: 549–558, 1965
Rossi P, Plicchi G, Canducci G, Rognoni G, Aina F. Respiratory rate as a determinant of optimal pacing rate. PACE 6: 502–507, 1983
Rossi P, Rognoni G, Occhetta E, Aina F, Prando MD, Plicchi G, Minella M. Respiration-dependent ventricular pacing compared with fixed ventricular and atrial-ventricular synchronous pacing: aerobic and hemodynamic variables. J Am Coll Cardiol 6: 646–652, 1985
Rost R, Hollmann W. Belastungsuntersuchungen in der Praxis. Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 1982
Roy D, Paillard F, Cassidy D, Bourassa MG, Gutkowska J, Genest J, Cantin M. Atrial natriuretic factor during atrial fibrillation and supraventricular tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol 9: 509–514, 1987
Ruiter J, Burgersdijk C, Zeeders M, Kee D. Atrial Activitrax pacing, the atrioventricular interval during exercise (abstract). PACE 10: 1226, 1987
Ryden L, Karlsson Ö, Kristensson BE. The importance of different atrioventricular intervals for exercise capacity. PACE 11: 1051–1062, 1988
Salo RW, Pederson BD, Olive AL, Lincoln WA, Wallner TG. Continuous ventricular volume assessment for diagnosis and pacemaker control. PACE 7: 1267–1272, 1984
Samet P, Bernstein W, Levine S. Significance of the atrial contribution to ventricular filling. Am J Cardiol 15: 195–202, 1966a
Samet P, Castillo C, Bernstein WH. Hemodynamic sequelae of atrial, ventricular, and sequential atrioventricular pacing in cardiac patients. Am Heart J 72: 725–729, 1966b
Santini M, Alexidou G, Ansalone G, Cacciatore G, Cini R, Turitto G. Relation of prognosis in sick sinus syndrome to age, conduction defects and modes of permanent cardiac pacing. Am J Cardiol 65: 729–735, 1990
Sasaki Y, Shimotori M, Akahane K, Yonekura H, Hirano K, Endoh R, Koike S, Kawa S, Furuta S, Homma T. Long-term follow-up of patients with sick sinus syndrome: a comparison of clinical aspects among unpaced, ventricular inhibited paced, and physiologically paced groups. PACE 11:1575–1583, 1988
Schaldach M. PEP-gesteuerter Herzschrittmacher. Biomed Tech 34: 177–184, 1989
Schmid C, Wahlers T, Schäfers HJ, Cremer J, Haverich A. Schrittmacherimplantation nach orthotoper Herztransplantation: Inzidenz, Indikation und Ergebnisse. Herzschr Elektrophys 2: 50–52, 1991
Schött D, Höltmann B, Straub H, Machraoui A. Hämodynamik bei unterschiedlichen Schrittmacherstimulationsfrequenzen. Herzschrittmacher 3: 94–97, 1983
Schröder G, Witte J, von Knorre GH. Die permanente Stimulation des Vorhofs mit gesteuerten und festfrequenten Schrittmachern. Dtsch Ges Wesen 28: 1722–1725, 1973
Seino Y, Shimai S, Ibuki C, Itoh K, Takano T, Hayakawa H. Disturbed secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide in patients with persistent atrial standstill: endocrinologic silence. J Am Coll Cardiol 18:459–463, 1991
Seino Y, Shimai S, Nagae Y, Ibuki C, Takano T, Tanaka S, Hayakawa H. Cardiodynamic and neurohormonal importance of atrial contribution in rate-responsive pacing. Am J Cardiol 72: 36–40, 1993
Sgarbossa WB, Pinski SL, Maloney JD. The role of pacing modality in determining long-term survival in the sick sinus syndrome. Ann Intern Med 119: 359–365, 1993
Shepherd JT. Circulatory response to exercise in health. Circulation 76: VI3–VI10, 1987
Siddons H, Davies JG. A new technique for internal cardiac pacing. Lancet 2: 1204–1205, 1963
Simpson P, Bisphopric N, Coughlin S, Karliner J, Ordahl C, Starksen N, Tsao T, White N, Williams L. Dual trophic effects of the alpha1 adrenergic receptor in cultured neonatal rat heart muscle cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol 18 (Suppl 5): 45–58, 1986
Sowton E. Haemodynamic studies in patients with artificial pacemakers. Brit Heart J 26:737–746, 1964
Stangl K, Weil J, Seitz K, Laule M, Gerzer R. Influence of AV synchrony on the plasma levels of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in patients with total AVblock. PACE 11: 1176–1181, 1988
Stangl K, Schüller H, Schulten HK. Empfehlungen zur Herzschrittmachertherapie. Indikationen, Systemwahl, Nachkontrolle. Herzschr Elektrophys 2: 35–44, 1991
Starling EH. The linacre lecture on the law of the heart (Cambridge, 1915). Longmans, Green und Co., 1918
Stegemann J, Kenner T. A theory on heart rate by muscular metabolic receptors. Arch Kreisl-Forsch 64: 185, 1971
Stierle U, Potratz J, Giannitis E, Krüger D, Taubert G, Mitusch R, Sheikhzadeh A. Transösophageale Doppler-Echokardiographie zur Diagnostik eines Schrittmacher-Syndroms (Abstract). Herzschr Elektrophys 3: 185, 1992
Sulke AN, Pipilis A, Henderson RA, Bucknall CA, Sowton E. Comparison of normal sinus node with seven types of rate responsive pacemaker during everyday activity. Br Heart J 64: 25–31, 1990
Sulke N, Chambers J, Dritsas A, Sowton E: A randomized double-blind crossover comparison of four rate-responsive pacing modes. J Am Coll Cardiol 17: 696–706, 1991
Sullivan M, Froelicher V. Maximal oxygen uptake and gas exchange in coronary heart disease. J Cardiac Rehabil 3: 549–560, 1983
Sutton R, Citron P. Electrophysiological and haemodynamic basis for application of new pacemaker technology in sick sinus syndrome and atrioventricular block. Br Heart J 41: 600–612, 1979
Sutton R, Perrins J, Citron P. Physiological cardiac pacing. PACE 3: 207–219, 1980
Sutton R, Kenny RA (1986) The natural history of sick sinus syndrome. PACE 9: 1110–1114
Sykosch HJ, Effert S, Pulver KJ, Zacouto F. Zur Therapie mit elektrischen Schrittmachern. Ein implantierbarer, induktiv ausschaltbarer elektrischer Schrittmacher. Elektromedizin 8: 139–142, 1963
Sykosch HJ, Effert S, Pulver KG. Synchronisierter P-Wellen-gesteuerter Schrittmacher zur Behandlung von Adams-Stokes-Anfällen. Zentralbl f Chir 89: 479–484, 1964
Takemura G, Fujiwara H, Mukoyama M, Saito Y, Nakao K, Kawamura A, Ishida M, Kida M, Uegaito T, Tanaka M, Matsumori A, Fujiwara T, Imura H, Kawai C. Expression and distribution of atrial natriuretic peptide in human hypertrophic ventricle of hypertensive hearts and hearts with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 83: 181–190, 1991
Thadani K, Parker JO. Hemodynamics at rest and during supine and sitting bicycle exercise in normal subjects. Am J Cardiol 41: 52–59, 1978
The criteria committee of the New York Heart Association: Diseases of the heart and blood vessels; nomenclature and criteria for diagnosis, 7th ed Little, Brown and Co, Boston 1973
Theodorakis GN, Kremastinos T, Markianos M, Livanis E, Karavolias G, Toutouzas PK. Total sympathetic activity and atrial natriuretic factor levels in WI and DDD pacing with different atrioventricular delays during daily activity and exercise. Eur Heart J 13: 1477–1481, 1992
Thormann J, Schlepper M.Lüderitz B Hämodynamische Auswirkungen kardialer Arrhythmien. In: (Hrsg) Herzrhythmusstörungen. Springer Verlag, Berlin, S 355–421, 1983
Travili C, Williams M, Lascelles K, Jeffrey C, Chalmers J, Lightman S, Sutton R. WI pacing with intact retrograde atrio-ventricular conduction (RAVC) causes increased atrial pressures and plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). PACE 12: 1236, 1989
Travili C, Guneri S, Hills W, Williams M, Lightman S, Sutton R. The neurohumoral response to sub-maximal exercise in four pacing modes (abstract). PACE 14: 621, 1991
Treese N, Coutinho M, Ophoff N, Rhein S, Pop T, Meyer J. Kardiopulmonale Belastung: Funktionskontrolle für frequenzvariable Schrittmachersysteme. Z Kardiol 79: 396–402, 1990
Treese N, MacCarter D, Akbulut O, Coutinho M, Baez M, Liebrich A, Meyer J: Ventilation and heart rate response during exercise in normals: Relevance for rate variable pacing. PACE 16: 1693–1700, 1993
Tsuchimochi H, Kurimoto F, Ieki K, Koyama H, Takaku F, Kawana M, Kimata SYazaki Y, Atrial natriuretic peptide distribution in fetal and failed adult human hearts. Circulation 78:920–927, 1988
Twidale N, Rayner TE, Menadue MF, Cain MD, Tonkin AM, Oliver JR. Atrial natriuretic factor release during rapid ventricular pacing: interplay between autonomic and hemodynamic stimulants. Am Heart J 125: 1638–1644, 1993
Valentin JP, Ribstein J, Mimran A. Effect of nicardipine and atriopeptin on transcapillary shift of fluid and proteins. Am J Physiol 257: R174–R179, 1989
Vardas P, Williams M, Travili C, Lightman S, Sutton R.Baihassen B Atrial natriuretic peptide in complete atrioventricular block, untreated and after DDD and WI pacing. In: et al. (eds) Cardiac pacing and electrophysiology. R u L Creative Communications, Tel Aviv, S 261–263, 1987
Vardas PE, Walsh KP, Travili CM, Williams TDM, Ingram AM, Lightman SL, Sutton R. Relation of atrial natriuretic peptide release to atrial contraction. Am J Cardiol 63: 753–755, 1989
Vaxelaire JF, Laurent S, Lacolley P, Brand V, Schmitt H, Michel JB. Atrial natriuretic peptide decreases contractility of cultured chick ventricular cells. Life Sci 45: 41–48, 1989
Völker H, Sigmund M, Desch U, Silny J, Schöndube F, Hanrath P. Profitieren herztransplantierte Patienten von einer frequenzadaptierenden Elektrostimulation? Z Kardiol 82: 775–780, 1993
Vogt P, Goy JJ, Kuhn M, Leuenberger P, Kappenberger L. Single versus double chamber rate responsive cardiac pacing: comparison by cardiopulmonary noninvasive exercise testing. PACE 11: 1896–1901, 1988
Volpe M, Tritto C, De Luca N, Mele AF, Lembo G, Rubattu S, Romano M, De Campora P, Enea I, Ricciardelli B, Trimarco B, Condorelli M. Failure of atrial natriuretic factor to increase with saline load in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and mild heart failure. J Clin Invest 88:1481–1489, 1991
von Dryander S, Lemke B, Hinrichsen M, Machraoui A, Barmeyer J. Die Dopplerechokardiographie in der Beurteilung systolischer und diastolischer Flußveränderungen bei Patienten mit Zweikammerschrittmachern. Herzschrittmacher 10: 62–71, 1990
von Dryander S, Lemke B, Jäger D, Barmeyer J. Diastolic time intervals with different AV-programmings in dual chamber pacemaker carriers compared to a normal population (abstract). PACE 14: 621, 1991
von Dryander S, Lemke B, Hinrichsen M, Jäger D, Barmeyer J. Dopplerechokardiographische Befunde bei Vorhofpfropfung (Abstract). Herzschr Elektrophys 3: 172, 1992a
von Dryander S, Lemke B, Jäger D, Machraoui A, Barmeyer J. Der linksventrikuläre Einstrom an der Mitralklappe mit Vorhofwahrnehmung im Zweikammerschrittmacherbetrieb im Vergleich zum Eigenrhythmus bei Herzgesunden. Herzschr Elektrophys 3: 65–73, 1992b
von Dryander S, Lemke B, Lawo T, Calcum B, Jäger D, Barmeyer J. Passagere Zweikammerstimulation bei dilatativer Cardiomyopathie. Untersuchungen zur Hämodynamik (Abstract). Herzschr Elektrophys 5: 104, 1994
Walsh KP, Williams TDM, Spiteri C, Pitts E, Lightman SL, Sutton R. Role of atrial pressure and rate in release of atrial natriuretic peptide. Am J Physiol 254: R607–R610, 1988
Wambach G, Götz S, Suckan G, Bönner G, Kaufmann W Plasma levels of atrial natriuretic peptide are raised in essential hypertension during low and high sodium intake. Klin Wochenschr 65: 232–237, 1987
Wambach G, Kaufmann W Standardisierung der Plasmabestimmung des atrialen natriuretischen Peptids (ANP). Z Kardiol 77 (Suppl 2): 31–35, 1988
Wasserman K, McIlroy MB. Detecting the threshold of anaerobic metabolism in cardiac patients during exercise. Am J Cardiol 14: 844–852, 1964
Wasserman K, Wipp BJ, Koyal SN, Beaver WL. Anaerobic threshold and respiratory gas exchange during exercise. J Appl Physiol 35: 236–243, 1973
Wasserman K, Hansen JE, Sue DY, Whipp BJ. Principles of exercise testing and interpretation. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, 1987
Wasserman K. Overview and future directions. Circulation 81: II59–II64, 1990
Weber KT, Janicki JS. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing for Evaluation of chronic cardiac failure. Am J Cardiol 55 (Suppl): 22A–31A, 1985
Weber KT, Janicki JS (eds) Cardiopulmonary exercise testing: physiologic principles and clinical application. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 1986
Weidmann P, Hasler L, Gnädinger MP, Lang RE, Uehlinger DE, Shaw S, Rascher W, Reubi FC. Blood levels and renal effects of atrial natriuretic peptide in normal man. J Clin Invest 77: 734–742, 1986
Weirich WL, Paneth M, Pott VL, Lillehei CW: The treatment of complete heart block by the use of an artificial pacemaker and a myocardial electrode. Am J Cardiol 2: 250, 1958
Westermann KW Hämodynamische Untersuchungen bei Schrittmacherträgern während AV-Block, starrfrequenter und vorhofgesteuerter Stimulation. Intensivmed 9: 360–362, 1972
Wiens RD, Lafia P, Marder CM, Evans RG, Kennedy HL. Chronotropic incompetence in clinical exercise testing. Am J Cardiol 54: 74–78, 1984
Wieshammer S, Hetzel M, Hetzel J, Kochs M, Hombach V. Reproduzierbarkeit spiroergometrischer Meßgrößen bei der Belastungsprüfung von Patienten mit leicht- bis mäßiggradiger Herzinsuffizienz. Z Kardiol 81: 272–275, 1992
Wiggers CJ, Katz LN. The contour of the ventricular volume curves under different conditions. Am J Physiol 58: 439–475, 1921–1922
Wilkoff BL, Corey J, Blackburn G. A mathematical model of the cardiac chronotropic response to exercise. J Electrophysiol 3: 176–180, 1989
Wilson JR, Martin JL, Ferraro N. Impaired skeletal muscle nutritive flow during exercise in patients with congestive heart failure: role of cardiac pump dysfunction as determined by the effect of dobutamine. Am J Cardiol 53: 1308–1315, 1984
Wirtzfeld A, Himmler FC, Präuer HW, Klein GMeere CM: Atrial and ventricular pacing in patients with the sick sinus syndrome. In: (ed) Cardiac pacing. Proceedings of the VIth World Symposion on Cardiac Pacing, Montreal, Chap. 15–5, 1979
Wirtzfeld AL, Goedel-Meinen L, Bock T, Heinze R, Ließ HD, Munteanu J. Central venous oxygen saturation for the control of automatic rate-responsive pacing (abstract) Circulation 64: IV-299, 1981a
Wirtzfeld A, Himmler FC, Blömer H. Klinische Gesichtspunkte der Schrittmachertherapie bei bradykarden Herzrhythmusstörungen. Verh Dtsch Ges Herz Kreislaufforsch 47: 98–110, 1981b
Wirtzfeld A, Schmidt G, Himmler FC, Stangl K. Physiological pacing: Present status and future developments. PACE 10: 41–57, 1987
Witte J, Dressler LSchröder G.Meere CM, 10 years of experience with permanent atrial electrodes. In: (ed) Cardiac pacing. Proceedings of the VIth world symposion on cardiac pacing, Montreal, Chap. 16–1, 1979
Witte J, von Knorre GH, Volkmann HJ, Weber D, Jenssen S, Bondke H. Survival rate in patients with sick-sinus-syndrome in AAI/DDD vs. WI-pacing (abstract). PACE 14: 680, 1991
Wong CK, Lau CP, Cheng CH, Leung WH, Pun KK, Nicholls MG. Delayed decline in plasma atrial natriuretic peptide levels after an abrupt reduction in atrial pressure: observation in patients with dual-chamber pacing. Am Heart J 120: 882–885, 1990
Yeh MP, Gardner RM, Adams TD, Yanowitz FG, Crapo RO. “Anaerobic threshold”: problems of determination and validation. J Appl Physiol 55: 1178–1186, 1983
Zile MR, Blaustein AS, Shimizu G, Gaasch WH. Right ventricular pacing reduces the rate of left ventricular relaxation and filling. J Am Coll Cardiol 10: 702–709, 1987
Zoll, PM. Resuscitation of the heart in ventricular standstill by external electric stimulation. N Engl J Med; 247: 768–771, 1952
Zegelmann M, Winter UJ, Alt E, Treese N, Kreuzer J, Henry L, Mugica J, Schröder E, Klein H, Völker R. Effect of different body-exercise modes on the rate response of the temperature-controlled pacemaker Nova MR. Thorac Cardiovasc Surgn 38: 181–185, 1990
Zucker R, Parsonnet V, Gilbert L. A method of permanent transvenous implantation of a atrial electrode. Am Heart J 85: 195–198, 1973
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1997 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lemke, B. (1997). Literatur. In: Einfluß von Vorhofsynchronisation und Frequenzsteigerung auf die kardiopulmonale Leistungsfähigkeit und neurohumorale Reaktion. Steinkopff, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-11614-2_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-11614-2_7
Publisher Name: Steinkopff, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-7985-1077-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-11614-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive