Abstract
Non-equilibrium systems are characterized by irreversible changes (flows) of their properties in the course of time. Their macroscopic description requires kinetic equations relating the flows to some driving forces. Since Onsager /1/, these are coined as the “pheomenological” equations. They express the driving forces for irreversible flows as functions of local thermodynamic properties. They are immediately related to the experiment. Their validity has been confirmed many times. Their principal merit is a description of possible coupling of thermodynamic flows /2/.
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© 1986 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
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De Hemptinne, X. (1986). Thermodynamics of Laser Systems. In: Prokhorov, A.M., Ursu, I. (eds) Trends in Quantum Electronics. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10624-2_14
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10624-2_14
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