Abstract
Vitamin A is required for growth, vision, reproduction, morphogenesis, hematopoiesis, immune function, and differentiation of normal and malignant tissues (Sporn 1994). Vitamin A deficiency during development leads to a spectrum of well-characterized defects collectively called the fetal vitamin A deficiency (VAD) syndrome. Retinoic acid (RA) excess produces a spectrum of developmental defects affecting many of the same tissues as VAD, e.g. the heart, CNS, eyes, ears and reproductive tissues. Sensitivity of the same embryonic tissues to RA deficiency or excess suggested that endogenous RA levels required precise regulation for development to proceed correctly.
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Carrasco, A.E., Blumberg, B. (2004). A Critical Role for Retinoid Receptors in Axial Patterning and Neuronal Differentiation. In: Grunz, H. (eds) The Vertebrate Organizer. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10416-3_17
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