Skip to main content

A Chemical Bond Theory of Transition-Metal-Dinitrogen Complexes

  • Chapter
The Nitrogen Fixation and its Research in China

Abstract

Hundreds of dinitrogen complexes of transition metals have been successfully synthesized since the first one was prepared (Allen and Senoff 1965). The electronic structures of dinitrogen complexes have been studied using various quantum-chemical methods, for example, semiexperienced (EHMO, CNDO, and INDO etc.), Xα, and ab initio (Chatt et al. 1978; Pelican and Boca 1984). In order to investigate the change tendency for stability and charge density on the nitrogen atoms of dinitrogen complexes with a number of d electron, using HMO and graphical methods (Tang and Kiang 1976, 1977), we have carried out molecular orbital calculation of mono-, bi-, and trinuclear dinitrogen complexes with a variety of reasonable coordination structures (Nitrogen Fixation Research Group 1974; Hsu CC 1980; Xu JQ et al. 1979, 1980a, 1980b, 1981).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Abbreviations

But :

tert-Butyl (C4H9)

bz:

Benzyl (C7H7)

dmpe:

Ethylene bisdimethyl phosphine (Me2PCH2CH2PMe2)

dppe:

Ethylene bisdiphenyl phosphine (Ph2PCH2CH2PPh2)

en:

Ethylene diamine (C2H8N2)

Et:

Ethyl (C2H5)

Me:

Methyl (CH3)

Me8[16]aneS4 :

3,3,7,7,11,11,15,15-Octamethyl-1,5,9,13-Tetrathiacyclohexadecane

Ph:

Phenyl (C6H5)

Pri :

Isopropyl (C3H7)

Prn :

n-Propyl (C3H7)

Py:

Pyridine (C5H5N)

THE:

Tetrahydrofuran (C4H8O)

TMP:

5,10,15,20-Tetramesitylporphyrine

References

  • Allen AD, Senoff CV (1965) Nitrogenpentammineruthenium ( II) complexes. Chem Commun 621

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson SN, Hughes DL, Richards RL (1986) Preparation of mer-[Mo(N2)z(PPr“,Ph)2] from trans-[Mo(N2)2(PPe;Ph)4]: its X-ray crystal structure, spectroscopic properties, and protonation to give ammonia. J Chem Soc Dalton Trans 1591

    Google Scholar 

  • Berke H, Kanhard W, Huttner G, von Seyerl 1, Zsolan L (1981) Eisenkomplex als Modellverbindungen zur homogen Hydrierung von Kohlenmonoxid. Chem Ber 114: 2754

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berry DH, Procoplo U, Carrol Pt (1988) Molecular structure of {Cp2Ti(PMe3)}2(µ-N,), a titanocene dinitrogen complex. Organometallics 7: 570

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bottomey F, Nyburg SC (1966) Molecular nitrogen as a ligand: the crystal structure of nitrogenpentammineruthenium (1I) dichloride. J Chem Soc Chem Commun 897

    Google Scholar 

  • Bottomey F, Nyburg SC (1968) Molecular nitrogen as a ligand: the crystal structure of nitrogenpentammineruthenium ( II) dichloride and related salts. Acta Crystallogr Sect B. 24: 1289

    Google Scholar 

  • Brant P, Feltham RD (1977) X-ray photoelectron spectra of molybdenum dinitrogen complexes and their derivatives. J Less-Common Metals 54: 81

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Busetto C, D’Alfonso A, Maspero F, Perego G, Lazzeta A (1977) Side on bonded dinitrogen and dioxygen complexes of rhodium([). Synthesis and crystal structures of trans-chloro(dinitrogen)-, chloro(dioxygen)- and chloro(ethylene)-bis-(triisopropylphosphine)rhodium(1). J Chem Soc. Dalton Trans 1828

    Google Scholar 

  • Camenzind MJ, James BR, Dolphin D, Sparapany JW, Ibers JA (1988) Molecular dinitrogen complexes of rutheniun ( II) porphyrins. Inorg Chem 27: 3054

    Google Scholar 

  • Carmona E, Marin JM, Poveda ML, Atwood JL, Rogers RD (1983a) Preparation and properties of dinitrogen trimethlyphosphine complexes of molybdenum and tungsten-II. Synthesis and crystal structures of [MC1(N2)(PMe3)4](M = Mo, W) and trans-[MoCl2(PMe3)4]. Polyhedron. 2: 185

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carmona E, Marin JM, Poveda ML, Atwood JL, Rogers RD (1983b) Preparation and properties of dinitrogen trimethylphosphine complexes of molybdenum and tungsten. 4. Synthesis, chemical properties and X-ray structure of cis-[Mo(N2)z(PMe3)4]. The crystal and molecular structure of trans-[Mo(C2H4)2(PMe3)4] and trans, mer-[Mo(C2H4)2(CO)(PMe3)3]. J Am Chem Soc 105: 3014

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carvalho FNN, Pombeiro AJL, Orama O, Schubert U, Pickett CJ, Richards RL (1982) Preparation of new dinitrogen complexes of Rhenium(I) with organophosphite and isocyanide ligands. X-ray structure of mer-[ReCI(N2)(CNMe)(P(OMe)3)3]. J Organomet Chem 240: C18

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chatt J, Pearman AJ, Richards RL (1975) Reduction of monocoordinated molecular nitrogen to ammonia in a protic environment. Nature 253: 39

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chatt J, Pearman AJ, Richards RL (1976) Relevance of oxygen-ligands to reduction of ligating dinitrogen. Nature 259: 204

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chatt J, Dilworth JR, Richards RL (1978) Recent advances in the chemistry of nitrogen fixation. Chem Rev 78: 589

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chaudret B, Devillers J, Poilblance R (1983) Preparation, Characterization and X-ray crystal structure of Ru2H6N2(PPh3)4, a compound containing four bridging hydrides and a ruthenium—ruthenium double bond. J Chem Soc Chem Commun 641

    Google Scholar 

  • Chiu KW, Wang WK, Wilkinson G, Galase AMR, Hursihouse MB (1982) Reactions of phenylimidotrichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)rhenium(V). Reaction with trimethylphosphine and reduction of trimethylphospine complex to phenylamido complexes of rhenium (I, III): The X-ray crystal structures of phenylamido(dinitrogen)tetrakis(trimethylphos-phine)rhenium(I) and phenylamido (buta-1, 3-dien)tetrakis(trimethylphosphine)rhenium ( I). Polyhedron L 37

    Google Scholar 

  • Churchill MR, Wasserman HJ (1981) Crystal and molecular structure of [Ta(=CHCMe3) (CH2CMe3)(PMe3)2]2(1-/-N3), a molecule with a dinitrogen ligand behaving as a dinimido group in a Ta = NN = Ta bridge. Inorg Chem 20: 2899

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Churchill MR, Wasserman HJ (1982) The Ta(µ-N2)Ta system. 2. Crystal structure of [TaC13(P(bz)3)(THF)]2(p-N2) 0.7CH2CH2. A binuclear diimido complex of octahedral tantalum(V). Inorg Chem 21: 218

    Google Scholar 

  • Churchill MR, Li YJ, Theopold KH, Schock RR (1984) High oxidation state dinitrogen complexes. Synthesis and crystal structure of [W(C6H5C=CC6H5)(CH3OCH2CH2OCH3)CIz](µ-N2) 0.5CH3OCH2CH2OCH3. Inorg Chem 23: 4472

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Churchill MR, Li YJ (1986) The W(p-N2)W system, II. Crystal structure of [(505Me5)W(CH3)3]z(p-N2). An organotungsten(VI) complex containing a W = N — N = W core. J Organomet Chem 301: 49

    Google Scholar 

  • Crawick PD, Chatt J, Crabtree RH, Richards RL (1975) Preparation and X-ray structure of a trinuclear dinitrogen-bridged complex, trans-[MoCl4{(N2)ReCI(PMe2Ph)4}2]. J Chem Soc Chem Commun 351

    Google Scholar 

  • Cradwick PD (1976) Crystal structure of a trinuclear dinitrogen-bridged complex: Di- -dinitrogentetrachlorobis [chlorotetrakis(dimethylphenylphosphine)rhenio]molybdenumdichoromethane(I/1). J Chem Soc Dalton Trans 1934

    Google Scholar 

  • Cruz-Garrity D, Gelove S, Torrens H, Leal J, Richards R (1988) Dinitrogen complexes of osmium(II) with thiolate co-ligand: X-ray structure of mer-[OsCl(SC6F5)(N2)(PMe2PH)3]. J Chem Soc Datlton Trans 2393

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis BR, Payne NC, Ibers JA (1969a) The geometry of coordinated molecular nitrogen. The structure of Co(H)(N2)(P(C6H5)3)3. J Am Chem Soc 91: 1240

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davis BR, Payne NC, Ibers JA (1969b) The bonding of molecular nitrogen. I The crystal and molecular structure of hidridodinitrogentris(triphenylphosphine)cobalt(I). Inorg Chem 8: 2719

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis BR, Ibers JA (1970) The bonding of molecular nitrogen. II The crystal and molecular structure of azidodinitrogenbis(ethylenediamine)ruthenium(II) hexafluorophosphate. lnorg Chem 9: 2768

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis BR, Ibers JA (1971) The bonding molecular nitrogen. III The crystal and molecular structure of chlorodinitrogentetrakis(dimethylphosphine)rhenium(I). Inorg Chem 10: 578

    Google Scholar 

  • Denholm S, Hunte G, Weakley TJR (1987) Dinitrogen complexes derived from tricarbonyl (e-hexaethylbenzene)chromium(0). Crystal and molecular structure of -dinitrogen bis[dicarbonyl(6-hexaethylbenzene)chromium(0)]toluene(I/1). J Chem Soc Dalton Trans 2789

    Google Scholar 

  • Edema JJH, Meetsma A, Gambarotta S (1988) Divalent vanadium and dinitrogen fixation: The preparation and X-ray structure of (p-Nz){[(o-Me2NCH2)C6H4]2V(Py)}2. J Am Chem Soc Ill: 6878

    Google Scholar 

  • Enemark JH, Davis BR, McGinnety JA, (bers JA (1968) The structure of a molecular nitrogen compound of cobalt and evidence for CoH(N2)(PPh3)3. J Chem Soc Chem Commun 96–97

    Google Scholar 

  • Fergusson JE, Love JL, Robinson WT (1972) The crystal and molecular structure of dinitrogenpantamineosmium(II) chloride, [Os(NH3)5N2]C12, and rulated rethenium complexes. Inorg Chem 1 l: 1662

    Google Scholar 

  • Forder RA, Prout K (1974) p-Dinitrogen-bis{(m-mesitylene)[1,2-bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane]molybdenum}. Acta crystallogr Sect B 30: 2778

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallop RA, Richard CEF, Roper WR (1984) An unusual nitrosyldiazoalkane coupling reaction. Synthesis, structure and reactivity of the aldoxime-dinitrogen complex, OsCl2(N2)[N(OH)CHCO2Et](PPh3)2. J Organomet Chem 269: C2l

    Google Scholar 

  • Girolami GS, Salt JE, Wilkinson G (1983) Alkyl, hydride and dinitrogen 1,2-bis(dimethylphsphoin)ethane complexes of cromium. Crystal structure of Cr(CH3)2(dmpe)2, CrH4(dmpe)2 and Cr(N2)2(dmpe)2. J Am Chem Soc 105: 5954

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hammer R, Klein HF, Schubert U, Frank A, Huttner G (1976) A novel hetero-bimetallic dinitrogen complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 15: 612

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman PR, Yoshida T, Okano T, Otsuka S, Ibers JA (1976) Crystal and molecular structure of hydrido(dinitrogen)bisphenyl(di-tert-butyl)phosphine]rhodium(I). lnorg Chem 15: 2462

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hsu CC (Xu, JQ) (1980) A quantum-chemical theory of transition metal-dinitrogen complexes. in “Nitrogen Fixation”, Vol 1, Newton WE, Orme-Johnson WH, Eds University Park Press, Baltimor, 317

    Google Scholar 

  • Jolly PW, Jonas K, Kruger C, Tsay YH (1971) The preparation, reactions and structure of bis[bis(tricyclohexylphosphine)nickel]dinitrogen, {[C6,H„)3P]2Ni12N2. J Organomet Chem, 33: 109

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jonas K, Brauer DJ, Kruger G, Roberts PJ, Tsay YH, (1976) “Side-on” dinitrogen-transition metal complexes. Molecular structure of {C1H3[NaO(C2H3)2]2[(C1,H5)2Ni]2N2NaLiF(0C2H6)40(C2Hs)2}2, J Am Chem Soc 98: 74

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein HF, Hammer R, Wenninger I, Friedrich P, Huttner G (1978) Eine neuartige assoziation zwischen kalium und komplex gebundenem distickstoff-struktur von KN,Co(PMe3)3. Z Naturforsch Teil B 33: 1267

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein HF, Konig H, Kopert S, Ellrich K, Riede J (1987) Cobalt diazenides of main-group 1-I1I(1–3) metals: X-ray structure of a grignard compound containing(dinitrogen)(trimethylphosphane)cobalt anions. Organometallics 6: 1341

    Google Scholar 

  • Kruger C, Tsay YH (1973) Molecular structure of a dinitrogen-nickel-lithium complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 12: 998

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lu JX (1980) Composite “string bag” Cluster model for the active center of nitrogenase. In “Nitrogen

    Google Scholar 

  • Fixation“, Vol I Newton WE, Orme-Jhonson WH eds University Park Press, Baltimore, 343 Mercer M, Crabtree RH, Richards RL (1973) A p-dinitrogen complex with a long N—N bond.

    Google Scholar 

  • X-ray crystal structure of [(PMe2Ph)4 CIReN2MoC14(OMe)]. J Chem Soc Chem Commun 808 Mercer M (1974) Crystal structure of a dinuclear dinitrogen complex: Tetrachloro-{chlorotetrakis[dimethyl(phenyl)phosphine]rhenium(1)}-p-dinitrogenmethoxymolybdnum(v)ethanolhy-drochloric acid. J Chem Soc Dalton Trans 1637

    Google Scholar 

  • Morris RH, Ressner LM, Sawyer JF, Shiratian M (1984) A sulfur-ligated molybdenum complex that reduces dinitrogen to ammonia. The crystal and molecular structure of transMo(N2)2(PMePh2)2(PPh2CH2CH2SMe). J Am Chem Soc 106: 3683

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nitrogen Fixation Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Kirin University (1974) Theory of chemical bonding in dinitrogen complexes. Scientia Sinia 17: 193

    Google Scholar 

  • Nitrogen Fixation Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University (1976) A model of the nitrogenase active center and the mechanism of nitrogenase catalysis. Scientia Sinica 19: 460

    Google Scholar 

  • Nitrogen Fixation Research Group, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Academia Sinica (1975) A preliminary model for the actve site of catalytic nitrogen fixation in nitrogenase. —Also on structural criteria for the activation of dinitrogen molecule via coordination. Kexue Tongbao 20: 540

    Google Scholar 

  • Pelikan P, Boca R (1984) Geometric and electronic factors of dinitrogen activation on transition metal complexes. Coord Chem Rev 55: 55

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pombeiro AJL, Hitchcock PB, Richard RL (1983) Reaction of the dinitrogen complex [Re(r13-S2PPh2)(N2)(PMe2Ph)3] with methylisocyanide. Preparation and X-ray structure of the mixed dinitrogen-isocyanide complex mer-[Re(111-S2PPhz)(N2)(CNMe)(PMe2Ph)3, Inorg Chem Acta 76: L225

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pombeiro AJL, Hitchcock PB, Richard RL (1987) Preparation of isocyanide and mixed dinitrogen-isocyanide complexes of rhenium(I) from reaction of trans-[ReCI(N2)(PMe2Ph)4], mer-[Re(S2PPh2)(N2)(PMe2Ph)3, or mer-[Re(S2CNEt2)(N2)(PMe2Ph)3] with methyl isocyanide. Crystal structure of mer-[Re(S2PPh2)(N2)(CNMe)(PMe2Ph)3]+. J Chem Soc Dalton Trans 319

    Google Scholar 

  • Poveda ML, Rogers RD, Atwood JL (1983) Preparation and properties of dinitrogen trimethylphosphine complexes of molybdenum and tungsten. 4. Synthesis, chemical properties and X-ray structure of cis[Mo(N2)2(PMe3)4]. The crystal and molecular structures of trans-[Mo(C2H4)2] and trans, mer-[Mo(C2H4)2(CO)(PMe3)3]. J Am Chem Soc 105: 3014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sanner RD, Duggan DM, Mckenzie TC, Marsh RE, Bercaw JE (1976a) Structure and magnetism of p-dinitrogenbis(bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)titanium(II)).{(i75–C5(CH3)5)2Ti}2N2. J Am Chem Soc 98: 8358

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sannar RD, Manriquez IM, Marsh RE, Bercaw JE (1976b) Structure cf p-dinitrogenbes(bis(pentamethylcyclo-pentadienyl)nitrogenzirconium(II)), {(ry5-C5(CH3)5)2ZrN2}2N2. J Am Chem Soc 98: 8351

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sato M, Tatsumi T, Kodama T, Hidai M, Uchida T, Uchida Y (1978) Preparation and properties of dinitrogen-molybdenum complexes. 6. Syntheses and molecular structures of a five-coordinate Mo(0) complex Mo(CO)(PH2PCH2CH2PPh2)2 and a related six-coordinate complex Mo(CO)(N2)(Ph2PCH2CH2PPh2)2 1/2C6H6. J Am Chem Soc 100: 4447

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schrock RR, Wesolek M, Liu AH, Wallace KC, Dewan JC (1988) Thiolato dinitrogen (or hydrazido(4- I)) complexes, [Ta(SAr)3(THF)]2(p-N2) (Ar = 2,6-C6H3-i-Pr2, 2,4,6,-C6H2-i-Pr3), and phenoxide analogues. Structural comparison of [Ta(S-2,6-C6H3-i-Pr2)3(THF)]2(p-N3) and [Ta(O-2,6-C6H3-i-Pr2)3(THF)]2(p-N2). Inorg Chem 27: 2050

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tang AC, Kiang YS (1976) Graph theory of molecular orbitals. Scientia Sinica 19: 207

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tang AC, Kiang YS (1977) Graph theory of molecular orbitals.II. Symmetrical analysis and calculations of Mo coefficients. Scientia Sinica 20: 585

    Google Scholar 

  • Thorn DL, Tulip TH, Ibers JA (1979) The structure of trans-chloro(dinitrogen)bis(triisopropylphosphine)rhodium(I); An X-ray study of the structure in the solid state and a nuclear magnetic resonance study of the structure in solution. J Chem Soc Dalton Trans 2022

    Google Scholar 

  • Treitel IM, Flood MT, Marsh RE, Gray HB (1969) Molecular and electronic structure of p-nitrogen-decaammine-diruthenium(II). J Am Chem Soc 91: 6512

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai KR (1980) in: Newton WE, Orme-Johnson WH (eds) Nitrogen fixation, vol I, University Park Press, Baltimore, p 373

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner HU, Fellmann JD, Rocklage SM, Sckrock RR, Churchil MR, Wasserman HJ (1980) Tantalum complexes containing dimido bridging dinitrogen ligands. J Am Chem Soc 102: 7809

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uchida T, Uchida Y, Hidai M, Kodama T (1971) The crystal and molecular structure of trans-bis(dinitrogen)bis[1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane]molybdenum(0). Bull Chem Soc Jpn 44: 28–83

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uchida T, Uchida Y, Hidai M, Kodama T (1975) trans-bis(dinitrogen)-bis-[1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane]molybdenum(0). Acta Crystallogr Sect B. 31: 1197

    Google Scholar 

  • Weidehammer K, Hermann WA, Ziegler ML (1979) Rontgenstrukturanalyse von p-distickstoffbis[dicarbonyl-5-me-thylcyclopentadienylmangan],[95-(C5H4CH3)Mn(CO)2]2(p-N2). Z Anorg Allg Chem 457: 183

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu JQ, Xu LJ, Liu XS, Zhang ZG (1979) On the theory of chemical bond in transition-metal dinitrogen complexes (I). Acta Scientiarum Nturalium Universitatis Jilinensis. (3): 51

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu JQ (1980a) On the theory of chemical bond in transition-metal dinitrogen complexes (II). Scientiarum Nturalium Universitatis Jilinensis. (1): 83

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu, JQ (1980b) On the theory of chemical bond in trinuclear transition-metal dinitrogen complexes. J Cat (CUIHUA XUEBAO) 1: 36

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu JQ, Xu LJ, Lin XS, Zhang ZG (1981) A quantum-chemical theory of transition-metal dinitrogen complexes. Scientia Sinica. 24: 35

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshida T, Adachi T, Kaminaka M, Ueda T, Higuchi T (1988) A novel molybdenum(0) dinitrogen complex containing crown thioether as the sole auxiliary ligand: trans-Mo(N2)2Me8[16]aneS4 (Me8[16]aneS4 = 3,3,7,7,11,11,15,15-octamethyl-1,5,9,13-tetrathiocyclohexadecane). J Am Chem Soc 110: 48–72

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeinstra JD, Teuben JH, Jellinek F (1979) Structure of dinitrogenbis[p-tolyldicyclopentadienyltitanium(III)], [(C5H5)2Ti(P-CH3C6H4)]2N2. J Organomet Chem 170: 39

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ziegler ML, Weidenhammer K, Zeiner H, Skell RS, Herman WA (1976) Stickstoff-Ubertragung von einem diazoalkan auf ein metallzentrum. Angew Chem 88: 761

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1992 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Tang, AQ., Xu, JQ. (1992). A Chemical Bond Theory of Transition-Metal-Dinitrogen Complexes. In: Hong, GF. (eds) The Nitrogen Fixation and its Research in China. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10385-2_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10385-2_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-10387-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-10385-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics