Skip to main content

Fungal Diseases of Fish and Shellfish

  • Chapter
Human and Animal Relationships

Part of the book series: The Mycota ((MYCOTA,volume 6))

Abstract

Over the past 20 years, aquatic-animal myco-pathogens have become the focus of considerable research attention. Some 500 papers have been published on these organisms, and it is widely accepted that they occur worldwide are often primary and devastating pathogens of micro- and macroinvertebrates, especially crustaceans, and fishes in freshwater, estuarine, and marine habitats. Important reviews of this literature include those of Amlacher (1965); Sindermann (1970); Unestam (1973); Mc Vicar (1977, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982); Fisher et al. (1978); Kinne (1980, 1983, 1984); Neish and Hughes (1980); Wolke (1975); Lightner (1981); Alderman (1982a); Pickering and Willoughby (1982); Lauckner (1984); Sparks (1985); Alderman and Polglase (1986); Polglase et al. (1986); Porter (1986); Sindermann and Lightner (1988); Roberts (1989); Rand (1990).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abrahams D, Brown WD (1977) Evaluation of fungicides for Haliphthoros milfordensis and their toxicity to juvenile European lobsters. Aquaculture 12:31–40

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Agius C (1978) Infection by an Ichthyophonus-like fungus in the deep sea scabbard fish Aphanopus carbo (Lowe) (Trichiuridae) in the North East Atlantic. J Fish Dis 1:191–193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ajello L, McGinnis MR, Camper J (1977) An outbreak of phaeohypnomycoses in rainbow trout caused by Scolecobasidium humicola. Mycopathologia 62:15–22

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alberts VA, Khan SS, Lim DV, TeStrake D (1989) Extracellular enzyme activity of some Saprolegniales from a Florida estuary. Mycologia 81:460–463

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alderman DJ (1976) Fungal diseases in marine animals. In: EBG Jones (ed) Recent advances in marine mycology. Paul Elek, London, pp 223–260

    Google Scholar 

  • Alderman DJ (1980) Fusarium solani causing an exoske-letal pathology in cultured lobsters, Homarus vulgaris. Trans Br Mycol Soc 76:25–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alderman DJ (1981) Fusarium solani causing an exoskeletal pathology in cultured lobsters, Homarus volgaris. Trans Br Mycol Soc 76:25–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alderman DJ (1982a) Fungal diseases of aquatic animals. In Roberts RJ (ed) Microbial diseases of fish. Academic Press, London, pp 189–242

    Google Scholar 

  • Alderman DJ (1982b) In vitro testing of fisheries chemotherapeutants. J Fish Dis 5:113–123

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alderman DJ (1985) Malachite green: a review. J Fish Dis 8:289–298

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alderman DJ (1991) Malachite green and alternatives as thereupeutic agents. In: De Pauw N, Joyce J (eds) Aquaculture and the environment. Eur Aquac Soc Spec Publ No 16, Gent

    Google Scholar 

  • Alderman DJ, Polglase JL (1986) Are fungal diseases significant in the marine environment? In: Moss ST (ed) The biology of marine fungi. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 189–198

    Google Scholar 

  • Amlacher E (1965) Pathologische und histochemische Befunde bei Ichthyoporidiumbefall der Regenbogenforelle (Salmo gairdneri) und am Aquarienfisch-Ichthyophonus. Z Fisch 13 (NF):85–92

    Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong DA, Buchanon DV, Caldwell RS (1976) A mycosis caused by Lagenidium sp. in laboratory reared larvae of the Dungeness crab, Cancer magister, and possible chemical treatments. J Invert Pathol 28:329–336

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Austin B, Austin DA (1987) Bacterial fish pathogens: disease in farmed and wild fish. Ellis Horwood, Chichester

    Google Scholar 

  • Bahnweg G, Bland CE (1980) Comparative physiology and nutrition of Lagenidium callinectes and Haliphthoros milfordensis, fungal parasites of marine crustaceans. Bot Mar 23:689–698

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bahnweg G, Gotelli D (1980) Physiology and nutrition of Lagenidium callinectres, a fungal parasite of the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus). Bot Mar 23:219–225

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bain BZ, Egusa S (1981) Histopathology of black gill disease caused by Fusarium solani (Martius) infection in the Kuruma prawn. Panaeus japonicus Bate. J Fish Dis 4:195–201

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barr DJS (1987) Isolation, culture and identification of Chytridiales, Spizellomycetales, and Hyphochytriales. In: Fuller MS, Jaworski A (eds) Zoosporic fungi in teaching and research. Southeastern Publ Corp, Athens, pp 118–127

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartnicki-Garcia S, Sing VO (1987) Adhesion of zoospores of Phytophthora to solid surfaces. In: Fuller MS, Jaworski A (eds) Zoosporic fungi in teaching and research. Southeastern Publ Corp, Athens, pp 279–283

    Google Scholar 

  • Beakes G (1983) A comparative account of cyst coat ontogeny in saprophytic and fish-lesion (pathogenic) isolates of the Saprolegnia diclina-parasitica complex. Can J Bot 61:603–622

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beakes G, Ford H (1983) Esterase isoaenzyme variation in the genus Saprolegnia, with particular refence to the fish pathogenic S. diclina-parasitica complex. J Gen Microbiol 129:2605–2619

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bildfell RJ, Markham JF, Johnson GR (1992) Purification and partial characterization of a rainbow trout egg lectin. J Aq Animal Health 4:97–105

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bland CE, Ruch DG, Salser BR, Lightner DU (1976) Chemical control of Lanenidium, a fungal pathogen of marine Crustacea. Univ North Carolina Sea Grant Publ UNC-SG-76–02, 38 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Blazer VS (1991) Piscine macrophage function and nutritional influences: a review. J Aquat Anim Health 3: 77–86

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blazer VS, Wolke RE (1979) An Exopthiala-like fungus as the cause of a systemic mycosis of marine fish. J Fish Dis 2:145–152

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bly JE, Lawson LA, Szalai AJ, Clem LW (1993) Envirnmental factors affecting outbreaks of winter saprolegniasis in channel catfish, Ictulurus punctatus (Rafinesque). J Fish Dis 16:541–549

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bootsma R (1973) Infections with Saprolegnia in pike culture (Esox lucius L.). Aquaculture 2:385–394

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boucias DG, Pendland JC (1991) Attachment of myco-pathogens to cuticle: the initial event of mycoses in arthropod hosts. In: Cole GT, Hoch HC (eds) The fungal spore and disease initiation in plants and animals. Plenum Press, New York, pp 101–127

    Google Scholar 

  • Bower SM (1987a) Labyrinthuloides haliotidis (Protozoa: Labyrinthomorpha), a parasite of juvenile alabone in a British Columbia mariculture facility. Can J Zool 65: 1996–2007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bower SM (1987b) Pathogenicity and host specificity of Labyrinthuloides haliotidis (Protozoa: Labyrinthomorpha), a parasite of juvenile alabone. Can J Zool 65: 2008–2012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bower SM (1989) Disinfectants and therapeutic agents for controlling Labyrinthuloides haliotidis (Protozoa: Labyrinthomorpha), an abalone pathogen. Aquaculture 78:207–215

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bower SM, Whitaker DJ, Elston RA (1989a) Detection of the abalone parasite Labyrinthuloides haliotidis by a direct fluorescent antibody technique. J Invert Pathol 53:281–283

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bower SM, Whitaker DJ, Voltolina D (1989b) Resistance to ozone of zoospores of the thraustochytrid abalone parasite, Labyrinthuloides haliotidis (Protozoa: Labyrinthomorpha). Aquaculture 78:147–152

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruno DW, Stamps DJ (1987) Saprolegniasis of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar., fry. J Fish Dis 10:513–517

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bullis RA, Noga EJ, Levy MG (1990) Immunological relationship of the fish-pathogenic Oomycete Saprolegnia parasitica to other Oomycetous and unrelated fungi. J Aquat Anim Health 2:223–227

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burns CD, Berrigan ME, Henderson GE (1979) Fusarium sp. infections in the freshwater prawn Macrobranchium hendersonii. Aquaculture 16:193–198

    Google Scholar 

  • Carmichael JW (1966) Cerebral mycetoma of trout due to a Phialophora-like fungus. Sabouraudia 5:120–123

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cerenius L, Söderhäll K (1984a) Chemotaxis in Aphanomyces astaci, an arthropod-parasitic fungus. J Invert Pathol 43:278–281

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cerenius L, Söderhäll K (1984b) Repeated zoospore emergence from isolated spore cysts of Aphanomyces astaci. Exp Mycol 8:370–377

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cerenius L, Soderhall K (1985). Cerenius L, Söderhäll K (1985) Repeated zoospore emergence as a possible adaptation to parasitism in Aphanomyces. Exp Mcol 9:259–263

    Google Scholar 

  • Charnley AK, St Leger RJ (1991) The role of cuticle-degrading enzymes in fungal pathogenesis in insects. In: Cole GT, Hoch HC (eds) The fungal spore and disease initiation in plants and animals. Plenum Press, New York, pp 267–286

    Google Scholar 

  • Chein CH, Miyazaki T, Kubota S (1979) Studies on ichthyophonus disease of fish. VII. morphology and life cycle. Bull Fac Fish Mie Univ 6:129–146

    Google Scholar 

  • Copland JW, Willoughby LG (1982) The pathology of Saprolegnia infections of Anguilla anguilla L. elvers. J Fish Dis 5:421–428

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Croft JH, Bhattacherjee, Chapman KE (1990) RFLP analysis of nuclear and mitochondiral DNA and its use in Aspergillus systematics. In: Samson RA, Pitt JI (eds) Modern concepts in Penicillium and Aspergillus classification. Plenum Press, New York, pp 309–320

    Google Scholar 

  • Dijksterhuis J (1993) Nematode-fungal interactions: structure-function relationships. PhD Thesis, Wiskunde en natuurwetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen

    Google Scholar 

  • Dorier A, Degrange C (1961) L’évolution de l’Ichthyo-sporidium (Ichthyophonus) hoferi (Plehn and Mulsow) chez les salmonides d’élévage (truite arc en ciel et saumon de fontaine). Trav Lab Hydrob Pisc, Université de Grenoble 1960/1961:7–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Doty MS, Slater DW (1946) A new species of Heterosporium pathogenic on young chinook salmon. Am Midland Nat 36:663–665

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Durso L, Lehnen LP, Powell M (1993) Charactersitics of extracellular adhesions produced during Saprolegnia ferax secondary zoospore encystment and cytospore germination. Mycologia 85:744–755

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dyskstra MJ, Noga EJ, Levine JF, Moye DF, Hawkins JH (1986) Characterization of the Aphanomyces species involved with ulcerative mycosis in menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus. Mycologia 78:664–672

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dykstra M, Levine JF, Noga EJ, Hawkins JH, Gerdes P, Hargis WJ, Grier HJ, TeStrake D (1989) Ulcerative mycosis: a serious menahaden disease of the southeastern coastal fisheries of the United States. J Fish Dis 12: 174–178

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Egusa S, Ueda T (1972) A Fusarium sp. associated with black gill disease of the Kuruma prawn, Paenaeus japonicus Bate. Bull Jpn Soc Sci Fish 38:1253–1260

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis AE (1981) Non-specific defence mechanisms in fish and their role in disease processes. Dev Biol Stand 49:337–352

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernandes C, Lalitha VS, Rao KVK (1991) Enhancing effect of malachite green on the development of hepatic pre-neoplastic lesions induced by N-nitrosodiethylamine in rats. Carcinogenesis 12:839–845

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fijan N (1969) Systematic mycosis in channel catfish. Bull Wildl Dis Assoc 5:109–110

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer FG, Werner G (1958) Die Chemotaxis der Schwarmsporen von Wasserpilzen (Saprolegniaceen). Hoppe-Seylers Z Physiol Chem 310:65–91

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher WW, Wilson EM, Steenbergen JF, Lightner DV (1978) Microbial disease of cultured lobsters: a review. Aquaculture 14:115–140

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fraser GC, Callinan RB, Calder LM (1992) Aphanomyces species associated with red spot disease: an ulcerative disease of estuarine fish from eastern Australia. J Fish Dis 15:173–181

    Google Scholar 

  • Frisvad JC (1988) Fungal species and their specific production of mycotoxins. In: Samson RA, van Reenen-Hoekstra ES (eds) Introduction to food-borne fungi. Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Baarn, The Netherlands, pp 239–249

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuller MS, Fowles BE, McLaughlin DJ (1964) Isolation and pure culture study of marine phycomycetes. Mycologia 56:745–756

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galash VT, Marchenko AM (1991) The effects of trichothecene mycotoxins on carp. Bull Eur Assoc Fish Pathol 11:63–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Gil-Turnes MS, Fenical W (1992) Embryos of Homarus americanus are protected by epibiotic bacteria. Biol Bull 182:105–108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gil-Turnes MS, Hay ME, Fenical W (1989) Symbiotic marine bacteria chemically defend crustacean embryos from a pathogenic fungus. Science 246:116–118

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goel S, Lenz SD, Lovell RT, Shelly RA, Riley RT, Kemppainen BW (1994) Sphingolipid levels in catfish exposed to fumonisins. Aquat Toxicol 30(4): 285–294

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gustafson PV, Rucker RR (1956) Studies on an Ichthyop-poridium infection in fish: transmission and host specificity. US Dept Interior. Spec Sci Rep Fish, No 166, p 8

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall L, Söderhäll K (1982) Purification and properties of a protease inhibitor from crayfish hemolymph. J Invertebr Pathol 39:29–37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halstall DM (1976) Zoospore Chemotaxis in Australian isolates of Phytophthora species. Can J Microbiol 22: 409–422

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanke AR, Backman S, Speare DJ, Friars GW (1991) An uncommon presentation of fungal infection in Atlantic salmon fry. J Aquat Anim Health 3:192–197

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hendricks JD, Bailey GS (1989) Adventitious toxins. In: Halver JE (ed) Fish nutrition. Academic Press, New York, pp 605–651

    Google Scholar 

  • Hatai K, Egusa S (1978) Studies on the pathogenic fungus of mycotic granulomatosis II. Some of the notes on the MG-fungus. Fish Pathol 13:85–89

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hatai K, Hoshiai G-I (1993) Characteristics of two Saprolegnia species isolated from Coho salmon with saprolegniasis. J Aqua Anim Health 5:115–118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hatai K, Lawhavinit O (1988) Lagenidium myophilum sp. nov., a new parasite on adult northern shrimp. (Pandalus borealis Kroyer). Trans Nycol Soc Jpn 29:175–184

    Google Scholar 

  • Hatai K, Willoughby LG (1988) Saprolegnia parasitica from rainbow trout inhibited by the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens. Bull Eur Assoc Fish Pathol 8:27–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Hatai K, Egusa S, Takahashi S, Ooe K (1977) Study on the pathogenic fungus of mycotic granulomatosis I. Isolation and pathogenicity of the fungus from cultured agar infected with the disease. Fish Pathol 12:129–133

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hatai K, Bain BZ, Baticados MCL, Egusa S (1980) Studies on the fungal diseases in crustaceans. II. Haliphthoros philippinesis sp. nov. isolated from cultivated larvae of the jumbo tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon). Trans Mycol Soc Jpn 21:47–55

    Google Scholar 

  • Hatai K, Fujimaka Y, Egusa S (1986a) A visceral mycosis in ayu fry, Plecoglossus altivelis Temminck and Schlegel, caused by a species of Phoma. J Fish Dis 9:4–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hatai K, Kubota SS, Kida N, Udaagawa S (1986b) Fusarium oxysporum in red sea bream (Pagrus sp.). J Wildlife Dis 22:570–571

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hergenhahn HC, Soderhall K (1985) a2-macroglobulin-like activity in the plasma of the crayfish Paciastacus Ieniusculus. Comp Biochem Physiol 81:838–845

    Google Scholar 

  • Herwig N, Garbaldi L, Wolke RE (1979) Handbook of drugs and chemical used in the treatment of fish diseases. Charles C Thomas Springfield

    Google Scholar 

  • Hibbitts J, Hughes GC, Sparks AK (1981) Trichomaris invadens gen. et sp. nov. An Ascomycete parasite of the Tanner crab (Chionoectes bairdi) Rathbun (Crustacea, Brachyura). Can J Bot 59:2121–2128

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hicks DM (1982) Abundance and distribution of black mat syndrome on stocks of tanner crabs, Chionoecetes bairdi, in the northwestern Gulf of Alaska. Proc Int Symp on the Genus Chionoecetes, Fairbanks, Alaska, 1982, pp 563–579

    Google Scholar 

  • Hiney MP, Smith PR (1993) Initial investigations into the fungicidal activity of stabalized chlorine dioxide against Saprolegnia in a freshwater hatchery. Bull Eur Assoc Fish Pathol 13:123–126

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoch HC, Staples RC (1991) Signaling for infection structure formation in fungi. In: Cole GT, Hoch HC (eds) The fungal spore and disease initiation in plants and animals. Plenum Press, New York, pp 25–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Horsley RW (1977) A review of the bacterial flora of teleosts and elasmobranchs, including methods for its analysis. J Fish Biol 10:529–553

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horter H (1960) Fusarium als Erreger einer Hautmykose bei Karpfen. Z Parasitol 20:355–358

    Google Scholar 

  • Hose JE, Lightner DV, Redman RM, Donald DV (1984) Observations on the pathogensesis of the Imperfect fungus, Fusarium solani, in the California brown shrimp, Penaeus californiensis. J Invert Pathol 44:292–303

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hyde KD, Jones EBG, Moss SS (1986) Mycelial adhesion to surfaces. In: Moss ST (ed) The biology of marine fungi. Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge, pp 331–340

    Google Scholar 

  • Jantrarotai W, Lovell RT (1990a) Subchronic toxicity of dietary aflatoxin B1 to channel catfish. J Aquat Anim Health 2:248–254

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jantrarotai W, Lovell RT (1990b) Acute and subchronic toxicity of cyclopiazonic acid to channel catfish. J Aquat Anim Health 2:255–260

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jantrarotai W, Lovell RT, Grizzle JM (1990) Acute toxicity of aflatoxin B1 to channel catfish. J Aquat Anim Health 2:237–247

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johansson MW, Soderhall K (1985) Exocytosis of the prophenoloxidase activating system from crayfish haematocytes. J Comp Physiol B 156:175–181

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson PT (1983) Diseases caused by viruses, rickettsiae, bacteria and fungi. In: Provenzano AJ (ed) The biology of the Crustacea. Academic Press, New York, pp 1–78

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson TW, Sparrow FK (1961) Fungi in oceans and estuaries. Cramer, Weinheim

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones GM, O’Dor RK (1983) Ultrastructural observations on a thraustochytrid fungus parasitic in the gills of squid (llex illecebrosus Lesueur). J Parasitol 69:903–911

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kinne O (ed) (1980) Diseases of marine animals, vol 1. General aspects, Protozoa to Gastropoda. John Wiley, Chichester

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinne O (ed) (1983) Diseases of marine animals, vol II. Introduction, Bivalvia to Scaphopoda. Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Hamburg

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinne O (ed) (1984) Diseases of marine animals, vol IV. Introduction, Pisces. Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Hamburg

    Google Scholar 

  • Knittel MD (1966) Topical application of malachite green for control of common fungus infections in adult spring chinook salmon. Prog Fish Cult 28:51–53

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kohlmeyer J, Kohlmeyer E (1979) Marine mycology: the higher fungi. Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Koller W (1991) The plant cuticle: a barrier to be overcome by fungal plant pathogens. In: Cole GT, Hoch HC (eds) The fungal spore and disease initiation in plants and animals. Plenum Press, New York, pp 219–246

    Google Scholar 

  • Kudo S, Inoue M (1986) Bactericidal effects of the fertilization envelope extract from fish eggs. Zool Sci 3:323–329

    Google Scholar 

  • Kudo S, Inoue M (1989) Bactericidal action of fertilization envelope extract from eggs of the fish Cyprinus carpio and Plecoglossus altivelis. J Exp Zool 20:218–219

    Google Scholar 

  • Kudo S, Teshima M (1991) Enzyme activities and antifungal action of fertilization envelope extract from fish eggs. J Exp Zool 250:219–228

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lauckner G (1984) Diseases caused by microorganisms: Agents: Fungi. In: Kinne O (ed) Diseases of marine animals, vol IV, Pt 1. Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Hamburg, pp 89–113

    Google Scholar 

  • Levine JF, Hawkins JH, Dykstra MJ, Noga EJ, Moye DW, Cone RS (1990) Species distribution of ulcerative lesions on finfish in the Tar-Pamlico River estuary, North Carolina. Dis Aquat Org 8:1–5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lightner DV (1975) Some potentially serious disease problems in the culture of penaeid shrimp in North America. Proc US-Japan Natural Resources Program, Symp on Aquaculture disease, Tokyo, pp 75–97

    Google Scholar 

  • Lightner DV (1981) Fungal diseases of marine Crustacea. In: Davidson EW (ed) Pathogenesis of invertebrate microbial disease. Allanheld, Totowa, pp 451–484

    Google Scholar 

  • Lightner DV (1988) Aflatoxicosis of panaeid shrimp. In: Sindermann CJ, Lightner DV (eds) Disease diagnosis and control in North American Marine Aquaculture. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 96–99

    Google Scholar 

  • Lio-Po GD, Sanvictores MEG, Baticados GL, Lavilla CR (1982) In vitro effect of fungicides on hyphal growth and sporogenesis of Lagenidium spp. isolated from Penaeus monodon larvae and Scylla serrata eggs. J Fish Dis 5:97–112

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lovell RT (1989) Nutrition and feeding in fish. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Lovell RT (1991) Cyclopiazonic acid, a potentially serious mould toxin. Aquacult Mag July/Aug, pp 66–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Lovell RT (1992) Mycotoxins: hazardous to farmed fish. Feed Int 13:24–28

    Google Scholar 

  • McLean N, Porter D (1982) The yellow-spot disease of Tritonia diomeda Bergh, 1894 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia): encapsulation of the thraustochytria-ceous parasite by host amoebocytes. J Parasitol 68:243–252

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McVicar AH (1977) Ichthyophonus as a pathogen in farmed and wild fish. Bull Off Int Epizoot 87:517–519

    Google Scholar 

  • McVicar AH (1979) Ichthyophonus in haddock and plaice in Scottish waters. Int Counc Explor Sea. Demersal Fish Committee, Copenhagen, CM/G 48

    Google Scholar 

  • McVicar AH (1980) The effects of Ichthyophonus infection in haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus and plaice Pleuronectes platessa in Scottish waters. Int Counc Explor Sea, Speical Meeting on Diseases of Commercially Important Marine Fish and Shellfish, Copenhagen, No 16

    Google Scholar 

  • McVicar AH (1981) An assessment of Ichthyophonus disease as a component of natural mortality in plaice populations in Scottish waters. Int Counc Explor Sea. Demersal Fish Committee, Copenhagen, CM/G 49:1–7

    Google Scholar 

  • McVicar AH (1982) Ichthyoponus infections of fish. In: Roberts RJ (ed) Microbial diseases of fish. Academic Press, London, pp 243–269

    Google Scholar 

  • McVicar AH, McLay HA (1985) Tissue response of plaice, haddock and rainbow trout to the systemic fungus Ichthyophonus. In: Ellis AE (ed) Fish and shellfish pathology. The Crown, London, pp 243–269

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller JD (1991) Significance of mycotoxins for health and nutrition. ACIAR Proc 36:126–135

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller JD, Flemming LC (1983) Fungi associated with an infestation of Pseudocarcinonemertes homari on Homarus americanus. Trans Br Mycol Soc 80:9–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller JD, Whitney NJ (1981) Fungi from the Bay of Fundy. III. Geofungi in the marine environment. Mar Biol 65:61–68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moss ST (1986) Biology and phylogeny of Labyrinthulales and Thraustochydriales. In: Moss ST (ed) The biology of marine fungi. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 105–129

    Google Scholar 

  • Muehlstein LS, Amon JP (1987) Chemotaxis in zoosporic fungi. In: Fuller M, Jaworski A (eds) Zoosporic fungi in teaching and research. Southeastern Publ Corp Athens, pp 284–285

    Google Scholar 

  • Muhvich AG, Reimschuessel R, Lipsky MM, Bennett RO (1989) Fusarium solani isolated from newborn bon-nethead sharks, Sphyrna tiburo (L.). J Fish Dis 12:57–62

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Munro ALS, McVicar AM, Jones R (1983) The epidemiology of infectious disease in commercially important wild marine fish. Rapp P-V Reun Cons Int Explor Mer 182:21–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagasawa S (1986) The bacterial adhesion to copepods in coastal waters in different parts of the world. La Mer 24:117–124

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagasawa S (1987) Exoskeletal scars caused by bacterial attachment to copepods. J Plankton Res 9:749–753

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nagasawa S (1989) Bacterial epibionts of copepods. Sci Prog Oxf 73:169–176

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagasawa S, Nemoto T (1988) Presence of bacteria in guts of marine crustaceans and on their fecal pellets. J Plankton Res 10:559–564

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neish GA (1977) Observations on saprolegniasis of adult sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka (Wlabaum). J Fish Biol 10:513–522

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neish GA, Hughes GC (1980) Fungal diseases of fishes. TFH Publications, Neptune City

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicholson RL, Epstein L (1991) Adhesion of fungi to the plant surface: Prequisite for pathogenesis. In: Cole GT, Hoch HC (eds) The fungal spore and disease initiation in plants and animals. Plenum Press, New York, pp 3–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Nickerson MA, Hutchinson JA (1971) The distribution of the fungus Basidiobolus ranarum Eidam in fish, amphibians and reptiles. Am Midl Nat 86:500–502

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Noga EJ, Dykstra MJ (1986) Oomycete fungi associated with ulcerative mycosis in menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus (Latrobe). J Fish Dis 9:47–53

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Noga EJ, Levine JF, Dykstra MJ, Hawkins JH (1988) Pathology of ulcerative mycosis in Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus. Dis Aquat Org 4:189–197

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nyhlen L, Unestam T (1975) Ultrastructure of the penetration of the crayfish integument by the fungal parasite Aphanomyces astacii oomycete. J Invert Pathol 26: 353–366

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ochiai T, Kodera K, Miyazaki T, Kubota SS (1977) Studies on disease owing to erroneous-swallowing in ayu fry. Fish Pathol 12:135–139

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Odds FC (1991) Potential for penetration of passive barriers to fungal invasion in humans. In: Cole GT, Hoch HC (eds) The fungal spore and disease initiation in plants and animals. Plenum Press, New York, pp 287–296

    Google Scholar 

  • Okamoto N, Nakase K, Sano T (1985a) Relationships between water temperature, fish size, infective dose and Ichthyophonus infection of rainbow trout. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 53:581–584

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Okamoto N, Nakase K, Suzuki H, Nakai J, Fujii K, Sano T (1985b) Life history and morphology of Ichthyophonus hoferi in vitro. Fish Pathol 20:273–285

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olson LW, Cerenius L, Lange L, Soderhall K (1984) The primary and secondary spore cyst of Aphanomyces (Oomycetes, Saprolegniales). Nord J Bot 4:681–696

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Panandiker A, Fernandes C, Rao KVK (1992) The cytotoxic properties of malachite green are associated with the increased demethylase, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and lipid peroxidation in primary culutes of Syrian hamster embryo cells. Cancer Lett 6:93–101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paperna I (1986) Ichthyophonus infection in grey mullets from Southern Africa: histopathogical and ultrastructural study. Dis Aquat Org 1:89–97

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peduzzi R, Bizzozero S (1977) Immunochemical investigation of four Saprolegnia species with parasitic activity in fish: serological and kinetic characterization of a chymo-trypsin-like activity. Microb Ecob 3:107–119

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peduzzi R, Nolard-Tintigner N, Bizzozero S (1970) Recherches sur la Saprolegniose. II. Etude du processus de pénétration, mise en évidence d’une enzyme proteo-lytique et aspect histopathologique. Rev Ital Piscicolt Ittiopathol 11:109–117

    Google Scholar 

  • Peduzzi R, Kappeli F, Turian G (1991) Repercussion de l’acidification de l’eau sur l’insurgence de la saprolegniose chez le poisson. Sydowia 43:135–147

    Google Scholar 

  • Persson M, Soderhall K (1983) Pacifastacus Ieniusculus Dana and its resistance to the parasitic fungus Aphanomyces astaci Shikora. In: Goldman VCR (ed) Freshwater crayfish. AVI Publ, Westport, pp 292–298

    Google Scholar 

  • Persson M, Hall L, Soderhall K (1984) Comparison of peptide activities in some fungi pathogènic to arthropods. J Invert Pathol 44:342–348

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pickering AD, Willoughby LG (1982) Saprolegnia infections of salmonid fish. In: Roberts RJ (ed) Microbial diseases of fish. Academic Press, London, pp 271–297

    Google Scholar 

  • Pickering AD, Willoughby LG, McGrory CB (1979) Fine structure of secondary zoospore cyst cases of Saprolegnia isolates from infected fish. Trans Br Mycol Soc 72: 427–436

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pincus DH, Salkin IF, McGinnis MR (1988) Rapid methods in medical mycology. Lab Med 19:315–320

    Google Scholar 

  • Polglase JL (1980) A preliminary report on the thrausto-chytrid(s) and labyrinthulid(s) associated with a pathological condition in the lesser octopus Eledone cirrhosa. Bot Mar 23:699–706

    Google Scholar 

  • Polglase JL (1981) A preliminary report on the Thrausto-chytrid(s) and Labyrinthrulid(s) associated with a pathological condition in the lesser Octopus Eledone cirrhosa. Bot Mar XXIII: 699–706

    Google Scholar 

  • Polglase JL, Alderman DJ, Richards RH (1986) Aspects of the progress of mycotic infections in marine animals. In: Moss ST (ed) The biology of marine fungi. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 155–164

    Google Scholar 

  • Porter D (1982) The appendaged ascospores of Trichomaris invadens (Halosphaeriaceae), a marine ascomycetous parasite of the tanner crab, Chionoecetes bairdi. Mycologia 74:363–375

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Porter D (1986) Mycoses of marine organisms: An overview of pathogenic fungi. In: Moss ST (ed) The biology of marine fungi. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 141–153

    Google Scholar 

  • Porter D (1987) Isolation of zoosporic marine fungi In: Fuller MS, Jaworski A (eds), Zoosporic fungi in teaching and research. Southeastern Publ, Athens, pp 128–129

    Google Scholar 

  • Post G (1983) Textbook of fish health. TFH Publ, Neptune City

    Google Scholar 

  • Puckridge JT, Walker KF, Langdon JS, Daley C, Beakes GW (1989) Mycotic dermatitus in a freshwater gizzard shad, the bony bream, Nematalosa erebi (Gunther), in the River Murray, South Australia. J Fish Dis 12:205–221

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rand TG (1990) Studies on the Biology of Ichthyophonus hoferi Plehn and Mulsow, 1911 from Nova Scotian yel-lowtail flounder, Limandaferruginea Storer. PhD Thesis, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton

    Google Scholar 

  • Rand TG (1992a) Seasonal and geographical distribution of Ichthyophonus hoferi Plehn and Mulsow, 1911 in yellowtail flounder, Limanda ferruginea on the Nova Scotia shelf, Canada. Bull Mar Biol UK 72:669–674

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rand TG (1992b) Microbial analysis of Atlantic salmon incubation facilities in Newfoundland. Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Canada/Newfoundland Inshore Fisheries Development Agreement. St. Johns, Newfoundland, Contract # 4086

    Google Scholar 

  • Rand TG (1994) An unusual form of Ichthyophonus hoferi Plehn and Mulsow (Ichthyophonales: Ichthyophonaceae) infecting yellowtail flounder, Limanda ferruginea Stoter, from the Nova Scotia shelf. Dis Aquat Org 18:21–28

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rand TG, Cone DK (1990) Effects of Ichthyophonus hoferi Plehn and Mulsow 1911 on conditions indices and blood chemistry of experimentally-infected rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus my kiss). J Wildlife Dis 26:323–328

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rand TG, Munden D (1992) Enzyme involvement in the invasion of brook char (Salvelinus fontinalis) eggs by Saprolegnia diclina (Oomycotina: Saprolegniaceae). J Fish Dis 15:91–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rand TG, Munden D (1993a) Involvement of zoospores of Saprolegnia diclina (Oomycotina: Saprolegniaceae) in the attachment and invasion of eggs of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis Mitchell) under experimental conditions. J Aquat Anim Health 5(4):233–239

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rand TG, Munden D (1993b) Chemotaxis of zoospores of two fish-egg pathogenic strains of Saprolegnia diclina (Oomycotina: Saprolegniaceae) toward brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis) egg chorion extracts, and selected amino acids and sugars. J Aquat Anim Health 5(4): 240–245

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rand TG, Ragan M, Singh R, Jamieson A (1994) Sys-tematics of Ichthyophonus based on evidence from ribosomal DNA sequences. Intern Soc Evolut Protist Halifax, August 4–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Reichenbach-Klinke HH (1973) Fish pathology. TFH Publications, Neptune City

    Google Scholar 

  • Renshaw D (1993) Letter to Errol Zeiger of Chemical Selection and Management Office. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, PO Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. 30 November 1993

    Google Scholar 

  • Richards RH, Holliman A, Helgasson S (1978) Naturally occurring Exophialasalmonis infection in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). J Fish Dis 1:357–359

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts RT (1989) The mycology of teleosts. In: Roberts RJ (ed) Fish pathology. Bailliere Tindall, London, pp 320–336

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross AJ, Yasutake WT (1973) Scolecobasidium humicola, a fungal pathogen of fish. J Fish Res Board Can 30: 994–995

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruggieri GD, Nigrelli RF, Powles PM, Garnett DG (1970) Epizootics in yellowtail flounder, Limanda ferruginea Storer, in the western North Atlantic caused by Ichthyophonus, a ubiquitous parasitic fungus. Zoologica NY 55:57–62

    Google Scholar 

  • Samson RA, van Reenen-Hoekstra ES (1988) Introduction to food-borne fungi. Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcul-tures, Baarn, The Netherlands

    Google Scholar 

  • Samson RA, Evans HC, Latge JP (1988) Atlas of ento-mopathogenic fungi. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Shigemori H, Wakuri S, Yazawa K, Nakamura T, Sasaki T, Kobayashi J (1991) Fullatimes A and B, cytotoxic peptides from a marine fish possessing Penicillium fel-luatanum. Tetrahedron 47:8529–8534

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sing VO, Bartnicki-Garcia S (1975) Adhesion of Phytophthora palmivora zoospores: Detection and ultrastructural visualization of Concavalin A-receptor sites appearing during encystment. J Cell Sci 19:11–20

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schnick RA (1988a) Chemotherapy. In: Sindermann CJ, Lightner DV (eds) Disease diagnosis and control in North American marine aquaculture. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 386–389

    Google Scholar 

  • Schnick RA (1988b) Chemotherapeutants for marine aquaculture. In: Sindermann CJ, Lightner DV (eds) Disease diagnosis and control in North American marine aquaculture. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 402–412

    Google Scholar 

  • Sindermann CJ (1970) Principal diseases of marine fish and shellfish. Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Sindermann CJ (1977) Disease diagnosis and control in North American Aquaculture. Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Sindermann CJ, Lightner DV (eds) (1988) Disease diagnosis and control in North American marine aquaculture. Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Sitja-Bobadilla A, Alvarez-Pellitero P (1990) First report of Ichthyophonus disease in wild and cultured sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax from the Spanish Mediterranean area. Dis Aqmat Org 8:145–150

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith SN, Armstrong RA, Springate J, Barker G (1985) Infection and colonization of trout eggs by Saprolegniaceae. Trans Br Mycol Soc 85:719–723

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith VJ, Chisholm JRS (1991) Non-cellular immunity in crustaceans. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2:1–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith VJ, Söderhäll K (1983a) B-1,3 glucan activation of crustracean kemocytes in vitro and in vivo. Biol Bull 164:299–314

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith VJ, Söderhäll K (1983b) Induction of degranulation and lysis of haemocytes in the freshwater crayfish Astacus astacus, by components of the prophenoxoidase activating system in vitro. Cell Tissue Res 233:295–303

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith VJ, Söderhäll K (1986) Cellular immune mechanisms in the Crustacea. Symp Zool Soc Lond 56:59–79

    Google Scholar 

  • Söderhäll K (1981) Fungal cell wall B l-3-glucans induce clotting and phenoloxidase attachment to foreign surfaces of crayfish hemocyte lysate. Dev Comp Immunol 5: 565–573

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Söderhäll K (1982) Prophenoloxidase activating system and melanization: a recognition mechanism of arthropods? A review. Dev Comp Immunol 6:601–611

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Söderhäll K (1983) B-1–3 glucan enhancement of protease activity in crayfish hemocyte lysate. Comp Biochem Physiol B 74:221–224

    Google Scholar 

  • Söderhäll K (1987) Protease activity measurements in aquatic fungi. In: Fuller MS, Jaworski A (eds) Zoosporic fungi in teaching and research. Southeastern Publ Athens, 224 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Söderhäll K, Unestam T (1975) Properties of extracellular enzymes from Aphanomyces astaci and their relevance in the penetration process of crayfish cuticle. Physiol Plant 35:140–146

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Söderhäll K, Smith VJ (1983) Separation of the haemocyte populations of Carcinus maenes and other marine decapods, and prophenoloxidase distribution. Dev Comp Immunol 7:229–329

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Söderhäll K, Smith VJ (1986) The prophenoloxidase activity system: the biochemistry of its activation and role in arthropod cellular immunity, with special references to crustaceans. In: Brehelin M (ed) Invertebrate immunity. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, New York, pp 208–223

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Söderhäll K, Svensson E, Unestam T (1978) Chitinase and protease activities in germinating zoospore cysts of a parasitic fungus, Aphanomyces astaci, Oomycetes. Mycopathologia 64:9–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Söderhäll K, Aspan A, Duvic B (1990) The proPO-system and its associated protoeins; role in cellular communication in arthropods. Res Immunol 141:896–907

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Söderhäll K, Rantamaki J, Constantinescu O (1993) Isolation of Trichosporon beigelii from the freshwater crayfish Astacus astacus. Aquaculture 116:25–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Solangi MA, Lightner DV (1976) Cellular inflammatory response of Penaeus aztecus and P. setiferus to the pathogenic fungus, Fusarium sp., isolated from the California brown shrimp P. californiesis. J Invert Pathol 27:132–137

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sparks AK (1982a) The histopathology and possible role in the population dynamics of tanner crab, Chionoecetes bairdi, of the fungus disease (black mat syndrome) caused by Trichomaris invadens. Proc Int Symp on the Genus Chionoecetes, Fairbanks, Alaska, 1982:539–546

    Google Scholar 

  • Sparks AK (1982b) Observations on the histopathology and possible progession of the disease caused by Trichomaris invadens, an invasive ascomycete, in the tanner crab, Chionoecetes bairdi. J Invert Pathol 40: 242–254

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sparks AK (1985) Synopsis of invertebrate pathology exclusive of insects. Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Sparks AK, Hibbitts J (1979) Black mat syndrome, an invasive mycotic disease of the Tanner crab, Chionoecetes bairdi. J Invert Pathol 34:184–191

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sparrow FK (1960) Aquatic Phycomycetes. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor

    Google Scholar 

  • Sprague V (1965) Ichthyosporidium Caullery and Mesnil, 1905, the name of a genus of fungi or a genus of sporozoans? Syst Zool 14:110–114

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sproston NG (1944) Ichthyosporidium hoferi (Plehn and Mulsow, 1911), an internal fungoid parasite of the mackerel. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 26:72–98

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • St Leger RJ, Charnley AK, Cooper RM (1986a) Cuticle-degrading enzymes of entopathogenic fungi: synthesis in culture on cuticle. J Invert Pathol 47:85–95

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • St Leger RJ, Cooper RM, Charnley AK (1986b) Cuticle-degrading enzymes of entomopathogenic fungi. Cuticle degradation in vitro by enzymes from entomopathogens. J Invert Pathol 47:167–177

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • St Leger RJ, Cooper RM, Charnley AK (1986c) Cuticle-degrading enzymes of entomopathogenic fungi: mechanisms of interaction between pathogen enzymes and insect cuticle. J Invert Pathol 47:295–302

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tacon AGJ (1992) Nutritional fish pathology: Morphological signs of nutritional deficiency and toxicity in farmed fish. FAO Fish Technical Technical Paper, Publ no 330, FAO, Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • Tills DW (1977) The distribution of the fungus Basidiobolus ranarum Eidem, in fish, amphibians and reptiles of the southern Appalachian region. Trans Kans Acad Sci 80:75–77

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Timur G, Timur M (1984) Giant-cell reaction associated with Ichthyophonus hoferi infection in wild plaice, Pleuronectes platessa L. J Fish Dis 7:513–514

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Unestam T (1965) Studies on the crayfish plague fungus Aphanomyces astaci. I. Some factors affecting growth in vitro. Physiol Plant 18:483–505

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Unestam T (1968) Studies on the European crayfish plague. Bull Off Int Epizoot 69:1237–1238

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Unestam T (1973) Fungal diseases of Crustacea. Rev Med Vet Mycol 8:1–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Vishniac HS (1955) The morphology and nutrition of a new species of Sirolpidium. Mycologia 47:633–645

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vishniac HS (1958) A new phycomycete. Mycologia 50: 66–79

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Willoughby LG (1977) An abbreviated life cycle in the salmonid fish Saprolegnia. Trans Br Mycol Soc 69: 133–135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Willoughby LG (1978) Saprolegniasis of salmonid fish in Windermere: a critical analysis. J Fish Dis 1:51–67

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Willoughby LG (1989) Continued defence of salmonid fish against Saprolegnia fungus, after its establishment. J Fish Dis 12:63–67

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Willoughby LG, Pickering AD (1977) Viable saprolegniaceae spores on the epidermis of the salmonid fish Salmo trutta and Salvelinus alpinus. Trans Br Mycol Soc 68:91–95

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson JGM (1989) Immunological aspects of fungal disease in fish. In: Roberts RJ (ed) Fish pathology. Bailliere-Tindall, London, pp 573–601

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolke RE (1975) Pathology of bacterial and fungal diseases affecting fish. In: Ribelin WE, Migaki G (eds) the pathology of fishes. The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, pp 33–116

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood SE, Willoughby LG (1986) Ecological observations on the fungal colonization of fish by Saprolegniaceae in Windermere. J Appl Ecol 23:737–747

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wood SE, Willoughby LG, Beakes GW (1986) Preliminary evidence for inhibition of Saprotegnia fungus in the mucus of brown trout Salmo trutta L. , following experimental challenge. J Fish Dis 9:557–560

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu D, Rogers WA (1991) Electron microscopy of infection by Saprolegnia spp. in channel catfish. J Aqmat Anim Health 3:63–69

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang BY (1962) Basidiobolus meristosporus of Taiwan. Taiwania 8:17–27

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1996 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Rand, T.G. (1996). Fungal Diseases of Fish and Shellfish. In: Howard, D.H., Miller, J.D. (eds) Human and Animal Relationships. The Mycota, vol 6. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10373-9_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10373-9_15

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-10375-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-10373-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics