Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Breaching the Outer Barriers — Cuticle and Cell Wall Penetration

  • Chapter
Plant Relationships

Part of the book series: The Mycota ((MYCOTA,volume 5))

Abstract

Fungi use many different methods for accessing nutrients within plant hosts. Strictly speaking, each host species may have triggered the evolution of a distinctive penetration strategy for individual fungal taxa. To make sense of the early stages in these fungal-plant interactions, we need to organize our thinking about techniques of fungal penetration and to consider in particular the importance of specific functional elements which facilitate the breaching of surface layers of whole plants, individual plant organs, and cells. This chapter will concentrate on what is known and unknown about how fungi penetrate these outer barriers.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aist JR (1976) Cytology of penetration and infection — fungi. In: Heitefuss R, Williams PH (eds) Encyclopedia of plant physiology, new series, vol 4. Physiological plant pathology. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 197–221

    Google Scholar 

  • Aist JR (1981) Development of parasitic conidial fungi in plants. In: Cole GT, Kendrick B (eds) Biology of conidial fungi, vol 2. Academic Press, New York, pp 75–111

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Aist JR, Bushnell WR (1991) Invasion of plants by powdery mildew fungi, and cellular mechanisms of resistance. In: Cole GT, Hoch HC (eds) The fungal spore and disease initiation in plants and animals. Plenum Press, New York, pp 321–345

    Google Scholar 

  • Aist JR, Williams PH (1971) The cytology and kinetics of cabbage root hair penetration by Plasmodiophora brassicae. Can J Bot 49: 2023–2034

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson AJ (1978) Extracellular enzymes produced by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum and Helminthosporium maydis during growth on isolated bean and corn cell walls. Phytopathology 68: 1585–1589

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Armentrout VN, Downer AJ (1987) Infection cushion development by Rhizoctonia solani on cotton. Phytopathology 77: 619–623

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey JA, O’Connell RJ, Pring RJ, Nash C (1992) Infection strategies of Colletotrichum species. In: Bailey JA, Jeger MJ (eds) Colletotrichum biology, pathology and control. CAB International, Wallingford, pp 88–120

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker CJ, Aist JR, Bateman DF (1980) Ultrastructural and biochemical effects of endopectate lyase on cell walls from cell suspension cultures of bean and rice. Can J Bot 58: 867–880

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baker CJ, McCormick SL, Bateman DF (1982) Effects of purified cutin esterase upon the permeability and mechanical strength of cutin membrane. Phytopathology 72: 420–423

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bateman DF, Basham HG (1976) Degradation of plant cell walls and membranes by microbial enzymes. In: Heitefuss R, Williams PH (eds) Encyclopedia of plant pathology, new series, vol 4. Physiological plant pathology. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 316–355

    Google Scholar 

  • Beckett A, Porter R (1988) The use of complementary fractures and low-temperature scanning electron microscopy to study hyphal-host cell surface adhesion between Uromyces viciae-fabae and Vicia faba. Can J Bot 66: 645–652

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beckett A, Tatnell JA, Taylor N (1990) Adhesion and pre-invasion behaviour of urediniospores of Uromyces viciae-fabae during germination on host and synthetic surfaces. Mycol Res 94: 865–875

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bell AA, Wheeler MH (1986) Biosynthesis and functions of fungal melanins. Annu Rev Phytopathol 24: 411–451

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benhamou N, Chamberland H, Pauzé FJ (1990a) Implication of pectic components in cell surface interactions between tomato root cells and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici. A cytochemical study by means of a lectin with polygalacturonic acid-binding specificity. Plant Physiol 92: 995–1003

    Google Scholar 

  • Benhamou N, Joosten MHAJ, De Wit PJGM (1990b) Sub-cellular localization of chitinase and of its potential substrate in tomato root tissues infected by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici. Plant Physiol 92: 1108–1120

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blaich R, Heintz C, Wind R (1989) Studies on conidial germination and initial growth of the grapevine powdery mildew Uncinula necator on artificial substrates. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 30: 415–421

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blomberg A, Adler L (1992) Physiology of osmotolerance in fungi. Adv Microb Physiol 33: 145–212

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bourett TM, Howard RJ (1990) In vitro development of penetration structures in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea. Can J Bot 68: 329–342

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bourett TM, Howard RJ (1991) Ultrastructural immunolocalization of actin in a fungus. Protoplasma 163: 199–202

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bourett TM, Howard RJ (1992) Actin in penetration pegs of the fungal rice blast pathogen, Magnaporthe grisea. Protoplasma 168: 20–26

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bracker CE (1968) Ultrastructure of the haustorial apparatus of Erysiphe graminis and its relationship to the epidermal cell of barley. Phytopathology 58: 12–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Bracker CE, Littlefield LJ (1973) Structural concepts of host-pathogen interfaces. In: Byrde RJW, Cutting CV (eds) Fungal pathogenicity and the plant’s response. Academic Press, London, pp 159–318

    Google Scholar 

  • Braun EJ, Howard RJ (1994a) Adhesion of Cochliobolus heterostrophus conidia and germlings to leaves and artificial surfaces. Exp Mycol 18: 211–220

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Braun EJ, Howard RJ (1994b) Adhesion of fungal spores and germlings to host surfaces. Protoplasma 181: 202–212

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bretscher A (1991) Microfilament structure and function in the cortical cytoskeleton. Annu Rev Cell Biol 7: 337–374

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bukovac MJ, Petracek PD (1993) Characterizing pesticide and surfactant penetration with isolated plant cuticles. Pestic Sci 37: 179–194

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson H, Stenram U, Gustafsson M, Jansson H-B (1991) Electron microscopy of barley root infection by the fungal pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. Can J Bot 69: 724–2731

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carpita NC, Gibeaut DM (1993) Structural models of primary cell walls in flowering plants: consistency of molecular structure with the physical properties of the walls during growth. Plant J 3: 1–30

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carpita N, Sabularse D, Montezinos D, Delmer DP (1979) Determination of the pore size of cell walls of living plant cells. Science 205: 1144–1147

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carver TLW, Ingerson SM (1987) Responses of Erysiphe graminis germlings to contact with artificial and host surfaces. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 30: 359–372

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carver TLW, Zeyen RJ, Ahlstrand GG (1987) The relationship between insoluble silicon and success or failure of attempted primary penetration by powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis) germilings on barley. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 31: 133–148

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chérif M, Menzies JG, Benhamou N, Bélanger RR (1992) Studies of silicon distribution in wounded and Pythium ultimum-infected cucumber plants. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 41: 371–385

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark CA, Lorbeer JW (1976) Comparative histopathology of Botrytis squamosa and B. cinerea on onion leaves. Phytopathology 66: 1279–1289

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper RM (1987) The use of mutants in exploring depolymerases as determinants of pathogenicity. In: Day PR, Jellis GJ (eds) Genetics and plant pathogenesis. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 261–281

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper RM, Resende MLV, Flood J, Rowan MG, Beale MH, Potter U (1995) Detection and cellular localization of elemental sulphur in disease-resistant genotypes of Theobroma cacao. Nature 379: 159–162

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Czymmek KJ, Bourett TM, Howard RJ (1996) Immunolocalization of tubulin and actin in thick-sectioned fungal hyphae after freeze substitution fixation and methacrylate de-embedment. J Microsc 181: 153–161

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daniels A, Lucus JA, Peberdy JF (1991) Morphology and ultrastructure of W and R pathotypes of Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides on wheat seedlings. Mycol Res 95: 385–397

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deising H, Nicholson RL, Haug M, Howard RJ, Mendgen K (1992) Adhesion pad formation and the involvement of cutinase and esterases in the attachment of uredospores to the host cuticle. Plant Cell 4: 1101–1111

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deising H, Frittang AK, Kunz S, Mendgen K (1995) Regulation of pectin methlyesterase and polygalacturonate lyase activity during differentiation of infection structures in Uromyces viciae-fabae. Microbiology 141: 561–571

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dickman MB, Podila GK, Kolattukudy PE (1989) Insertion of cutinase gene into a wound pathogen enables it to infect intact host. Nature 342: 446–448

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dijksterhuis J, Veehnuis M, Harder W (1990) Ultrastructural study of adhesion and initial stages of infection of nematodes by conidia of Drechmeria coniospora. Mycol Res 94: 1–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emmett RW, Parbery DG (1975) Appressoria. Annu Rev Phytopathol 13: 147–167

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Epstein L, Kaur S, Goins T, Kwon YH, Henson JM (1994) Production of hyphopodia by wild-type and three transformants of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis. Mycologia 86: 72–81

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Falloon RE, Sutherland PW, Hallett IC (1989) Morphology of Erysiphe pisi on leaves of Pisum sativum. Can J Bot 67: 3410–3416

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Förster H, Mendgen K (1987) Immunocytochemical localization of pectinesterases in hyphae of Phytophthora infestans. Can J Bot 65: 2607–2613

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frank AB (1883) Über einige neue und weniger bekannte Pflanzenkrankheiten. Ber Dtsch Bot Ges 1:I 29–34, II 58–63

    Google Scholar 

  • Freytag S, Mendgen K (1991) Surface carbohydrates and cell wall structure of in vitro-induced uredospore infection structures of Uromyces viciae-fabae before and after treatment with enzymes and alkali. Protoplasma 161: 94–103

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freytag S, Bruscaglioni L, Gold RE, Mendgen K (1988) Basidiospores of rust fungi (Uromyces species) differentiate infection structures in vitro. Exp Mycol 12: 275–283

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gold RE, Mendgen K (1991) Rust basidiospore germlings and disease initiation. In: Cole GT, Hoch HC (eds) The fungal spore and disease initiation in plants and animals. Plenum, New York, pp 67–99

    Google Scholar 

  • Gow NAR (1989) Control of extension of the hyphal apex. In: McGinnis MR, Borgers M (eds) Current topics in medical mycology, vol 3. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 109–152

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Grove SN, Sweigard JA (1980) Cytochalsin A inhibits spore germination and hyphal tip growth in Gilbertella persicaria. Exp Mycol 4: 239–250

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hahn M, Mendgen K (1992) Isolation by ConA binding of haustoria from different rust fungi and comparison of their surface qualities. Protoplasma 170: 95–103

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamer JE. Howard RJ, Chumley FG, Valent B (1988) A mechanism for surface attachment in spores of a plant pathogenic fungus. Science 239: 288–290

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hardham AR (1992) Cell biology of pathogenesis. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 43: 491–526

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hardham AR, Gubler F, Duniec J, Elliott J (1991) A review of methods for the production and use of monoclonal antibodies to study zoosporic plant pathogens. J Microsc 162: 305–318

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harold FM (1990) To shape a cell: an inquiry into the causes of morphogenesis of microorganisms. Microbiol Rev 54: 381–431

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hasselbring H (1906) The appressoria of the anthracnoses. Bot Gaz 42: 135–142

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hau FC. Rush MC (1982) Preinfectional interactions between Helminthosporium oryzae and resistant and susceptible plants. Phytopathology 72: 285–292

    Google Scholar 

  • Heath MC, Stumpf MA (1986) Ultrastructural observations of penetration sites of the cowpea fungus in untreated and silicon-depleted French bean cells. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 29: 27–39

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heintz C, Blaich R (1990) Ultrastructural and histochemical studies on interactions between Vitis vinifera L. and Uncinula necator ( Schw.) Burr. New Phytol 115: 107–117

    Google Scholar 

  • Holloway PJ (1982) The chemical constitution of plant cuticles. In: Cutler DF, Alvin KL, Price CE (eds) The plant cuticle. Academic Press, New York, pp 45–86

    Google Scholar 

  • Howard RJ (1994) Cell biology of pathogenesis. In: Zeigler RS, Leong SA. Teng PS (eds) Rice blast disease. CAB International, Wallingford, pp 3–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Howard RJ, Ferrari MA (1989) Role of melanin in appressorium function. Exp Mycol 13: 403–418

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Howard RJ, Bourett TM. Ferrari MA (1991a) Infection by Magnaporthe an in vitro analysis. In: Mendgen K, Lesemann D-E (eds) Electron microscopy of plant pathogens. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 251–264

    Google Scholar 

  • Howard RJ, Ferrari MA, Roach DH, Money NP (1991b) Penetration of hard substrates by a fungus employing enormous turgor pressures. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 11281–11284

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huffine MS (1994) The infection of Cynodon dactlyon by Gaeumannomyces graminis. MS Thesis, University of Texas, Arlington

    Google Scholar 

  • Hwang C-S, Kolattukudy PE (1995) Isolation and characterization of genes expressed uniquely during appressorium formation by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides conidia induced by the host surface wax. Mol Gen Genet 247: 282–294

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hwang C-S, Flaishman MA, Kolattukudy PE (1995) Cloning of a gene expressed during appressorium formation by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and a marked decrease in virulence by disruption of this gene. Plant Cell 7: 183–193

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hyde KD, Greenwood R, Jones EBG (1993) Spore attachment in marine fungi. Mycol Res 97: 7–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Inoue S, Aist JR, Macko V (1994) Earlier papilla formation and resistance to barley powdery mildew induced y a papilla-regulating extract. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 44: 433–440

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jelitto TC, Page HA, Read ND (1994) Role of external signals in regulating the pre-penetration phase of infection by the rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe grisea. Planta 194: 471–477

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones EBG (1994) Fungal adhesion. Mycol Res 98: 961–81

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khan SR, Kimbrough JW (1974) Morphology and development of Termitaria snyderi. Mycologia 66: 446–462

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kerstiens G (1996) Plant cuticles. An integrated functional pproach. BIOS Scientific Publ, Ltd., Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Knauf GM, Welter K, Müller M, Mendgen K (1989) The haustorial host-parasite interface in rust-infected bean leaves after high-pressure freezing. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 34: 519–530

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kobayashi I, Kobayashi Y, Yamaoka N, Kunoh H (1991) An immunofluorescent cytochemical technique applying micromanipulation to detect microtubules in plant tissues inoculated with fungal spores. Can J Bot 69: 2634–2636

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kobori H, Sato M, Osumi M (1992) Relationship of actin organization to growth in the two forms of the dimorphic yeast Candida tropicalis. Protoplasma 167: 193–204

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kolattukudy PE (1980) Biopolyester membranes of plants: cutin and suberin. Science 208: 990–1000

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kunoh H, lshizaki H (1976) Accumulation of chemical elements around the penetration sites of Erysiphe graminis hordei on barley leaf epidermis: (III) micromanipulation and x-ray microanalysis of silicon. Physiol Plant Pathol 8: 91–96

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kunoh H, Nicholson RL, Yosioka H, Yamaoka N, Kobayashi I (1990) Preparation of the infection court by Erysiphe graminis: degradation of the host cuticle. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 36: 397–407

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kwon YH, Hoch HC, Aist JR (1991) Initiation of appressorium formation in Uromyces appendiculatus: organization of the apex, and the responses involving microtubules and apical vesicles. Can J Bot 69: 2560–2573

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Littlefield LJ, Bracker CE (1972) Ultrastructural specialization at the host-pathogen interface in rust-infected flax. Protoplasma 74: 271–305

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Littlefield LJ, Heath MC (1979) Ultrastructure of rust fungi. Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Manners JM, Gay JL (1983) The host-parasite interface and nutrient transfer in biotrophic parasitism. In: Callow JA (ed) Biochemical plant pathology. Wiley. Chichester, pp 163–195

    Google Scholar 

  • Mauch F, Staehelin LA (1989) Functional implications of the subcellular localization of ethylene-induced chitinase and ß-1,3-glucanase in bean leaves. Plant Cell 1: 447–457

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCann MC, Wells B, Roberts K (1990) Direct visualization of cross-links in the primary plant cell wall. J Cell Sci 96: 323–334

    Google Scholar 

  • McKeen WE, Rimmer SR (1973) Initial penetration process in powdery mildew infection of susceptible barley leaves. Phytopathology 63: 1049–1053

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McRae CF, Stevens GR (1990) Role of conidial matrix of Colletotrichum orbiculare in pathogenesis of Xanthium spinosum. Mycol Res 94: 890–896

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mercure EW, Kunoh H, Nicholson RL (1995) Visualization of materials released from adhered, ungerminated conidia of Colletrotrichum graminicola. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 46: 121–135

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Millar CS (1981) Infection processes in conifer needles. In: Blakeman JP (ed) Microbial ecology of the phylloplane. Academic Press, London, pp 185–209

    Google Scholar 

  • Mims CW, Richardson EA (1989) Ultrastructure of appressorium development by basidiospore germlings of the rust fungus Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae. Protoplasma 148: 111–119

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Money NP (1990) Measurement of hyphal turgor. Exp Mycol 14: 234–242

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Money NP (1994) Osmotic adjustment and the role of turgor in filamentous fungi. In: Wessels JGH, Meinhardt F (eds) The mycota, vol 2. Growth, differentiation and sexuality. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 67–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Myers DF, Fry WE (1978) The development of Gloeocercospora sorghi in sorghum. Phytopathology 68: 1147–1155

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nicholson RL, Epstein L (1991) Adhesion of fungi to the plant surface. Prerequisite for pathogenesis. In: Cole GT. Hoch HC (eds) The fungal spore and disease initiation in plants and animals. Plenum, New York, pp 3–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Nusbaum CJ (1938) A cytological study of the resistance of apple varieties to Gymnosporangium juniperivirginianae. J Agric Res 51: 573–596

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Connell RJ, Nash C, Bailey JA (1992) Lectin cytochemistry: a new approach to understanding cell differentiation, pathogenesis and taxonomy in Colletotrichum. In: Bailey JA, Jeger MJ (eds) Colletotrichum biology, pathology and control. CAB International, Wallingford, pp 67–87

    Google Scholar 

  • Pain NA, O’Connell RJ, Bailey JA, Green JR (1992) Monoclonal antibodies which show restricted binding to four Colletotrichum species: C. lindemuthianum, C. malvarum. C. orbiculare and C. trifolii. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 40: 111–126

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfyffer GE, Boraschi-Gaia C, Weber B, Hoesch L, Orpin CG, Rast DM (1990) A further report on the occurrence of acyclic sugar alcohols in fungi. Mycol Res 94: 219–222

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Porto MDM, Grau CR, de Zoeten GA, Gaard G (1988) Histopathology of Colletotrichum trifolii on alfalfa. Phytopathology 78: 345–349

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Post-Beittenmiller D (1996) Biochemistry and molecular biology of wax production in plants. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 47: 405–430

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rauscher M, Mendgen K, Deising H (1995) Extracellular proteases of the rust fungus Uromyces viciae-fabae. Exp Mycol 19: 26–34

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts K (1990) Structures at the plant cell surface. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2: 920–928

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roberson RW (1992) The actin cytoskeleton in hyphal cells of Sclerotium rolfsii. Mycologia 84: 41–51

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers LM, Flaishman MA, Kolattukudy PE (1994) Cuti-nase gene disruption in Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi decreases its virulence on pea. Plant Cell 6: 935–945

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rohringer R, Chong J, Gillespie R, Harder DE (1989) Gold-conjugated arabinogalactan-protein and other lectins as ultrastructural probes for the wheat/stem rust complex. Histochemistry 91: 383–393

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samuels AL, Glass ADM, Menzies JG, Ehret DL (1994) Silicon in cell walls and papillae of Cucumis sativis during infection by Sphaerotheca fuliginea. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 44: 237–242

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sisler HD (1986) Control of fungal diseases by compounds acting as antipenetrants. Crop Prot 5: 306–313

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smart MG (1991) The plant cell wall as a barrier to fungal invasion. In: Cole GT, Hoch HC (eds) The fungal spore and disease initiation in plants and animals. Plenum, New York, pp 47–66

    Google Scholar 

  • Snyder BA, Leite B, Hipskind J, Butler LG, Nicholson RL (1991) Accumulation of sorhum phytoalexins induced by Colletrotrichum graminicola at the infection site. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 39: 463–470

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stahl DJ, Schäfer W (1992) Cutinase is not required for fungal pathogenicity on pea. Plant Cell 4: 621–629

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sutton BC (1968) The appressoria of Colletotrichum graminicola and C. falcatum. Can J Bot 46: 873–876

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swann EC, Mims CW (1991) Ultrastructure of freeze-substituted appressoria produced by aeciospore germlings of the rust fungus Arthuriomyces peckianus. Can J Bot 69: 1655–1665

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sweigard JA, Chumley FG, Valent B (1992) Disruption of a Magnaporthe grisea cutinase gene. Mol Gen Genet 232: 183–190

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi K, Aist JR, Israel HW (1985) Distribution of hydrolytic enzymes at barley powdery mildew encounter sites: implications for resistance associated with papilla formation in a compatible system. Physiol Plant Pathol 27: 167–184

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Terhune BT, Allen EA, Hoch HC, Wergin W, Erbe EF (1991) Stomatal ontogeny and morphology in Phaseolus vulgaris in relation to infection structure initiation by Uromyces appendiculatus. Can J Bot 69: 477–484

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Terhune BT, Bojko RJ, Hoch HC (1993) Deformation of stomatal guard cell lips and microfabricated artificial topographies during appressorium formation by Uromyces. Exp Mycol 17: 70–78

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toyoda K, Shiraishi T, Kobayashi I, Yamaoka N, Kunoh H (1992) Treatment of a single plant cell with chemicals. Can J Bot 70: 225–227

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tunlid A, Jansson H-B, Nordbring-Hertz B (1992) Fungal attachment to nematodes. Mycol Res 96: 401–412

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uchiyama T, Ogasawara N, Nanba Y. Ito H (1979) Conidial germination and appressorial formation of the plant pathogenic fungi on the coverglass or cellophane coated with various lipid components of plant leaf waxes. Agric Biol Chem 43: 383–384

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Dyke CG, Mims CW (1991) Ultrastructure of conidia, conidium germination, and appressorium development in the plant pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum truncaturn. Can J Bot 69: 2455–2467

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walker J (1980) Gaeumannomyces, Linocarpon, Ophiobolus and several other genera of scolecospored ascomycetes and Phialophora conidial states, with a note on hyphopodia. Mycotaxon 11:1–129

    Google Scholar 

  • Walton JD (1994) Deconstructing the cell wall. Plant Physiol 104: 1113–1118

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winslow MD (1992) Silicon, disease resistance, and yield of rice genotypes under upland cultural conditions. Crop Sci 32: 1208–1213

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xia JQ, Lee FN, Scott HA, Raymond LR (1992) Development of monoclonal antibodies specific for Pyricularia grisea, the rice blast pathogen. Mycol Res 96: 867–873

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xiao J-Z, Watanabe T, Kamakura T, Oshima A, Yamaguchi I (1994) Studies on cellular differentiation of Magnaporthe grisea. Physicochemical aspects of substratum surfaces in relation to appressorium formation. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 44: 227–236

    Google Scholar 

  • Yaegashi H, Matsuda I, Sato Z (1987) Production of appressoria at the tips of hyphae of Pyricularia oryzae. Ann Phytopathol Soc Jpn 53: 203–209

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Central Research & Development, DuPont Company, P.O. Box 80402, Wilmington, Delaware, 19880-0402, USA

    R. J. Howard

Authors
  1. R. J. Howard
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, University of Oregon, 97403, Eugene, OR, USA

    George C. Carroll

  2. Institut für Botanik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schloßgarten 3, D-48149, Münster, Germany

    Paul Tudzynski

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1997 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Howard, R.J. (1997). Breaching the Outer Barriers — Cuticle and Cell Wall Penetration. In: Carroll, G.C., Tudzynski, P. (eds) Plant Relationships. The Mycota, vol 5. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10370-8_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10370-8_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-10372-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-10370-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation