Abstract
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae harbors two families of dsRNA viruses (L-A and its satellites, and L-BC), two ssRNA replicons (20S RNA and 23S RNA) and at least five retrovirus-like elements (Tyl,..., Ty5), referred to as retro-transposons. Most strains carry all of these elements in spite of the fact that none is known to have a natural extracellular route of infection. This may be a reflection of the fact that Saccharomyces, like many other fungi, mate frequently in nature so that these viruses become widely distributed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ball SG, Tirtiaux C, Wickner RB (1984) Genetic control of L-A and L-BC dsRNA copy number in killer systems of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 107: 199–217
Boone C, Bussey H, Greene D, Thomas DY, Vernet T (1986) Yeast killer toxin: site-directed mutations implicate the precursor protein as the immunity component. Cell 46: 105–113
Boone C, Sommer SS, Hensel A, Bussey H (1990) Yeast KRE genes provide evidence for a pathway of cell wall ß-glucan assembly. J Cell Biol 110: 1833–1843
Bostian KA, Bussey H, Elliott Q, Burn B, Smith A, Tipper DJ (1984) Sequence of the preprotoxin dsRNA gene of type I killer yeast: multiple processing events produce a two component toxin. Cell 36: 741–751
Bozarth RF, Koltin Y, Weissman MB, Parker RL, Dalton RE, Stenlauf R (1981) The molecular weight and packaging of dsRNAs in the mycovirus from Ustilago maydis killer strains. Virology 113: 492–502
Brown JL, Kossaczka Z, Jiang B, Bussey H (1993) A mutational analysis of killer toxin resistance in S. cerevisiae identifies new genes involved in cell wall (1.6)-ßglucan synthesis. Genetics 133: 837–849
Bruenn JA (1980) Virus-like particles of yeast. Annu Rev Microbiol 34: 49–68
Buck KW (1979) Replication of double-stranded RNA mycoviruses. In: Lemke AP (ed) Viruses and plasmids in fungi. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 93–160
Buck KW, Lhoas P, Street BK (1973) Virus particles in yeast. Biochem Soc Trans 1: 1141–1142
Bussey H (1988) Proteases and the processing of precursors to secreted proteins in yeast. Yeast 4: 17–26
Bussey H (1991) K1 killer toxin, a pore-forming protein from yeast. Mol Microbiol 5: 2339–2343
Bussey H, Saville D, Greene D, Tipper DJ, Bostian KA (1983) Secretion of Saccharomyces cerevisiae killer toxin: processing of the glycosylated precursor. Mol Cell Biol 3: 1362–1370
Bussey H, Boone, C, Zhu H, Vernet T, Whiteway M, Thomas DY (1990) Genetic and molecular approaches to synthesis and action of yeast killer toxin. Experientia 46: 193–200
Cooper A, Bussey H (1989) Characterisation of the yeast KEX1 gene product: a carboxypeptidase involved in processing secreted precursor proteins. Mol Cell Biol 9: 2706–2714
Cooper A, Bussey H (1992) Yeast Kexlp is a Golgi-associated membrane protein: deletions in a cytoplasmic targeting domain result in mislocalization to the vacuolar membrane. J Cell Biol 119: 1459–1468
De la Pena PF, Barros F, Gascon S, Ramos S, Lazo P (1980) Primary effects of yeast killer toxin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 96: 544–550
De la Pena PF, Barros F, Gascon S, Lazo PS, Ramos S (1981) Effect of yeast killer toxin on sensitive cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 256: 10420–10425
Dignard D, Whiteway M, Germain D, Tessier D, Thomas DY (1991) Expression in yeast of a cDNA copy of the K2 killer toxin gene. Mol Gen Genet 227: 127–136
Dihanich M, Van Tuinen E, Lambris JD, and Marshallsay B (1989) Accumulation of viruslike particles in a yeast mutant lacking a mitochondrial pore protein. Mol Cell Biol 9: 1100–1108
Dinman JD, Wickner RB (1992) Ribosomal frameshifting efficiency and gag/gag-pol ratio are critical for yeast M1 double-stranded RNA virus propagation. J Virol 66: 3669–3676
Dinman JD, Icho T, Wickner RB (1991) A-1 ribosomal frameshift in double-stranded RNA virus of yeast forms a gag-pol fusion protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 174–178
Dmochowska A, Dignard D, Henning D, Thomas DY, Bussey H (1987) Yeast KEX1 gene encodes a putative carboxypeptidase b-like protein involved in killer toxin and a-factor precursor processing. Cell 50: 573–584
Esteban R, Wickner RB (1986) Three different M1 RNA-containing viruslike particle types in Saccharomyces cerevisisae: in vitro M1 dsRNA synthesis. Mol Cell Biol 6: 1552–1561
Esteban R, Wickner RB (1987) A new non-Mendelian genetic element of yeast that increases cytopathology produced by M1 double-stranded RNA in ski strains. Genetics 117: 399–408
Esteban R, Wickner RB (1988) A deletion mutant of L-A dsRNA replicates like M1 dsRNA. J Virol 62: 12781285
Esteban R, Fujimura T, Wickner RB (1988) Site-specific binding of viral plus single-stranded RNA to replicasecontaining open virus-like particles of yeast. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 4411–4415
Esteban R, Fujimura T, Wickner RB (1989) Internal and terminal cis-acting sites are necessary for in vitro replication of the L-A double-stranded RNA virus of yeast. EMBO J 8: 947–954
Fujimura T, Wickner RB (1987) L-A double-stranded RNA viruslike particle replication cycle in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: particle maturation in vitro and effects of mak10 and pet18 mutations. Mol Cell Biol 7: 420–426
Fujimura T, Wickner RB (1988a) Gene overlap results in a viral protein having an RNA-binding domain and a major coat protein domain. Cell 55: 663–67
Fujimura T, Wickner RB (1988b) Replicase of L-A virus-like particles of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In vitro conversion of exogenous L-A and M1 single-stranded RNAs to double-stranded form. J Biol Chem 263: 454–460
Fujimura T, Wickner RB (1989) Reconstitution of template-dependent in vitro transcriptase activity of a yeast double-stranded RNA virus. J Biol Chem 264: 10872–10877
Fujimura T, Wickner RB (1992) Interaction of two cis sites with the RNA replicase of the yeast L-A virus. J Biol Chem 267: 2708–2713
Fujimura T, Esteban R, Wickner RB (1986) In vitro L-A dsRNA synthesis in virus-like particles from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 44334437
Fujimura T, Esteban R, Esteban, LM, Wickner RB (1990) Portable encapsidation signal of the L-A double-stranded RNA virus of S. cerevisiae. Cell 62: 819–828
Fujimura T, Ribas JC, Makhov AM, Wickner RB (1992) Pol of gag-pol fusion protein required for encapsidation of viral RNA of yeast L-A virus. Nature 359: 746749
Fuller RS, Brake AJ, Thorner J (1989) Intracellular targeting and structural conservation of a prohormoneprocessing endopeptidase. Science 246: 482–486
Hannig EM, Leibowitz MJ (1985) Structure and expression of the M2 genomic segment of the type 2 killer virus of yeast. Nucl Acids Res 13: 4379–4400
Hatfield DL, Lavin JG, Rein A, Oroszlan S (1992) Translational supression in retroviral gene expression. Adv Virus Res 41: 193–239
Hausler A, Ballou L, Ballou CE, Robbins PW (1992) Yeast glycoprotein biosynthesis: MNT1 encodes an a1,2-mannosyltransferase involved in O-glycosylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 6846–6850
Herring AJ, Bevan AE (1974) Virus-like particles associated with the double-stranded RNA species found in killer and sensitive strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Gen Virol 22: 387–394
Hill K, Boone C, Goebl M, Puccia R, Sdicu A M, Bussey H (1992) Yeast KRE2 defines a new gene family encoding probable secretory proteins, and is required for the correct N-glycosylation of proteins. Genetics 130: 273–283
Hopper JE, Bostian KA, Rowe LB, Tipper DJ (1977) Translation of the L-species dsRNA found in killer and sensitive strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 252: 9010–9017
Huan B, Shen Y, Bruenn JA (1991) In vivo mapping of a sequence required for interference with the yeast killer virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 1271–1275
Hutchins K, Bussey H (1983) Cell wall receptor for yeast killer toxin: involvement of a (1.6)-ß-D-glucan. J Bacteriol 154: 161–169
Icho T, Wickner RB (1988) The MAK11 protein is essential for cell growth and replication of M double-stranded RNA and is apparently a membrane-associated protein. J Biol Chem 263: 1467–75
Icho T, Wickner RB (1989) The double-stranded RNA genome of yeast virus L-A encodes its own putative RNA polymerase by fusing two open reading frames J Biol Chem 264: 6716–6723
Jacks T, Madhani HD, Masiarz FR, Varmus HE (1988) Signals for ribosomal frameshifting in the Rous sarcoma virus gag-pol region. Cell 55: 447–458
Janda M, Ahlquist P (1993) RNA-dependent replication, transcription and persistence of Brome Mosaic virus RNA replicons in S. cerevisiae. Cell 72: 961–970
Julius D, Brake A, Blair L, Kunisawa R, Thorner J (1984) Isolation of the putative structural gene for the lysinearginine-cleaving endopeptidase required for the processing of yeast prepro-alpha factor. Cell 36: 309318
Koltin Y (1988) The killer system of Ustilago maydis: secreted polypeptides encode by viruses. In: Koltin Y, Leibowitz MJ (eds) Viruses of fungi and simple eukaryotes. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 209–242
Lee Y, Wickner RB (1992) MAK10, a glucose-repressible gene necessary for replication of a dsRNA virus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has T cell receptor a-subunit motifs. Genetics 132: 87–96
Leibowitz MJ, Wickner RB (1976) A chromosomal gene required for killer plasmid expression, mating, and spore maturation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci 73: 2061–2065
Liu Y, Dieckmann CL (1989) Overproduction of yeast virus-like particle coat protein genome in strains deficient in a mitochondrial nuclease. Mol Cell Biol 9: 3323–3331
Lolle SJ, Bussey H (1986) In vivo evidence of post-translational translocation and signal cleavage of the killer preprotoxin of S. cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol 6: 42744280
Lussier M, Camirand A, Sdicu A M, Bussey H (1993) KTR2: a new member of the KRE2 mannosyltransferase gene family. Yeast 9: 1057–1063
Martinac B, Zhu H, Kubalski A, Zhou X, Culbertson M, Bussey H, Kung C (1990) Yeast K1 killer toxin forms ion channels in sensitive yeast spheroplasts and in artificial liposomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87: 62286232
Matsumoto, Y, Fishel R, Wickner RB (1990) Circular single-stranded RNA replicon in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87: 7628–32
Matsumoto, Y, Sarkar G, Sommer SS, Wickner RB (1993) A yeast antiviral protein, SKIE, shares a repeated amino acid sequence pattern with beta-subunits of G proteins and several other proteins. Yeast 8: 43–51
Meaden P, Hill K, Wagner J, Slipetz D, Sommer SS, Bussey H (1990) The yeast KRE5 gene encodes a probable endoplasmic reticulum protein required for (1.6)-ßD-glucan synthesis and normal cell growth. Mol Cell Biol 10: 3013–3019
Meskauskas A (1990) Nucleotide sequence of cDNA to yeast M2–1 dsRNA segment. Nucl Acids Res 18: 67206720
Meskauskas A, Citivicius D (1992) The K2-killer toxin and immunity-encoding region from Saccharomyces cerevisiae: structure and expression in yeast. Gene 111: 135–139
Neville DM, Hudson TH (1986) Transmembrane transport of diphtheria toxin, related toxins, and colicins. Annu Rev Biochem 55: 195–224
Newman AM, Elliot SG, McLaughlin CS, Sutherland PA, Warner RC (1981) Replication of dsRNA of the virus-like particles in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Virol 38: 263–271
Pattus F, Massotte D, Wilmsen J, Lakey D, Tsernoglou D, Tucker A, Parker MW (1990) Colicins: prokaryotic killer-pores. Experientia 46: 180–192
Pfeiffer P, Radler F (1982) Purification and characterization of extracellular and intracellular killer toxin of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain 28. J Gen Microbiol 128: 2699–2706
Pfeiffer P, Radler F (1984) Comparison of the killer toxin of several yeasts and the purification of a toxin of type K2. Arch Microbiol 137: 357–361
Ratti G, Buck KW (1978) Semiconservative transcription in particles of a double-stranded RNA mycovirus. Nucl Acids Res 5: 3843–3854
Redding K, Holcomb C, Fuller RS (1991) Immunolocalization of Kex2 protease identifies a putative late Golgi compartment in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Cell Biol 113: 527–538
Rhee SK, Icho T, Wickner RB (1989) Structure and nuclear localization signal of the SKI3 antiviral protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 5: 149–58
Ridley SP, Sommer SS, Wickner RB (1984) Superkiller mutations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae suppress exclusion of M2 double-stranded RNA by L-A-HN and confer cold sensitivity in the presence of M and L-AHN. Mol Cell Biol 4: 761–770
Roemer T, Bussey H (1991) Yeast ß-glucan synthesis: KRE6 encodes a predicted type II membrane protein required for glucan synthesis in vivo and for glucan synthase activity in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 11295–11299
Roemer T, Delaney S, Bussey H (1993) SKN1 and KRE6 define a pair of functional homologs encoding putative membrane proteins involved in ß-glucan synthesis. Mol Cell Biol 13: 4039–4048
Rogers DT (1976) The genetic and phenotypic characterization of killer strains of yeast isolated from different sources. PhD Thesis, Queen Mary College, University of London, UK
Rogers D, Bevan EA (1978) Group classification of killer yeasts based on cross-reactions between strains of different species and origin. J Gen Microbiol 105: 199202
Russell PJ, Hambidge SJ, Kirkegaard K (1991) Direct introduction and transient expression of capped and non-capped RNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nucl Acids Res 19: 4949–4953
Schmitt MJ, Pfeiffer PC (1990) Immunochemical analysis of the carbohydrate moiety of the yeast killer toxin K28. Antonie Leeuwenhoek 58: 277–282
Schmitt M, Radler F (1987) Mannoprotein of the yeast cell wall as a primary receptor for the killer toxin of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain 28. J Gen Microbiol 133: 3347–3354
Schmitt M, Radler F (1988) Molecular structure of the cell wall receptor for killer toxin K28 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Bacteriol 170: 2192–2196
Schmitt M, Tipper DJ (1990) K28, a unique double-stranded RNA killer virus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol 10: 4807–4815
Schmitt M, Brendel M, Schwarz R, Radler F (1989) Inhibition of DNA synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by yeast killer toxin KT28. J Gen Microbiol 135: 15291535
Sclafani RA, Fangman WL (1984) Conservative replication of dsRNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by displacement of progenie single strands. Mol Cell Biol 4: 1618–1626
Shatkin AJ, Kozak M (1983) Biochemical aspects of reovirus transcription and translation. In: Joklik WK (ed) The reoviridae. Plenum, New York, pp 79–106
Sikorski RS, Boguski MS, Goebl M, Hieter P (1990) A repeating amino acid motif in CDC23 defines a family of proteins and a new relationship among genes required for mitosis and RNA synthesis. Cell 60: 307–317
Skipper N, Thomas DY, Lau PCK (1984) Cloning and sequencing of the preprotoxin-coding region of the yeast M1 double-stranded RNA. EMBO J 3: 107–111
Sommer SS, Wickner RB (1982) Yeast L dsRNA consists of at least three distinct RNAs; evidence that the non-Mendelian genes [HOK], [NEX] and [EXL] are on one of these dsRNAs. Cell 31: 429–441
Sommer SS, Wickner RB (1987) Gene disruption indicates that the only essential function of the SKI8 chromosomal gene is to protect Saccharomyces cerevisiae from viral cytopathology. Virology 157: 252–6
Steiner DF, Smeekens SP, Ohagi S, Chan SJ (1992) The new enzymology of precursor processing endoproteases. J Biol Chem 267: 23435–23438
Streisinger G, Enrich J, Stahl MM (1967) Chromosome structure in phage T4. IV. Terminal redundancy and length determination. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 57: 292–295
Sturley SL, Elliot Q, LeVitre J, Tipper DJ, Bostian KA (1986) Mapping of functional domains within the Saccharomyces cerevisiae type 1 killer preprotoxin. EMBO J 5: 3381–3389
Tercero JC, Wickner RB (1992) MAK3 encodes an Nacetyltransferase whose modification of the L-A gag N-terminus is necessary for virus particle assembly. J Biol Chem 267: 20277–20281
Tercero JC, Riles LE, Wickner RB (1992) Localized mutagenesis and evidence for post-transcriptional regulation of MAK3, a putative N-acetyltransferase required for dsRNA virus propagation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 267: 20270–20276
Tercero JC, Dinman JD, Wickner RB (1993) Yeast MAK3 N-acetyltransferase recognizes the N-terminal four amino acids of the major coat protein (gag) of the L-A double-stranded RNA virus. J Bacteriol 175: 3192–3194
Thomas L, Cooper A, Bussey H, Thomas G (1990) Yeast KEX1 protease excises mature peptides from POMC in mammalian cells. J Biol Chem 265: 10821–10824
Thrash C, Voelkel K, DiNardo S, Sternglanz R (1984) Identification of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants deficient in DNA topoisomerase I. J Biol Chem 259: 1375–1379
Toh-e A, Guerry P, Wickner RB (1978) Chromosomal superkiller mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Bacteriol 136: 1002–1007
Van Etten JL, Burbank DE, Cupels DA, Lane LA, Vidaver AK (1980) Semiconservative synthesis of single-stranded RNA by bacteriophage Phi6 RNA polymerase. J Virol 33: 769–73
Weinstein LA, Capaldo-Kimball F, Leibowitz MJ (1993) Genetics of heat curability of killer virus of yeast. Yeast 9: 411–418
Wesolowski M, Wickner RB (1984) Two new double-stranded RNA molecules showing non-Mendelian inheritance and heat inducibility in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol 4: 181–187
Wickner RB (1980) Plasmids controlling exclusion of the K2 killer double-stranded RNA plasmid of yeast. Cell 21: 217–226
Wickner RB (1983) Killer systems in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: three distinct modes of exclusion of M2 double-stranded RNA by three species of double-stranded RNA, M1, L-A-E, and L-A-HN. Mol Cell Bio13: 654–61
Wickner RB (1987) MKT1, a nonessential Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene with a temperature-dependent effect on replication of M2 double-stranded RNA. J Bacteriol 169: 4941–5
Wickner RB, Leibowitz MJ (1976) Two chromosomal genes required for killing expression in killer strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 82: 429–442
Wickner RB, Ridley SP, Fried HM, Ball SG (1982) Ribosomal protein L3 is involved in replication or maintenance of the killer double-stranded RNA genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79: 4706–8
Wickner RB, Koh TJ, Crowley JC, O’Neil J, Kaback DB (1987) Molecular cloning of chromosome I DNA from Saccharomyces cerevisiae: isolation of the MAK16 gene and analysis of an adjacent gene essential for growth at low temperatures. Yeast 3: 51–7
Wickner RB, Icho T, Fujimura T, Widner WR (1991) Expression of yeast L-A double-stranded RNA virus proteins produces derepressed replication: a skiphenocopy. J Virol 65: 155–161
Widner WR, Wickner RB (1993) Evidence that the SKI antiviral system of Saccharomyces cerevisiae acts by blocking expression of viral mRNA. Mol Cell Biol 13: 4331–4341
Williams TL, leibowitz MJ (1987) Conservative mechanism of the in vitro transcription of killer virus of yeast. Virology 158: 231–234
Zhu H, Bussey H (1991) Mutational analysis of the functional domains of yeast K1 killer toxin. Mol Cell Biol 11: 175–181
Zhu H, Bussey H, Thomas DY, Gagnon J, Bell AW (1987) Determination of the carboxyl termini of the a and b subunits of yeast K1 killer toxin: requirement of a carboxypeptidase b-like activity for maturation. J BiolChem 262: 10728–10732
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1995 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Wickner, R.B., Bussey, H., Fujimura, T., Esteban, R. (1995). Viral RNA and the Killer Phenomenon of Saccharomyces . In: Kück, U. (eds) Genetics and Biotechnology. The Mycota, vol 2. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10364-7_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10364-7_13
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-10366-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-10364-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive