Abstract
Tetraorganolead compounds were the first organoelement compounds to gain large-scale applied importance. This was a consequence of their high efficiency as antiknock agents in gasoline. This property subsequently induced an appreciable part of the rapid development in automotive techniques in the last fifty to sixty years; however, as a consequence of the extensive consumption of leaded gasoline the lead burden in the environment was also increased. Public concern and legislative measures were therefore enacted to reduce or prohibit the use of tetraalkyllead compounds as antiknock additives in gasoline.
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General References
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Skell, P. S., AFOSR-75–0200 [1975], in: Blackborow, J. R., Young, D., Metal Vapor Synthesis in Organometallic Chemistry, Springer, Berlin 1979.
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Physical Properties
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Lappert, M. F., Simpson, J., Spatting, T. R., A Mass Spectrometric Study of Some Group IVB Organometallic Compounds Containing Metal-Metal Bonds, in: George, W. O., Spectroscopic Methods in Organometallic Chemistry, Butterworths, London 1970, pp. 197/8.
Boyer-Donzelot, M., Boyer, P., Incréments de polarisation diélectrique pour quelques liaisons simples d’atomes avec le carbone, Bull. Soc. Chim. France 1971 1172/4.
Quac Dang Cheu, Calculation of the Heats of Combustion of Organometallic Compounds Containing Group IV Elements, Vestn. Mosk. Univ. Khim. 26 No. 3 [1971] 307/9; Moscow Univ. Chem. Bull. 26 No. 3 [1971] 31/2.
Quac Dang Cheu, Baburina, I. I., Molecular Polarisability of Alkylplumbines and Alkylgermanes, Zh. Fiz. Khim. 46 [1972] 2156; Russ. J. Phys. Chem. 46 [1972] 1235/6.
Bursey, J. T., Bursey, M. M., Kingston, D. G. I., Intramolecular Hydrogen Transfer in Mass Spectra. Rearrangements in Aliphatic Hydrocarbons and Aromatic Compounds, Chem. Rev. 73 [1973] 191/234.
Orlov, V. Yu., Mass Spectra of Organometallic Compounds of Group IVb, Usp. Khim. 42 [1973] 1184/9; Russ. Chem. Rev. 42 [1973] 529/37.
Maslova, V. A., Rabinovich, I. B., Heat Capacity, Phase Transitions, and Thermodynamic Functions of Alkyl Compounds of Nontransition Elements, Tr. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 1974 No. 1, pp. 40/63.
Meites, L., Zuman, P., Scott, W. J., Campbell, B. H., Kardos, A. M., Electrochemical Data, Pt. 1, Organic, Organometallic, and Biochemical Substances, Vol. A, Wiley, New York 1974.
Glockling, F., Main-Group Organometallics and Metal-Metal Bonded Compounds, in: Charalambous, J., Mass Spectrometry of Metal Complexes, Butterworths, London 1975, pp. 87/103.
Mairanovskii, S. G., PoLarography of OrganoeLementary Compounds of Nontransition Elements, Usp. Khim. 45 [1976] 604/39; Russ. Chem. Rev. 45 [1976] 298/317.
Pitcher, G., Thermochemistry of Organometallic Compounds Containing Metal-Carbon Linkages, MTP [Med. Tech. Publ. Co.] Intern. Rev. Sci. Phys. Chem. Ser. Two 10 [1975] 45/80.
Majee, B., Interpretation of the Properties of Organo Derivatives of Silicon, Germanium, Tin, and Lead by the Del Re Method, Rev. Silicon Germanium Tin Lead Compounds 2 [1975/77] 5/80.
Vogel, L., Kehlen, H., Excess Enthalpies of Binary Liquid Systems of Symmetrical Tetraalkyls of Silicon, Tin, and Lead, 1st Czech. Conf. Calorim. [Lect. Short Commun.], Liblice, Czech., 1977, pp. C4–1/C4–4.
Ribeiro da Silva, M. A. V., Reis, A. M. M. V., Thermochemistry of the Metal-Carbon Bond. Critical Review of Bond Energy Data of Organometallic Compounds and of Transition Metal Carbonyls, Rev. Port. Quim. 20 [1978] 47/62.
Steele, W. V., The Standard Enthalpy of Formation of Tetraphenylsilane and the Ph-M Mean Bond-Dissociation Energies of the Group IV Elements, J. Chem. Thermodyn. 10 [1978] 445/52.
Pedley, J. B., Rylance, J., Sussex-N.P.L. Computer Analyzed Thermochemical Data: Organic and Organometallic Compounds, University of Sussex, Brighton 1979, pp. 1/201.
Daolio, S., Foffani, M. T., Mengoli, G., Mass Spectrometric Identification of Unusual Lead and Tin Alkyls Produced by the Electrochemical Reduction of Methyl-Ethyl Ketone at Lead/Tin Alloys, Intern. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys. 48 [1983] 67/70.
Zorin, A. D., Feshchenko, I. A., Tsinovoi, Yu. N., Karataev, E. N., Thermodynamic Substantiation of the Feasibility of Obtaining Metals from Organometallic Compounds, Poluch. Anal. Chist. Veshchestv 1983 3/6; C.A. 101 [1984] No. 32234.
Ducros, M., Sannier, H., Determination of Vaporization Enthalpies of Liquid Organic Com- pounds. Application to Organometallic Compounds, Thermochim. Acta 75 [1984] 329/40.
Burmakov, V. M., Kuznetsova, T. V., Feshchenko, I. A., Tsinovoi, Yu. N., Density, Viscosity, and Surface Tension of Lower Alkyl Derivatives of Germanium, Tin, and Lead, Poluch. Anal. Chist. Veshchestv 1984 78/80; C.A. 104 [1986] No. 213577.
Analysis
Cholak, J., Analytical Methods for Determination of Lead, Arch. Environ. Health 8 [1964] 222/31.
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Siniramed, C., Renzanigo, F., Comparative Study of Several Methods for Determination of Lead in Gasoline, Riv. Combust. 19 [1965] 351/62.
Hasegawa, K., Kajikawa, M., Okamoto, N., A Rapid Method for Determination of Lead and Bromine in Gasoline by X-Ray Fluorescence, Bunseki Kagaku 14 [1965] 717/20; C.A. 63 [1965] 11207.
Trent, D. J., The Determination of Lead in Gasoline by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, At. Absorpt. Newsl. 4 [1965] 348/50.
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Bolanowska, W., A Method of Determination of Triethyllead in Blood and Urine, Chem. Anal. [Warsaw] 12 [1967] 121/9.
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Galtieri, A., Gas Chromatography. Use in Fuels and Their Derivatives, Riv. Combust. 25 [1971] 417/27.
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Tanaka, K., Fukaya, K., Yoshitani, K., Fukui, S., Kanno, S., Hygienic Chemical Studies on Pollution by Harmful Substances. Atomic Absorption Photometric Determination of Lead in Gasoline, Eisei Kagaku 17 [1971] 393/7; C.A. 76 [1972] No. 156412.
Garcia Escolar, L., Paz Castro, M., Determination of Lead in Gasolines, Ion [Madrid] 32 [1972] 100/1.
Weiss, M. K., Lead, in: Snell, F. D., Ettre, L. S., Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemical Analysis, Vol. 15, Interscience, New York 1972, pp. 161/201.
Campbell, K., Palmer, J. M., The Determination of Trace Amounts of Lead in Petroleum Products by Iodine Monochloride Extraction and Atomic Absorption Analysis, J. Inst. Petrol. 58 [1972] 193/200.
Rüssel, H., Talg, G., Anwendung der Gaschromatographie zur Trennung und Bestimmung anorganischer Stoffe, Fortschr. Chem. Forsch. 33 [1972] 1/74.
Mizuno, K., Shiio, H., X-Ray Fluorescent Analysis of Alkyl Lead in Air with Active Carbon, Bunseki Kagaku 21 [1972] 271/3.
Suzuki, T., Isogai, Y., Fukami, T., Ito, H., Determination of Lead in Gasoline, Nagoyashi Kogyo Kenkyusho Kenkyu Hokoku No. 45 [1971] 24/6; C.A. 75 [1971] No. 89767.
Chernoplekova, V. A., Sakharov, V. M., Sakodynskii, K. I., Gas Chromatography of Organometallic Compounds of Group I—IV of the Periodic System, Usp. Khim. 42 [1973] 2274/98; Russ. Chem. Rev. 42 [1973] 1063/77.
Anonymous, Standard Method of Test for Lead in Gasoline, Polarographic Method, D 1269–61 (Reapproved 1968), Ann. Book ASTM Stand., Vol. 17, Am. Soc. Test. Mater., Philadelphia 1973, pp. 446/50.
Carboni, C., De Lindemann, L., Determination of Organic Lead in the Air, Ann. Ist. Super. Sanita 9 (Spec. Number 1) [1973] 534/9; C.A. 83 [1975] No. 120258.
Leisey, F. A., Continuous Analyzer for Lead in Gasoline, ISA Trans. 12 [1973] 78/81.
Hodkova, M., Holle, B., Determination of Trace Amounts of Lead in Gasolines, Ropa Uhlie 15 [1973] 207/13; C.A. 79 [1973] No. 68349.
Forino, G., Detection of Lead in Gasolines, Rass. Chim. 25 [1973] 344/6; C.A. 80 [1974] No. 110578.
Takeuchi, S., Determination of Lead in Gasoline by the Oxygen Bomb and A. C. Polarographic Method, Sekiyu Gakkaishi 16 [1973] 913/15; C.A. 80 [1974] No. 61801.
Purdue, L. J., Enrione, R. E., Thompson, R. J., Bonfield, B. A., Determination of Organic and Total Lead in the Atmosphere by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, Anal. Chem. 45 [1973] 527/30.
Crompton, T. R., Chemical Analysis of Organometallic Compounds, Vols. 2 and 3: Elements of Group IV B, Academic, London 1974.
Larson, J. A., Short, M. A., Bonfiglio, S., Allie, W., X-Ray Fluorescence Technique for the Analysis of Lead in Gasoline, X-Ray Spectrom. 3 [1974] 125/9.
Bowen, B. C., Foote, H., Total Lead in Gasolines by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry, Inst. Pet. [Tech. Pap.] IP 74–010 [1974]; C.A. 86 [1977] No. 192206.
Heistand, R. N., Shaner Jr., W. C., Automated Atomic Absorption Determination of Low Levels of Lead in Gasoline, At. Absorpt. Newsl. 13 [1974] 65/7; C.A. 81 [1974] No. 172648.
Price, B. J., Field, K. M., Direct Analysis of Sulfur and Lead in Fuels by Nondispersive X-Ray Fluorescence, Am. Lab. 6 [1974] 62/4, 66; C.A. 82 [1975] No. 75301.
Harrison, R. M., Perry, R., Slater, D. H., An Adsorption Technique for the Determination of Organic Lead in Street Air, Atmos. Environ. 8 [1974] 1187/94.
Blears, D. G., Coventry, R. J., Development of Continuous Organic Lead-in-Air Monitors, Proc. 5th Symp. Chem. Process Hazards Spec. Ref. Plant Design, London 1974; Inst. Chem. Eng. Symp. Ser. A 39 [1974] 322/37; C.A. 81 [1974] No. 140424, 86 [1977] No. 95106.
Lukasiewicz, R. J., Berens, P. H., Buell, B. E., Rapid Determination of Lead in Gasoline by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry in the Nitrous Oxide—Hydrogen Flame, Anal. Chem. 47 [1975] 1045/9.
McCorriston, L. L., Ritchie, R. K., Determination of Lead in Gasoline by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Using a Total Consumption Burner, Anal. Chem. 47 [1975] 1137/9.
Katou, T., Nakagawa, R., Determination of Alkylleads by Combined System of GC/AAS, Yokohama Kokuritsu Daigaku Kankyo Kagaku Kenkyu Senta Kiyo 1 [1975] 19/24.
Anonymous, Standard Method of Test for Lead in Gasoline, Gravimetric Method, D 526–70, Ann. Book ASTM Stand., Vol. 17, Am. Soc. Test. Mater., Philadelphia 1975, pp. 275/8.
Robinson, J. W., Rhodes, L., Wolcott, D. K., The Determination and Identification of Molecular Lead Pollutants in the Atmosphere, Anal. Chim. Acta 78 [1975] 474/8.
Sawicki, C. R., Seminar Summary: Sampling and Analysis of the Various Forms of Atmospheric Lead, PB-240620 [1975] 1/14.
Madec, M., La Villa, F., Determination of Lead Traces in Naphthas, Rev. Inst. Fr. Petrol. 31 [1976] 687/701.
Russell, T. J., Campbell, K., Rapid Determination of Lead in Petroleum Products by Atomic Absorption, Compend. Deut. Ges. MineraloeLwiss. Kohlechem. 76/77 [1976] 986/94; C.A. 88 [1978] No. 9358.
Kaegler, S. H., Tillmanns, V., Hebild, F., First Experience with “Roentgenboy” for Lead Determination in Gasolines, Compend. Deut. Ges. Mineraloelwiss. Kohlechem. 76/77 [1976] 995/1008; C.A. 88 [1978] No. 9359.
Teller, S., A Radioisotope Immersion Probe for Continuous or Discrete Measurements of Sulphur in Crude Oils and Lead in Refinery Products, Proc. ERDA Symp. X-Gamma-Ray Sources Appl., Ann Arbor, Mich., 1976, pp. 194/7.
Tausch, H., Die Grundlagen der Gaschromatographie und ihre Anwendung zur Spurenanalyse flüchtiger organischer Bleiverbindungen in der Atmosphäre, Ber. Oesterr. Studienges. Atomenerg. SGAE-2636 [1976] 1/11.
Chau, Y. K., Wong, P. T. S., An Element-and Speciation-specific Technique for the Determination of Organometallic Compounds, Environ. Anat. Papers 3rd Ann. Meet. Fed. Anal. Chem. Spectrosc. Soc., Philadelphia 1976 [1977], pp. 215/25.
Reamer, D. C., O’Haver, T. C., Zoller, W. H., The Use of a Gas Chromatograph — Microwave Plasma Detector for the Detection of Alkyl Lead and Selenium Compounds in the Atmosphere, NBS-SP-464 [1977] 609/12; C.A. 89 [1978] No. 48156.
MacCrehan, W. A., Durst, R. A., Betlama, J. M., HPLC with Electrochemical Detection for the Measurement of Trace Organometallic Species in Environmental Water Samples, 4th Joint Conf. Sens. Environ. Pollut. Conf. Proc., New Orleans 1977 [1978], pp. 635/6.
Schmidt, U., Huber, F., Spektralphotometrische Bestimmung von Blei(11)-, sowie Dialkylbleiund Trialkylbleiverbindungen in geringen Konzentrationen, Anal. Chim. Acta 98 [1978] 147/9.
Beccaria, A. M., Mor, E. D., Poggi, G., A Method for the Analysis of Traces of Inorganic and Organic Lead Compounds in Marine Sediments, Ann. Chim. [Rome] 68 [1978] 607/17.
Reamer, D. C., Zoller, W. H., O’Haver, T. C., Gas Chromatograph — Microwave Plasma Detector for the Determination of Tetraalkyllead Species in the Atmosphere, Anal. Chem. 50 [1978] 1449/53.
Coker, D. T., A Simple, Sensitive Technique for Personal and Environmental Sampling and Analysis of Lead Alkyl Vapours in Air, Ann. Occup. Hyg. 21 [1978] 33/8.
Simon, N., Welebir, A. J., Aldridge, M. H., Trace Organometallics in Water, AD-A 058566 [1978] 1/54; C.A. 90 [1979] No. 156857.
Fouzder, N. B., Fleet, B., The Electrochemical Behavior and Analysis of Organometallic Compounds of Mercury, Tin, Lead, and Germanium, in: Smyth, W. F., Polarography of Molecules of Biological Significance, Academic, London 1979, pp. 261/93.
MacCrehan, W. A., Durst, R. A., Bellama, J. M., Study of Organometal Speciation in Water Samples Using Liquid Chromatography with Electrochemical Detection, NBS-SP-519 [1979] 57/63.
Reamer, D. V., Methods for the Determination of Atmospheric Tetraalkyllead and Alkyl Selenide Species Using a GC-Microwave Plasma Detector, Diss. Univ. Maryland 1978; Diss. Abstr. Intern. B 40 [1979] 710/11.
Rohbock, E., Müller, J., Methode zur Messung gasförmiger Bleialkylverbindungen in Außenluft, Mikrochim. Acta 1979 1423/34.
Chau, Y. K., Wong, P. T. S., Bengert, G. A., Kramar, O., Determination of Tetraalkyllead Compounds in Water, Sediment, and Fish Samples, Anal. Chem. 51 [1979] 186/88.
Radziuk, B., Thomassen, Y., van Loon, J. C., Chau, Y. K., Determination of Alkyl Lead Compounds in Air by Gas Chromatography and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, Anal. Chim. Acta 105 [1979] 255/62.
Berenguer, V., Guinon, J. L., de la Guardia, M., Rapid Determination of Lead in Petrol by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry of Emulsified Samples, Z. Anal. Chem. 294 [1979] 416.
Mitchell, W. J., Midgett, M. R., Measuring Inorganic and Alkyl Lead Emissions from Stationary Sources, J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 29 [1979] 959/62.
Brinckman, F. E., Blair, W. R., Speciation of Metals in Used Oils: Recent Progress and Environmental Implications of Molecular Lead Compounds in Used Crankase Oils, NBSSP-556 [1979] 25/38.
Campiglio, A., Potentiometric Microdetermination of Lead(II) with an Ion-Selective Lead Electrode and its Application to the Analysis of Organic Lead Compounds, Mikrochim. Acta 1979 1267/78.
Campiglio, A., Über die Mineralisierung nichtflüchtiger organischer Bleiverbindungen, Mikrochim. Acta 1979 1395/98.
Robinson, J. W., Rhodes, L. J., Sources of Inorganic Molecular Lead in the Ambient Atmosphere, Spectrosc. Letters 12 [1979] 781/807.
Anonymous, Standard Test Method for Lead in Gasoline, Volumetric Chromate Method, ANSI/ ASTM D 2547–70 (Reapproved 1977), Ann. Book ASTM Stand., Vol. 24, Am. Soc. Test. Mater., Philadelphia 1979, pp. 453/6.
Anonymous, Standard Test Method for Lead in Gasoline by X-Ray Spectrometry, ANSI/ASTM D 2599–71 (Reapproved 1976), Ann. Book ASTM Stand., Vol. 24, Am. Soc. Test. Mater., Philadelphia 1979, pp. 521/4.
Anonymous, Standard Test Method for Trace Amounts of Lead in Gasoline, ANSI/ASTM D 3116–72 (Reapproved 1977), Ann. Book ASTM Stand., Vol. 25, Am. Soc. Test. Mater., Philadelphia 1979, pp. 31/5.
Anonymous, Standard Test Method for Lead in Gasoline by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, ANSI/ASTM D 3237–79, Ann. Book ASTM Stand., Vol. 25, Am. Soc. Test. Mater., Philadelphia 1979, pp. 112/4.
Anonymous, Standard Test Method for Lead in Gasoline—Iodine Monochloride Method, ANSI/ASTM D 3341–79, Ann. Book ASTM Stand., Vol. 25, Am. Soc. Test. Mater., Philadelphia 1979, pp. 236/9.
Radziuk, B., Thomassen, Y., Butler, L. R. P., Van Loon, J. C., Chau, Y. K., A Study of Atomic Absorption and Atomic Fluorescence Atomization Systems as Detectors in the Gas Chromatographic Determination of Lead, Anal. Chim. Acta 108 [1979] 31/8.
Noden, F. G., The Determination of Tetraalkyllead Compounds and Their Degradation Products in Natural Water, Lead Mar. Environ. Proc. Intern. Experts Discuss., Rovinj, Yugoslay., 1977 [1980], pp. 83/91.
Hewitt, A. G., The Control of Toxic Atmospheres in Selected Batch and Continuous Chemical Processes, Symp. Pap. Inst. Chem. Eng. North West. Branch, Manchester 1980, Vol. 2, pp. 3–1/3–7.
Cruz, R. B., Lorouso, C., George, S., Thomassen, Y., Kinrade, J. D., Butler, L. R. P., Lye, J., Van Loon, J. C., Determination of Total, Organic Solvent Extractable, Volatile and Tetraalkyllead in Fish, Vegetation, Sediment and Water Samples, Spectrochim. Acta B 35 [1980] 775/83.
Birch, J., Harrison, R. M., Laxen, D. P. H., A Specific Method for 24–48 Hour Analysis of Tetraalkyl Lead in Air, Sci. Total Environ. 14 [1980] 31/42.
de Jonghe, W., Chakraborti, D., Adams, F., Graphite-Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry as a Metal-Specific Detection System for Tetraalkyllead Compounds Separated by Gas-Liquid Chromatography, Anal. Chim. Acta 115 [1980] 89/101.
Bet-Wei Zeng, Determination of Tetraalkyllead in Environmental Samples, Huanjing Kexue 1 [1980] 55/7; C.A. 94 [1981] No. 149736.
Frank, H. A., Lead Alkyl Components as Discriminating Factors in the Comparison of GasoLines, J. Forensic Sci. Soc. 20 [1980] 285/92.
Zabairova, R. A., Bortnikov, G. N., Gorina, F. A., Yashin, Ya. I., Chromatographic Determination of Organolead Compounds, Khim. Elementoorg. Soedin. [Gor’kii] No. 8 [1980] 15/26; C.A. 96 [1982] No. 96770.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (Washington, D.C.), Lead-in-Gasoline Test Procedure, Fed. Regist. 46 No. 66 [1981] 20698/703; C.A. 94 [1981] No. 194621.
Chan, L., The Determination of Tetraalkyl Lead Compounds in Petrol Using Combined Gas Chromatography—Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, Forensic Sci. Intern. 18 [1981] 57/62.
Jiang, S. G., Chakraborti, D., De Jonghe, W., Adams, F., Atomic-Absorption Spectrophotometric Determination of Volatile Organolead Compounds in the Atmosphere, Z. Anal. Chem. 305 [1981] 177/80.
Chakraborti, D., Jiang, S. G., Surkijn, P., De Jonghe, W., Adams, F., Determination of Tetraalkyllead Compounds in Environmental Samples by Gas Chromatography—Graphite Furnace Atomic-Absorption Spectrometry, Anal. Proc. London 18 [1981] 347/50.
Zabairova, R. A., Bortnikov, G. N., Bochkarev, V. N., Gorina, F. A., Samarin, K. M., Gas Chromatographic Analysis in the Manufacture of Organolead Compounds, Usp. Gazov. Khromatogr. 1981 No. 6, pp. 278/83; C.A. 98 [1983] No. 154695.
Aldridge, W. N., Street, B. W., Spectrophotometric and Fluorimetric Determination of Tri-and Di-organotin and -organolead Compounds Using Dithizone and 3-Hydroxyflavone, Analyst [London] 106 [1981] 60/8.
Yamauchi, H., Arai, F., Yamamura, Y., Determination of Triethyllead, Diethyllead and Inorganic Lead in Urine by Hydride Generation-Flameless Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, Ind. Health 19 [1981] 115/24.
Hodges, D. J., Skelding, D., Determination of Lead in Urine by Atomic-Absorption Spectroscopy with Electrothermal Atomisation, Analyst [London] 106 [1981] 299/304.
Zabairova, R. A., Bortnikov, G. N., Gorina, F. A., Bochkarev, V. N., Samarin, K. M., Gas Chromatographic Methods for the Analytical Monitoring of Organolead Compound Manufacture, Khim. Elementoorg. Soedin. [Gor’kii] 1981 86/98; C.A. 97 [1982] No. 137936.
Crompton, T. R., Gas Chromatography of Organometallic Compounds, Plenum, New York 1982.
Ebdon, L., Ward, R. W., Leathard, D. A., Approaches to Trace-Metal Speciation in Environmental Samples, Anal. Proc. [London] 19 [1982] 110/4.
De Jonghe, W. R. A., Adams, F. C., Measurements of Organic Lead in Air — A Review, TaLanta 29 [1982] 1057/67.
de Jonghe, W., Adams, F., Organolead Compounds in the Atmosphere, COST 61 a bis, 2nd Discuss. Meeting Working Party 1: Detection, Identification and Analysis of Air Pollutants, Vienna 1982, pp. 17/23.
Andersson, K., Levin, J. O., et al., Sampling and Analysis of Organic Substances in the List of Limit Values IX: Tetramethyl Lead and Tetraethyl Lead, HSE Trans — 10311 [1982] 1/16; Brit. Rept. Trans. Thesis. [1983].
West, N. G., Purnell, C. J., Brown, R. H., Withers, E., The Measurement of Low Concentrations of Organic and Inorganic Gaseous Contaminants in Occupational Environments by X-Ray Spectrometry (XRS), Advan. X-Ray Anal. 25 [1982] 181/7.
Neagoe, S., Antonescu, L., Determination of Lead in Gasolines by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry, Rev. Chim. [Bucharest] 33 [1982] 850/3; C.A. 98 [1983] No. 6095.
Institute of Petroleum, The Determination of Lead in Gasoline Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry, IP-82–008 [1982]; C.A. 98 [1983] No. 74992.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (Washington, D.C.), Lead-in-Gasoline Test Procedure, Fed. Regist. 47 No. 4 [1982] 764/8; C.A. 96 [1982] No. 54933.
Lowry, J. H., Meszaros, T. J., Conlon, L., Automated Atomic Absorption Determination of Lead in Gasoline, J. Autom. Chem. 4 [1982] 112/5.
Jin, J., Li, F., Determination of Trace Lead in Gasoline by Tantalum Ribbon Flameless Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, Fenxi Huaxue 10 [1982] 487/8, 512; C.A. 98 [1983] No. 19256.
Campbell, W. C., Applications of Atomic Absorption Spectrometry in the Petroleum Industry, in: Cantle, J. E., Techniques and Instrumentation in Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 5, Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, Elsevier, Amsterdam 1982, pp. 285/306.
Frigerio, I. J., McCormick, M. J., Symons, R. K., The Determination of Lead in Petrol by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, Anal. Chim. Acta 143 [1982] 261/4.
Epstein, M. S., Determination of ULtratrace Levels of Lead in Reference Fuels by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption, At. Spectrosc. 4 [1983] 62/3; C.A. 98 [1983] No. 200930.
Chau, Y. K., Wong, P. T. S., Kramar, O., The Determination of Dialkyllead, Trialkyllead, Tetraalkyllead and Lead(II) Ions in Water by Chelation/Extraction and Gas Chromatography/Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, Anal. Chim. Acta 146 [1983] 211/7.
Torsi, G., Palmisano, F., Electrostatic Capture of Gaseous Tetraalkyllead Compounds and Their Determination by Electrothermal Atomic-Absorption Spectrometry, Analyst [London] 108 [1983] 1318/22.
Crippen, R. C., GC/LC, Instruments, Derivatives in Identifying Pollutants and Unknowns, Pergamon, New York 1983.
Rajkovic, M.B., Jovanovic, M. S., Modification of the Standard Method for Determination of Lead in Gasolines, Glas. Hem. Drus. Beograd 48 [1983] 789/90; C.A. 100 [1984] No. 212645.
Scott, D. R., Holboke, L. E., Hadeishi, T., Determination of Lead in Gasoline by Zeeman Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, Anal. Chem. 55 [1983] 2006/7.
De Jonghe, W. R. A., Van Mol, W. E., Adams, F. C., Determination of Trialkyllead Compounds in Water by Extraction and Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, Anal. Chem. 55 [1983] 1050/4.
Sneddon, J., Collection and Atomic Spectroscopic Measurement of Metal Compounds in the Atmosphere: A Review, Talanta 30 [1983] 631/48.
Braman, R. S., Chemical Speciation, Chem. Anal. (N.Y.) 64 [1983] 1/59.
Bond, A. M., Bradbury, J. R., Howell, G. N., Hudson, H. A., Hanna, P. J., Strother, S., Electrochemical Reduction of the Trimethyllead(IV) Cation in Seawater, J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Electrochem. 154 [1983] 217/28.
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Corradetti, E., Mannozzi, A., Marinelli, G., Blood Lead and Urine Lead in the Evaluation of Lead Exposure in People Working at Gasoline Pumps, Boll. Chim. Unione Ital. Lab. Prov. Parte Sci. 34 [1983] 259/67.
Skorka, G., Bien, E., Neurotoxicological Effects of Lead and Mercury, Pharmazie 38 [1983] 709/16.
Kehoe, R., Lead Alkyl Compounds, in: Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety, 3rd Ed., International Labour Office, Geneva 1983, pp. 1197/99.
Winchester, R. V., A Review of Lead Hazards in the Motor Service and Repair Industry, Chem. New Zealand 47 [1983] 28/30.
Rabinowitz, M., Needleman, H. L., Petrol Sales and Umbilical Cord Blood Lead Levels in Boston, Massachusetts, Lancet 19831 63.
Rutter, M., Russet Jones, R., Lead Versus Health, Sources and Effects of Low Level Lead Exposure, Wiley, Chichester 1983.
Dmitriev, M. T., Bykhovskii, M. Ya., Brande, A., Chromatoatomic Absorption Measurement of Toxic Organometallic Compounds in Hygienic Research Studies, Gig. Sanit. 1983 No. 12, pp. 43/6.
Lehnert, G., Szadkowski, D., Die Bleibelastung des Menschen, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim 1983.
Kolosova, L. V., Nosov, V. N., Cumulative Toxicity and its Relationship with Adaptive Reactions, Reakts. Gidrobiontov Zagryaz. 1983 128/34.
Sandhu, G. K., Sandhu, G. K., Toxicology of Organometallic Compounds of Silicon, Germanium, Tin and Lead, J. Chem. Sci. 9 [1983] 36/50.
Hodson, P. V., Whittle, D. M., Wong, P. T. S., Borgman, U., Thomas, R. L., Chau, Y. K., Nriagu, J. O., Hallett, D. J., Lead Contamination of the Great Lakes and Its Potential Effects on Aquatic Biota, Advan. Environ. Sci. Technol. 14 [1984] 335/69.
Thayer, J. S., Organometallic Compounds in Living Organisms, Academic, New York 1984.
Doeltz, M. K., Mackie, M., Rich, P. A., Lent, D., Sigman, C. C., Helmes, C. T., A Study of Organometallic Compounds for the Selection of Candidates for Carcinogen Bioassay, J. Environ. Sci. Health A 19 [1984] 27/65.
Zimmermann, H.-P., Röderer, G., Doenges, K. H., Influence of Triethyl Lead on the In Vitro and In Vivo Assembly and Disassembly of Microtubules from Mammalian Cells, J. Submicrosc. Cytol. 16 [1984] 203/5.
Caplun, E., Petit, D., Picciotto, E., Lead in Petrol, Endeavour 8 [1984] 135/44.
Rabinowitz, M., Needleman, H., Burley, M., Finch, H., Rees, J., Lead in Umbilical Blood, Indoor Air, Tap Water, and Gasoline in Boston, Arch. Environ. Health 39 [1984] 299/301.
Bress, W. C., In Vitro and In Vivo Percutaneous Absorption of Organoleads, Lead Salts, and Inorganic Lead in Guinea Pig and Human Autopsy Skin, Diss. St. John’s Univ., Jamaica, N.Y., 1984; C.A. 101 [1984] No. 105414.
Swartzwelder, H. S., Altered Responsiveness to Alcohol after Exposure to Organic Lead, Alcohol 1 [1984] 181/3.
Kuna, R. A., Ulrich, C. E., Subchronic Inhalation Toxicity of Two Motor Fuels, J. Am. Coll. Toxicol. 3 [1984] 217/29.
Ewers, U., Merian, E., Schutzvorschriften and -richtlinien betreffend Metalle and Metallverbindungen, in: Merian, E., Metalle in der Umwelt, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim 1984, pp. 283/9.
Walsh, T. J., Tilson, H. A., Neurobehavioral Toxicology of the Organoleads, Neurotoxicology 5 [1984] 67/86.
Grandjean, P., Biological Effects of Organolead Compounds, CRC, Boca Raton, Fla., 1984.
Röderer, G., Doenges, K. H., Zimmermann, H.-P., Ultrastructural Aspects of the Neurotoxic Action of Alkyl Lead Compounds, Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Arch. Pharmacol., Abstr. 102, R 26 [1984].
Röderer, G., Different Physicochemical and Toxic Properties of Inorganic and Organic (Alkylated) Compounds of Lead, Abstr. Intern. Symp. Bioavailability Environ. Chem., Schmallenberg-Grafschaft 1984, p. 9.
Haeffner, E. W., Zimmermann, H.-P., Hoffmann, C. J. K., Influence of Triethyllead on the Activity of Enzymes of the Ascites Tumor Cell Plasma Membrane and Its Microviscosity, Toxicol. Letters 23 [1984] 183/8.
Konat, G., Triethyllead and Cerebral Development: An Overview, Neurotoxicology 5 [1984] 87/96.
ReichLmayr-Lais, A. M., Kirchgessner, M., Lead, Biochem. Elem. 3 [1984] 367/87; C.A. 102 [1985] No. 126708.
Jendryczko, A., Effect of Garage Storage of Gasoline on Blood Lead Levels in Drivers, Bromatol. Chem. Toksykol. 17 [1984] 261/3; C.A. 102 [1985] No. 137093.
Winder, C., The Developmental Neurotoxicology of Lead, MTP, Lancaster, UK, pp. 1/150.
Woolley, D. E., Cranmer, J. M., Neurotoxicology of Lead: Reviews and Recent Advances, Neurotoxicology 5 [1984] 1/361.
Tera, O., Schwartzman, D. W., Watkins, T. R., Identification of Gasoline Lead in Children’s Blood Using Isotopic Analysis, Arch. Environ. Health 40 [1985] 120/3.
Joumard, R., Chiron, M., Responsibility of the Automobile for the Level of Lead in Organisms, Med. Hyg. No. 1632 [1985] 3480/2.
Silbergeld, E. K., Neurotoxicology of Lead, Drug Chem. Toxicol. 1984; Neurotoxicology 3 [1985] 299/322.
Röderer, G., Leaded Gasoline-Problem: Mechanism of Action of Triethyllead, Biol. Unserer Zeit 15 [1985] 129/33.
Atassi, G., Antitumor and Toxic Effects of Silicon, Germanium, Tin and Lead Compounds, Rev. Silicon Germanium Tin Lead Compounds 8 [1985] 219/35.
Osborn, D., Young, W., Bird Mortalities on the River Mersey: Laboratory Studies of the Toxicity and Effects on Essential Metals of Triethyl and Trimethyl Lead, Trace Elem. Man Anim. TEMA 5 Proc. 5th Intern. Symp., Aberdeen, U.K., 1984 [1985], pp. 870/1; C.A. 105 [1986] No. 185363.
Osborn, D., Mass Bird Mortalities on the Mersey Estuary UK — Incident, Investigation, Resolution and Follow-up, NATO Conf. Ser. 111 [1985] 59/93; C.A. 105 [1986] No. 84725.
Wilson, K. W., Head, P. C., Jones, P. D., Mersey Estuary (U.K.) Bird Mortalities — Causes, Consequences and Correctives, Water Sci. Technol. 18 [1986] 171/80; C.A. 105 [1986] No. 55901.
Zarling, D., Occupational Exposure to Lead and Its Effect on the Oral System, Z. Gesamte Hyg. Grenzgeb. 32 [1986] 558/6.
Röderer, G., Toxicity and Mechanism of Action of Triethyltead, Naturwiss. Rundschau 39 [1986] 213/5. (bels, L. S., Pollock, C. A., Lead Intoxication, Med. Toxicol. 1 [1986] 387/410.
Uses
Charch, W. H., Mack, E., Jr., Boord, C. E., Antiknock Materials, Ind. Eng. Chem. 18 [1926] 334/40.
Grote, G., Antiklopfmittel, Petroleum Z. 22 [1926] 1344/7; C.A. 1928 1034.
Schmidt, H., Arzneimittelsynthetische Studien über Blei, Med. Chem. Abhandl. Med. Chem. Forschungsstätten I.G. Farbenind. 3 [1936] 418/28.
Steiger, B., Über metallorganische Verbindungen — besonders Bleitetraäthyl — in der Mineratölindustrie, Petroleum Z. 33 No. 32 [1937] 1/7.
Wormser, F. E., Lead, a Basic Natural Resource. Lead Pigments, Science Counselor 7 [1941] 39/40, 58/9; C.A. 1941 5331.
Beatty, H. A., Lovell, W. G., Antiknock Agents, Ind. Eng. Chem. 41 [1949] 886/8.
Boyd, T. A., Pathfinding in Fuels and Engines, SAE Quart. Trans. 4 [1950] 182/95.
Felt, A. E., Kerley, R. V., Sumner, H. C., Fuel Additives and Engine Durability, Prepr. Soc. Automot. Eng. Natl. West Coast Meet., Los Angeles 1954.
Smith, H. V., Stabilizers for Vinyl Polymers, Brit. Plast. 27 [1954] 213/7.
Harwood, J. H., Industrial Applications of the Metal Organic Compounds, Ind. Chemist 35 [1959] 348/50, 375/8, 433/7, 483/5, 580/2, 36 [1960] 30/4, 74/6, 114/8, 176/80, 223/8, 285/90, 325/30, 391/6, 437/42; C.A. 1961 1967.
Little, A. D., Applications of Organic Lead Compounds 1960, Summary Report to Lead Industries Association 1961.
Schildwächter, H., Additive in Mineralölprodukten, Erdöl Kohle 13 [1960] 901/5.
Nesselberg, H. E., Howard, J. R., Antiknock Behavior of Alkyl Lead Compounds, SAE Trans. 69 [1961] 5/16.
Sturgis, B. M., Additives in Petroleum Fuels — A Decade of Progress, Prepr. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. 6 [1961] A-51/A-66; C.A. 58 [1963] 12348.
Richardson, W. L., Barusch, M. R., Kautsky, G. J., Steinke, R. E., An Improved Gasoline Antidetonant, Ind. Eng. Chem. 53 [1961] 305.
Stormont, D. H., Which — TEL, MEL, TELMEL, or MLA — for Maximum Road Octane? Oil Gas J. 60 No. 13 [1962] 189, 192/3, 195.
Morris, W. E., Antiknock Performance of Lead Alkyl Mixtures in Today’s Gasolines, SAE Prepr. 547C [1962] 1/8; C.A. 60 [1964] 11819.
Farnsworth, I. R., Boddy, J., Chemical Additives for Gasolines, Petroleum [London] 25 [1962] 156/9, 161.
Harwood, J. H., Lead, in: Harwood, J. H., Industrial Application of the Organometallic Compounds, Chapman & Hall, London 1963, pp. 124/39.
Goodacre, G. L., Foord, D., Blei-alkyle als Antiklopfmittel für Autobenzin, Acta Chim. Acad. Sci. Hung. 36 [1963] 235/53.
Radtke, S. F., Fortschritte der internationalen Bleiforschung, Metall 16 [1962] 758/64.
Gelius, R., Neuere Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet metallorganischer, insbesondere bleihaltiger Antiklopfmittel, Freiberger Forschungsh. A No. 264 [1963] 19/32.
Richardson, W. L., Ryason, P. R., Kautsky, G. J., Barusch, M. R., 9th Symp. Intern. Combust., Ithaca, N. Y., 1962 [1963], pp. 1023/33.
Anonymous, Organo-Lead Job Hunt, Chem. Week 1964 95, 97.
Normant, H., Aspects industriels de la chimie de quelques composés organo-métalliques, Bull. Assoc. Franc. Techn. Petrole No. 168 [1964] 673/89.
Ziegfeld, R. L., Importance and Uses of Lead, Arch. Environ. Health 8 [1964] 202/12.
Marshall, E. F., Wirth, R. A., Uses for Organometallics in Fuels and Lubricants, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 125 [1965] 198/217.
Podall, H. E., Mitchell Jr., M. M., The Use of Organometallic Compounds in Chemical Vapor Deposition, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 125 [1965] 218/28.
Barusch, M. R., Macpherson, J. H., Engine Fuel Additives, in: McKetta Jr., J. J., Advances in Petroleum Chemistry and Refining, Vol. 10, Interscience, New York 1965, pp. 457/546.
Korn, O., Woggon, H., Nachweis von Organo-Metallstabilisatoren in PVC-Materialien, Ernährungsforschung 10 [1965] 57/65.
Anonymous, Organolead Compounds. Potential Raw Material for Surface Coatings, Paint Manuf. 35 [1965] 36/8.
Anonymous, Organobleiverbindungen auf neuen Wegen, Chem. Ind. [Düsseldorf] 17 [1965] 272.
van der Kerk, G. J. M., New Developments in Organolead Chemistry, Ind. Eng. Chem. 58 No. 10 [1966] 29/35.
Ruiz, J. L., New Applications of Lead. Organic Compounds, Rev. Met. [Madrid] 2 [1966] 370/2.
Braun, D., Sung Bong Chang, Thallmaier, M., Über die Wirksamkeit von bleiorganischen Verbindungen als Hitzestabilisatoren für Polyvinytchlorid, Gummi Asbest Kunstst. 19 [1966] 1353/6.
Klema, F., Organobleiverbindungen, Chemiker-Ztg. 90 [1966] 106/7.
Harwood, J. H., Developments in Organometallics, Chem. Process. Eng. [London] 47 [1966] 65/9.
Giesen, M., Metallorganische Verbindungen als Biocide für Anstrichstoffe, Congr. FATIPEC 8 [1966] 185/96.
Rabek, J. F., The Newest Achievements in the Research and Synthesis of Heatstable Polymers, Przemysl Chem. 46 [1967] 130/4.
Carr, D. S., Some Market Potentials for Organolead Compounds, Chem. Ind. [London] 1967 1854/7.
Clark, M. C., Practical Evaluation of Road Performance of European Gasolines Containing Different Lead Alkyls, Rev. Ass. Fr. Tech. Petrole No. 183 [1967] 67/76.
Carr, D. S., Organolead Compounds, Paint Varn. Prod. 58 (2) [1968] 23/8.
Beatty, H. A., Organolead Compounds as Lubricant Additives, Chem. Ind. [London] 1968 733/6.
Anonymous, Organolead Compounds: Big Market Tomorrow?, Metals Week 39 No. 43 [1968] 10/1.
Walden, C. C., Allen, I. V. F., Organolead Compounds as Wood Preservatives, Australasian Eng. 1969 21/7.
Henry, M. C., Pant, B. C., Organolead Chemistry: Syntheses and Applications, U.S. Army Natick Laboratories, Natick, Mass., Techn. Rept. 69–77-CE [1969].
Klimsch, P., Kühnert, P., Synergetische Effekte bei der Stabilisierung von PVC mit Organozinnverbindungen, Plaste Kautschuk 16 [1969] 242/51.
Thinius, K., Stabilisierung und Stabilisatoren von Plastwerkstoffen, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim 1969.
Frey, F. W., Shapiro, H., Commercial Organolead Compounds, Fortschr. Chem. Forsch. 16 [1971] 243/97.
Kochkin, D. A., Churakov, V. P., Voronkov, N. A., Petri, V. N., Azerbaev, I. N., Antifungus Protection of Wood with Organotin and Organolead Compounds and Evaluation of Their Effectiveness, Khim. Atsetilena Tr. 3rd Vses. Konf., Dushanbe, USSR, 1968 [1972], pp. 366/70.
Razuvaev, G. A., Gribov, B. G., Domrachev, G. A., Salamantin, B. A., Organometallic Compounds in Electronics, Nauka, Moscow 1972.
Gurevich, E. S., Modern Chemical Marine Fouling-Prevention Methods, Probl. Biol. Povrezhdenii Obrastanii Mater. Izdelii Sooruzhenii 1972 217/25.
Churakov, B. P., Petri, V. N., Wood Preservatives, Tr. Ural. Lesotekh. Inst. No. 26 [1972] 123/36; C.A. 79 [1973] No. 55073.
Phillip, A. T., Marine Science Aids the Development of Antifouling Coatings, Austral. OCCA Proc. News 1973 17/22.
Porter, F. D., Lead in Petrol — What Price Its Removal, Chem. Brit. 10 [1974] 61/2.
Austin, G. T., Industrially Significant Organic Chemicals, Pt. 8, Chem. Eng. [New York] 81 No. 15 [1974] 107/16.
Skinner, C. E., Organolead Compounds as Fungicides and Algicides in Paints, Mod. Ytbehandling 10 [1975] 25/7.
Prilutskaya, N. V., Organometallic Polymers for Varnishes: Synopsis of Lectures, Khark. PoLitekh. Inst., Kharkov, USSR, 1975 1/28; C.A. 85 [1976] No. 34717.
Allen, D. M., The Photochemistry of Organometallics with Applications to Imaging Systems, J. Photogr. Sci. 24 [1976] 61/7.
Dick, R. J., Nowacki, L. J., Sherrard, J. R., New Marine Coatings Technology Applied to the Protection of Buoys, C. R. 4th Congr. Intern. Corros. Marine Salissures, Antibes and Juan-les-Pins, Fr., 1976 [1977], pp. 145/54.
Shustova, O. A., GLadyshev, G. P., The Mechanisms of the Stabilisation of Thermostable Polymers, Usp. Khim. 45 [1976] 1695/724; Russ. Chem. Rev. 45 [1976] 865/82.
Carraher, C. E., Jr., Organometallic Condensation Polymers, Organometal. Polymer. Symp., New Orleans 1977 [1978], pp. 79/85.
Carraher, C. E., Jr., Reese, C. D., Lead(IV) Polyesters from a New Solution System, Organometal. Polymer. Symp., New Orleans 1977 [1978], pp. 101/6.
Borden, D. G., Photocrosslinkable Organometallic Polyesters, Organometal. Polymer. Symp., New Orleans 1977 [1978], pp. 115/27.
Facchetti, S., Isotope Study of Lead in Petrol, Manage. Control Heavy Met. Environ. Intern. Conf., London 1979, pp. 95/102.
Tsutsui, T., Marine Antifouling Agents and Paints, Toso to Toryo No. 309 [1979] 47/50; C.A. 91 [1979] No. 159067.
Christensen, G., Pedersen, C. M., Unexpected Chemical Reactions in Paints, Skand. Tidskr. Faerg. Lack 26 [1980] 5, 7, 9, 11.
Negishi, E., Organometallics in Organic Synthesis, Vol. 1, General Discussions and Organometallics of Main Group Metals in Organic Synthesis, Wiley, New York 1980, pp. 1/532.
Michalski, G. W., Unzelman, G. H., Effective Use of Antiknocks During the 1980s, Proc. Refin. Dept. Am. Pet. Inst. 58 [1979] 185/203.
Shuptrine, G. R., Lead in Petrol. Automotive Energy and Crude Oil Resources, Papers Congr. Australian New Zealand Assoc. Advan. Sci., 50 [1980] Paper No. 129.
Emelyanov, V. E., Levinson, G. I., Grebenshchikov, V. P., Golosova, V. F., Use of Alkyllead Antiknock Additives in the Production of Automobile Gasolines, Prisadki Toplivam M 1980 92/6; C.A. 95 [1981] No. 153306.
Domrachev, G. A., Suvorova, O. N., The Formation of Inorganic Coatings in the Decomposition of Organometallic Compounds, Usp. Khim. 49 [1980] 1671/86; Russ. Chem. Rev. 49 [1980] 810/9.
Ryabova, L. A., Thin Films from Organometallic Compounds, Current Top. Mater. Sci. 7 [1981] 587/642.
Spencer, E. H., Brandberg, A., Optimum Octane Number of Alcohol Gasoline Blends, Proc. 5th Intern. Symp. Alcohol Fuels Technol., Vol. 2, Auckland, New Zealand, 1982, pp. 159/66.
Hall, C. A., Willoughby, V. S., French, B. J., Effect of Lead Antiknock Regulations on Gasoline Aromatics and Aromatic Exhaust Emissions, NATO ASI Ser. C No. 112 [1983] 59/76.
Cole, J. F., Bleiadditive im Vergaserkraftstoff — Erhaltenswerter Marktsektor der BLeinachf rage, Metall 37 [1983] 927/9.
Joumard, R., Chiron, M., Delsey, J., Lambert, J., Lead File: Car Fuel Additives, N-84–27341 [1983] 1/76; C.A. 102 [1985] No. 100089, 190123.
Perry, R., McIntyre, A. E., Lester, J. N., Clark, A., Vehicle Emission Controls and Energy — The Role of Aromatics and Lead Compounds, NATO ASI Ser. C No. 112 [1983] 247/58.
Kahsnitz, R., The Rational Utilization of Fuels in Private Transport (RUFIT): Extrapolation to Unleaded Gasoline Case, Heavy Metals Environ. 4th Intern. Conf., Heidelberg 1983, pp. 124/7.
French, F. J., The Role of Lead in Energy Conservation, Heavy Metals Environ. 4th Intern. Conf., Heidelberg 1983, pp. 136/9.
Franco, G., Riganti, V., Lead in Gasolines: Some Considerations of Technical and Public Health Problems, Not. EcoL. 2 No. 8 [1984] 9/15; C.A. 102 [1985] No. 11481.
Unzelman, G. H., Michalski, G. W., Octane Improvement Update — Refinery Processing, Antiknocks, and Oxygenates, Natl. Pet. Ref in. Assoc. Tech. Pap. 1984 1/55; C.A. 101 [1984] No. 75468.
Salvi, G., Casalini, A., Lead and Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Gasoline and the Composition of Exhaust Gases, Riv. Combust. 38 [1984] 159/83.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives; Lead Phase Down, Fed. Regist. 49 [1984] 31 032/50; C.A. 101 [1984] No. 136152.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives; Gasoline Lead Content, Fed. Regist. 50 [1985] 9386/99; C.A. 102 [1985] No. 208561.
Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, House of Lords, Lead in Petrol and Vehicle Emissions, HMSO, London 1985, pp. 1/192.
Barnard, J. A., Bradley, J. N., Flame and Combustion, 2nd Ed., Chapman & Hall, London 1985. Hancock, E. G., Technology of Gasoline, Blackwell, Oxford 1985.
Griffiths, R. J. M., Organometallics for Chemical Vapor Deposition, Chem. Ind. [London] 1985 247/51.
Hawthorne, H. M., Yick, S., Some Effects of Retrofit Additives on Automotive Oil Performance in Sliding Concentrated Contact Lubrication Tests, Wear 103 [1985] 103/18.
Troitskii, V. B., Troitskaya, L. S., Thermal Decomposition and Stabilisation of Poly(vinyl Chloride), Usp. Khim. 54 [1985] 1287/311; Russ. Chem. Rev. 54 [1985] 755/69.
Razuvaev, G. A., Use of Organometallic Compounds for the Production of Inorganic Coatings and Materials, Nauka, Moscow 1986.
Environmental Aspects
Hirschler, D. A., Gilbert, L. F., Nature of Lead in Automobile Exhaust Gas, Arch. Environ. Health 8 [1964] 297/313.
MacPhee, R. D., Eye, M. G., Parkinson, E. E., A Method for Monitoring Organic Lead in the Atmosphere, Air Pollution Control District, County of Los Angeles, in: Cholak, J., Arch. Environ. Health 8 [1964] 222/31.
Cholak, J., Further Investigations of Atmospheric Concentration of Lead, Arch. Environ. Health 8 [1964] 314/24.
Anonymous, Survey of Lead in the Atmosphere of Three Urban Communities, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Cincinnati, January 1965.
Snyder, L. J., Determination of Trace Amounts of Organic Lead in Air, Composite Sample Method, Anal. Chem. 39 [1967] 591/5.
Hepple, P., Lead in the Environment, Appl. Sci., Barking, Essex, and Inst. Pet., London 1971.
Pierrard, J. M., Crane, R. A., Effect of Some Gasoline Compositional Factors on Atmospheric Visibility and Soiling, SAE [Soc. Automot. Eng.] Tech. Papers No. 720253 [1972] 1/27; C.A. 82 [1975] No. 63776.
Laveskog, A., Organolead Compounds in Auto Exhaust and Street Air. Alkyllead Compounds. Tetramethyllead and Tetraethyllead, AB Atomenergic, TPM-BIL-64 [1972].
Clayton, P., Ellis, D. J., Palmer, P. L., Potter, C. J., Wallin, S. C., The Evaluation of a Filter for the Removal of Lead from Exhausts of Petrol Engines, LR 170 (AP), Warren Spring Laboratory, England 1972.
Pundir, B. P., Iyer, N. V., Goel, P. K., Lead Antiknocks and Air Pollution, Chem. Eng. World 7 [1972] 59/64.
Barry, P. S. I., Harrison, G. F., Motorenbenzin, Blei und Luftverschmutzung, Erdoel Erdgas Z. 88 [1972] 326/33.
Lee, J. A., Lead Pollution from a Factory Manufacturing Anti-Knock Compounds, Nature 238 [1972] 165/6.
National Research Council, Lead: Airborne Lead in Perspective, Committee on Biological Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants, Division of Medical Sciences, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., 1972.
Hall, S. K., Lead Pollution and Poisoning, Environ. Sci. Technol. 6 [1972] 30/5.
Bryce-Smith, D., Behavioural Effects of Lead and Other Heavy Metal Pollutants, Chem. Brit. 8 [1972] 240/3.
Cotwill, D. M., Hickman, A. J., The Concentration of Volatile and Particulate Lead Compounds in the Atmosphere: Measurements at Four Road Sites, PB-221663/8 [1973] 1/8; C.A. 80 [1974] No. 18930.
Ewing, B. B., Pearson, J. E., Lead in the Environment, Advan. Environ. Sci. Technol. 3 [1974] 1/126; C.A. 82 [1975] No. 26623.
Robinson, J. W., Wolcott, D. K., Simultaneous Determination of Particulate and Molecular Lead in the Atmosphere, Environ. Letters 6 [1974] 321/33.
Magi, F., Facchetti, S., Garibaldi, P., Gasoline with Isotopically Differentiated Lead Added, Isotop. Ratios Pollut. Source Behay. Indic. Proc. Symp., Vienna 1974 [1975], pp. 109/19.
Wood, J. M., Biological Cycles for Toxic Elements in the Environment, Science 183 [1974] 1049/52.
Harrison, R. M., Perry, R., Slater, D. H., The Contribution of Organic Lead Compounds to Total Lead Levels in Urban Atmospheres, EUR-5360 [1974/75] 1783/8; C.A. 87 [1977] No. 156309.
Anonymous, Lead in the Environment and Its Significance to Man, Department of the Environment, Central Unit on Environmental Pollution, HMSO, London 1974.
Griffin, T. B., Knelson, J. H., Lead, in: Coulston, F., Korte, F., Suppl. Vol. II, Environmental Quality and Safety, Thieme, Stuttgart, and Academic, New York 1975.
Huntzicker, J. J., Friedlander, S. K., Davidson, C. I., Material Balance for Automobile-Emitted Lead in Los Angeles Basin, Environ. Sci. Technol. 9 [1975] 448/57.
Brinckman, F. E., Iverson, W. P., Chemical and Bacterial Cycling of Heavy Metals in the Estuarine System, ACS Symp. Ser. No. 18 [1975] 319/42.
Sittig, M., Lead, in: Sittig, M., Environmental Sources and Emissions Handbook, Noyes Data Corporation, Park Ridge 1975, pp. 77/81.
Edwards, H. W., Rosenvold, R. J., Wheat, H. G., Sorption of Organic Lead Vapor on Atmospheric Dust Particles, Trace Subst. Environ. Health 9 [1975] 197/205.
Harrison, R. M., Organic Lead in Street Dusts, J. Environ. Sci. Health A 11 [1976] 417/23.
Wood, J. M., The Biochemistry of Toxic Elements in Aqueous Systems, Biochem. Biophys. Perspect. Marine Biol. 3 [1976] 407/31.
Goetz, L. E., Springer, A., Transfer of Air-Borne Lead to Water, Chemistry Division, IRC, Ispra 1976.
Yamamura, Y., Yamauchi, H., Yoshida, M., Hirayama, F., Ohkura, E., Atmospheric Concentrations of Lead Alkyls in Shipping Containers Carrying Antiknock Compounds, Sangyo Igaku 18 [1976] 480/1.
Ridley, W. P., Dizikes, L. J., Wood, J. M., Biomethylation of Toxic Elements in the Environment, Science 197 [1977] 329/32.
Harrison, R. M., Perry, R., The Analysis of Tetraalkyl Lead Compounds and their Significance as Urban Air Pollutants, Atmos. Environ. 11 [1977] 847/52.
Harrison, R. M., Laxen, D. P. H., OrganoLead Compounds Adsorbed upon Atmospheric Particulates: A Minor Component of Urban Air, Atmos. Environ. 11 [1977] 201/3.
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Patents Related to the Use as Antiknock Agents
Calingaert, G., Ethyl Corp., Improvements in or Relating to Alkyllead Compounds or Compositions which are Stabilized against Decomposition, Brit. 670526 [1949/52]; C.A. 1953 9346.
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Graham, R., Lewis, A., Shell Refining & Marketing Co. Ltd., Gasolines, Swed. 135366 [1951/52]; C. 1953 8262.
Bartholomew, E., Ethyl Corp., Antiknock Agent, U.S. 2398281–2 [1944/46]; C.A. 1946 3889/90.
Luten, D. B., Jr., Shell Development Co., Stabilization of Gasolines, U.S. 2410829 [1944/46]; C. 1947 698.
Partridge, W. A., Ally, H. J., Anglo-Iranian Oil Co., Ltd., Additive for Stabilizing Leaded Gasolines, U.S. 2452489 [1948]; C.A. 1949 2423.
Orelup, J. W., Alkyl Amine Inhibitors in Fuels Containing Aromatic Amines, U.S. 2461917 [1949]; C.A. 1949 4003.
Fischer, H. G. M., Standard Oil Development Co., Hydroquinone as Inhibitor against Lead Precipitation, U.S. 2461972 [1949]; C.A. 1949 4003.
De Verter, P. L., Standard Oil Development Co., Antiknock Motor Fuel, U.S. 2479326 [1949]; C.A. 1949 8667.
Calingaert, G., Wintringham, J. S., Ethyl Corp., Antiknock Mixtures, U.S. 2479900/2479903 [1949]; C.A. 1949 8667.
Smith, H. G., Cantrell, T. L., Gulf Oil Corp., Stabilized Leaded Gasolines, U.S. 2560489 [1951]; C.A. 1951 9256.
Bottoms, R. R., National Cylinder Gas Co., Combustion Catalyst Compositions, U.S. 2591503 [1952]; C.A. 1953 296.
Ecke, G. G., Kolka, A. J., Ethyl Corp., Stabilized Antiknock Additive, U.S. 2836568 [1955/58]; C.A. 1958 17692.
Lyben, R. G., Ethyl Corp., Antiknock Compositions, U.S. 2849302/2849304 [1958]; C.A. 1959 2599.
Shepherd, C. C., Ethyl Corp., Synergistic Antioxidants for Alkyllead Antiknock Agents, U.S. 2865722 [1958]; C.A. 1959 5660.
Scheute, H. J., E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Stabilizing Leaded Gasolines, U.S. 3037851 [1956/62]; C.A. 57 [1962] 8810/1.
Cook, S. E., Shapiro, H., Ethyl Corp., Thermal Stabilization of Alkyllead Compounds, U.S. 3038916/3038919 [1960/62]; C.A. 57 [1962] 8810.
Niedzielski, E. L., E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Antiknock Mixtures, U.S. 3074788 [1960/63]; C. 1966 No. 5–2652.
Cook, S. E., Ethyl Corp., Stabilizing Alkyllead Compounds, U.S. 3081326 [1961/63]; C.A. 58 [1963] 13688.
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Huber, F., Petz, W. (1987). Organolead Compounds. In: Petz, W. (eds) Pb Organolead Compounds. Gmelin Handbook of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry - 8th edition, vol P-b / 1-2 / 1. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10294-7_1
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