Zusammenfassung
Obwohl die Sepsis durch die eindringenden Bakterien und deren Toxine ausgelöst wird, führen hauptsächlich die ausgeprägten entzündlichen Reaktionen des Wirtes zu der Symptomatik des Sepsissyndroms [126, 152]. Störungen und Veränderungen des Immunsystems und des Metabolismus können zu einem multiplen Organversagen führen. Der septische Schock stellt eine weitreichende zelluläre Dysfunktion als Folge einer Reihe den Stoffwechsel beeinträchtigender Vorgänge dar. Die Leukozyten als „Infantrie“ des Abwehrsystems des Wirtes scheinen eine führende Rolle unter den verschiedenen eine Sepsis bedingenden Ursachen und deren Erscheinungsform prägenden Faktoren zu spielen. Eine Reihe von Defekten der zellvermittelten Immunität bedingt eine individuell erhöhte Sepsisgefährdung. Das Zusammenwirken der gleichen zellulären Elemente ist jedoch auch für die verstärkte entzündliche Reaktion verantwortlich, die charakteristisch für das autoaggressive Sepsissyndrom des Wirtes sind. Die hier vorliegende kurze Betrachtung untersucht die zweischneidige Rolle — Schaden und Nutzen — der Leukozyten bei der Sepsis.
Die Aktivierung des Abwehrsystems gegen Entzündungen bei lokalen, bakteriellen Proliferationen hat den Nachteil, daß die Vernichtung der Bakterien auf Kosten einer gewissen körpereigenen Gewebsschädigung des Wirtes in dem entzündlichen Gebiet erreicht wird. In den meisten Fällen überwiegen die Vorteile für den Wirt [126].
Chapter PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Literatur
Abraham E, Chang Y (1986) Cellular and humoral bases of hemorrhage-induced depression of lymphocyte function. Crit Care Med 14: 81
Acuto O, Reinherz EZ (1985) The human T-cell receptor. Structure and function. N Engl J Med 312: 1100
Anderson DC, Pickering LK, Fcigin FD (1974) Leukocyte function in normal and infected neonates. J Pediatr 85: 420
Andrews PC, Krinsky NI (1986) Human myeloperoxidase and hemi-myeloperoxidase. Methods Enzymol 132: 369
Angello V (1987) Complement deficiency states. Medicine 57: 1
Babior BM (1984) Oxidants from phagocytes: agents of defense and destruction. Blood 64: 959
Babior BM (1984) The respiratory burst of phagocytes. J Clin Invest 73: 599
Babior BM (1984) Oxidants from phagocytes: agents of defense and destruction. Blood 64: 959
Baker CC, Oppenheimer L, Stephans B et al. (1980) Epidemiology of trauma deaths. Am J Surg 140: 144
Baracos V, Rodemann HP, Dinarello CA et al. (1983) Stimulation of muscle protein degradation and prostaglandin Ez release by leukocyte pyrogen (interleukin-1). N Engl J Med 308: 553
Barrett AJ (1981) Leukocyte elastase. Methods Enzymol 80: 581
Belghiti J, Goldfarb G, Fekete F et al. (1983) Impaired in vitro bactericidal power of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in patients with protein calorie malnutrition. Surg Gynecol Obstet 156: 489
Berkower I, Streicher HZ (1987) The mononuclear phagocyte as antigen-presenting cell. Pediatr Ann 16: 395
Bernier GM: Immunodeficient and immunosuppressed patients. In: Shoemaker WC, Thompson WL (eds) Critical care — state of the art, chap K. Society Critical of Care Medicine Fullerton
Beutler B, Cerami A (1987) Cachectin: more than a tumor necrosis factor. N Engl J Med 316: 379
Borg T, Gerdin B, Hällgren R et al. (1985) The role of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the pulmonary dysfunction induced by complement activation. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 29: 231
Bowen DL, Lane HC, Fauci AS (1985) Immunopathogenesis of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 103: 704
Boxer GJ, Curnutte JT, Boxer LA (1985) Polymorphonuclear leukocyte function. Hosp Pract March: 69
Boxer GJ, Curnutte JT, Boxer LA (1985) Disorders of polymorphonuclear leukocyte function. Hosp Pract April: 129
Bremm KD, König W, Spur B et al. (1984) Generation of slow-reacting substance (leukotrienes) by endotoxin and lipid A from human polymorphonuclear granulocytes. Immunology 59: 299
Brigham KL, Meyrick B (1986) Endotoxin and lung injury. An Rev Respir Dis 133: 913
Buckley RH (1987) Advances in the correction of immunodeficiency by bone marrow transplantation. Pediatr Ann 16: 412
Buetler B, Milsark IW, Cerami AC (1985) Passive immunization against cachectin/tumor necrosis factor protects mice from lethal effect of endotoxin. Science 229: 869
Canavan D, Robinson F, Turkington P (1986) Leukocyte elastase activity in meningococcal septicaemia associated coagulopathy. J Clin Pathol 39: 1304
Christensen RD (1987) Morphology and concentration of circulating neutrophils in neonates with sepsis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 6: 429
Clowes GHA, George BC, Villee CA et al. (1983) Muscle proteolysis induced by a circulating peptide in patients with sepsis or trauma. N Engl J Med 308: 545
Craddock PR, Hammerschmidt D, White JG et al. (1977) Complement (C5.)-induced granulocyte aggregation in vitro: a possible mechanism of complement mediated leukostasis and leukopenia. J Clin Invest 60: 260
Crespo MS, Inarrea P, Nieto ML et al. (1986) Evidence of a role for PAF-acether in the pathophysiology of the shock state. Pharmacol Res Commun 18: 181
Dahinden C, Galanos C, Fehr J (1983) Granulocyte activation by endotoxin. I. Correlation between adherence and other granulocyte functions, and the role of endotoxin structure on biologic activity. J Immunol 130: 857–863
Dahicns, Bjork J, Hedqvist P (1981) Leukotrienes promote plasma leakage and leukocyte adhesion in postcapillary venules: In vivo effects with relevance to the acute inflammatory response. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78: 3887
Davis JM, Dineen P, Gallin JI (1980) Neutrophil degranulation and abnormal chemotaxis after thermal injury. J Immunol 124: 1467
Deitch EA, Landry KN, McDonald JC (1985) Postburn impaired cell-mediated lymphocytes may not be due to lazy lymphocytes but to overwork. Ann Surg 201: 793
Dinarello CA (1984) Interleukin 1 and the pathogenesis of the acute-phase response. N Engl J Med 311: 1413
Dinarello CA, Mier JW (1987) Lymphokines. N Engl J Med 317: 940
Duignan JP, Collins PB, Johnson AH et al. (1986) The association of impaired neutrophil chemotaxis with post operative surgical sepsis. Br J Surg 73: 238
Ellman H (1984) Capillary permeability in septic patients. Crit Care Med 12: 629
Ernst JD, Hartiala KT, Goldstein IM et al. (1984) Complement ( C5)-derived chemotactic activity accounts for accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in cerebrospinal fluid of rabbits with pneumococcal meningitis. Infect Immun 46: 81
Fein AM, Lippmann M, Holtzman H et al. (1983) The risk factors, incidence and prognosis of ARDS following septicemia. Chest 83: 40
Fleck A, Hawker F, Wallace PI et al. (1985) Increased vascular permeability: A major cause of hypoalbuminemia in disease and injury. Lancet i: 781
Ford-Hutchinson AW, Bray MA, Doig MN et al. (1980) Leukotriene B4, a potent chemokinetic and aggregating substance released from polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Nature 286: 264
Gallin JI (1985) Leukocyte adherence-related glycoproteins LFA-1, Mo 1, and p 150,95: a new group of monoclonal antibodies, a new disease, and a possible opportunity to understand the molecular basis of leukocyte adherence. J Infect Dis 152: 661
Gamble JR, Harlan JM, Klebanoff SJ et al. (1985) Stimulation of the adherence of neutrophils to umbilical vein endothelium by human recombinant tumor necrosis factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82: 8667
Gerdes JS, Yoder MC, Douglas SD et al. (1983) Decreased plasma fibronectin in neonatal sepsis. Pediatrics 72: 877
Goetzel EJ (1983) Leukocyte recognition and metabolism of leukotrienes. Fed Proc 42: 3128
Goldman DW, Enkel H, Gifford LA et al. (1986) Lipopolysaccharide modulates receptors for leukotriene B4, C5a, and formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine on rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J Immunol 137: 1971
Goldstein IM, Malmsten CL, Kindahl H et al. (1978) Thromboxane generation by human peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J Exp Med 148: 787
Goldstein IM, Brai M, Oster AG et al. (1973) Lysosomal enzyme release from human leukocytes: mediation by the alternative pathway of complement activation J Immunol 111: 33
Goodman ML, Way BA, Irwin JW (1979) The inflammatory response to endotoxin. J Pathol 128: 7
Hällgren R, Borg T, Venge P et al. (1984) Signs of neutrophil and eosinophil activation in adult respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med 12: 14
Hammerschmidt DE (1981) The stimulated granulocyte as an effector of immune injury (or: the fickle phagocyte, friend or foe?). J Miss State Med Assoc 22: 280
Harlan JM (1985) Leukocyte-endothelial interactions. Blood 65: 513
Harlan J, Killen P, Harker L et al. (1981) Neutrophil-mediated endothelial injury in vitro: mechanisms of cell detachment. J Clin Invest 68: 1394
Haslett C, Worthen GS, Giclas PC et al. (1987) The pulmonary vascular sequestration of neutrophils in endotoxemia is initiated by an effect of endotoxin on the neutrophil in the rabbit. Am Rev Resp Dis 136: 9, 19
Hassett JM (1987) Humoral immunodeficiency: a review. Pediatr Ann 16: 404
Hayakawa M, Sugiyama S, Takamura T et al. (1986) Neutrophils biosynthesize leukotoxin, 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 137: 424
Hayward AR (1987) T-lymphocytes: an update. Pediatr Ann 16: 391
Heck ER, Edgar MA, Masters BS et al. (1979) The role of NADH-NADPH oxidase activity in the leukocyte function of burn patients. J Trauma 19: 49
Ho DD, Pomerantz RJ, Kaplan JC (1987) Pathogenesis of infection with human immunodeficiency virus. N Engl J Med 317: 278
Jacob HS, Craddock PR, Hammerschmidt DE et al. (1980) Complement-induced granulocyte aggregation - an unsuspected mechanism of disease. N Engl J Med 302: 789
Janoff A (1985) Elastase in tissue injury. Ann Rev Med 36: 207
Jeppsson B, Freund HR, Gimmon Z et al. (1981) Blood-brain barrier derangement in sepsis: cause of septic encephalopathy? Am J Surg 141: 136
Jochum M, Duswald KH, Neumann S et al. (1984) Proteinases and their inhibitors in septicemia - basic concepts and clinical implications. Adv Exp Med Biol 167: 391
Johnson V, Ohlsson K, Olsson I (1976) Effects of granulocytic neutral proteases on complement components. Scand J Immunol 5: 421
Jonston RB (1978) Oxygen metabolism and the microbicidal activity of macrophages. Fed Proc 37: 2759
Kahan BD (1981) Nutrition and host defense mechanisms. Surg Clin North Am 61: 557
Kampschmidt RF (1984) The numerous postulated biological manifestations of interleukin-1 J Leukocyte Biol 36: 341
Kantor FS (1975) Infection, anergy and cell-mediated immunity. N Engl Med 292: 629
Karakusis PH (1986) Considerations in the therapy of septic shock. Med Clin North Am 70: 933
Keane RM, Birmingham W, Shatney CM et al. (1983) Prediction of sepsis in the multitraumatic patient by assays of lymphocyte responsiveness. Surg Gynecol Obstet 156: 163
Kehrl JH, Fauci AS (1983) The clinical uses of glucocorticoids. Ann Allergy 50: 2
Lanser ME, Mao P, Brown G et al. (1985) Serum-mediated depression of neutrophil chemiluminescence following blunt trauma. Ann Surg 202: 111
Lanser ME, Brown GE, Mora T et al. (1986) Trauma serum suppresses superoxide production by normal neutrophils. Arch Surg 121: 157
Layon J, Warzynski M, Idris A (1986) Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the United States: a selective review. Crit Care Med 14: 819
Lee CT, Fein AM, Lippman M et al. (1981) Elastolytic activity in pulmonary lavage fluid from patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 304: 192
Levy EM, Alharbi SA, Grindlinger G et al. (1984) Changes in mitogen responsiveness lymphocyte subsets after traumatic injury: relation to development of sepsis. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 32: 224
Loda M, Clowes GHA, Dinarello CA et al. (1984) Induction of hepatic protein synthesis by a peptide in blood plasma of patients with sepsis and trauma. Surgery 96: 204
Lotner GZ, Lynch JM, Betz SJ et al. (1980) Human neutrophil-derived platelet activating factor. J Immunology 124: 676
Lundy J, Ford CM (1983) Surgery, trauma, and immunosuppression. Ann Surg 197: 434
Luser A, Graf H, Schwarz HP et al. (1986) Decreased serum interleukin-1 activity and monocyte interleukin-1 production in patients with fatal sepsis. Crit Care Med 14: 458
MacGregor RR (1977) Granulocyte adherence changes induced by hemodialysis, endotoxin, epinephrine, and glucocorticoids. Ann Intern Med 86: 35
Maderazo EG, Woronick CL, Albano SD et al. (1986) Inappropriate activation, deactivation, and probable autooxidative damage as a mechanism of neutrophil locomotory defect in trauma. J Infect Dis 154: 471
Malech HL, Gallin JI (1987) Neutrophils in human diseases. N Engl J Med 317: 687
Martin CI, Bongrand P, Saux P et al. (1987) Abnormalities of some phagocyte membrane receptors during nosocomial infections. Crit Care Med 15: 467
Martin TR, Altman LC, Albert RK et al. (1984) Leukotriene B4 production by the human alveolar macrophage: a potential mechanism for amplifying inflammation in the lung. Am Rev Respir Dis 129: 106
Maunder RJ, Hackman RC, Riff E et al. (1986) Occurrence of the adult respiratory distress syndrome in neutropenic patients. Am Rev Respir Dis 133: 313
McDonald JA, Baum BJ, Rosenberg DM et al. (1979) Destruction of a major extravascular adhesive glycoprotein (fibronectin) of human fibroblasts by neutral proteases from poiymorphonuclear leukocyte granules. Lab Invest 40: 350
McGuire WW, Spragg RG, Cohen AB (1982) Studies on the pathogenesis of the adult respiratory distress syndrome. J Clin Invest 69: 543
Meltzer MS, Nacy CA (1987) Cell—cell interaction during inflammation: the role of the macrophage. In: Cerra FB, Shoemaker WC (eds) Critical care medicine — state of the art. Society Critical Care Medicine, pp 119
Menitove JE, Abrams RA (1987) Granulocyte transfusion in neutropenic patients. Oncol Hematol 7: 89
Miller CL, Baker CC (1979) Changes in lymphocyte activity after thermal injury. The role of suppressor cells. J Clin Invest 63: 202
Moore FD, Moss NA, Revhaug A et al. (1987) A single dose of endotoxin activates neutrophils without activating complement. Surgery 102: 200
Moretta L, Webb SR, Grossi CE et al. (1977) Functional analysis of two human T-cell subpopulations: help and suppression of B-cell responses by T-cells bearing receptors for IgM or IgG. J Exp Med 146: 184
Mosesson MW, Amrani DL (1980) The structure and biologic activities of plasma fibronectin. Blood 56: 145
Mosher DF (1984) Physiology of fibronectin. Am Rev Med 35: 561
Movat HZ, Cybulsky MI, Colditz IG et al. (1987) Acute inflammation in gram-negative infection: endotoxin, interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor, and neutrophils. Fed Proc 46: 97
Munford RS, Hall CL (1986) Detoxification of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins) by a human neutrophil enzyme. Science 234: 203
Munster AM (1984) Immunologic response to trauma and burns. An overview. Am J Med 76: 142
Nathan CF, Murray HW, Cohn ZA (1980) The macrophage as an effector cell. N Engl J Med 303: 622
Ninnemann JL (1982) Immunologic defenses against infection: alterations following thermal injuries. J Burn Care Rehabil 6: 355
Nishijima MK, Takezawa J, Hosotsubo KK et al. (1986) Serial changes in cellular immunity of septic patients with multiple organ-system failure. Crit Care Med 14: 87
O’Flaherty JT, Surles JR, Redman J et al. (1986) Binding and metabolism of platelet-activating factor by human neutrophils. J Clin Invest 78: 381
Ognibene FP, Martin SE, Parker MM et al. (1986) Adult respiratory distress syndrome in patients with severe neutropenia. N Engl J Med 315: 547
O’Mahony JB, Wood JJ, Rodrick ML et al. (1985) Changs in T lymphocyte subsets following injury. Assessment by flow cytometry and relationship to sepsis. Ann Surg 202: 580
O’Mahony JB, Palder SB, Wood JJ et al. (1984) Depression of cellular immunity after multiple trauma in the absence of sepsis. J Trauma 24: 869
Parsons PE, Fowler AA, Hyers TM et al. (1985) Chemotactic activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am Rev Resp Dis 132: 490
Peterson VM, Robinson WA, Wallner SF et al. (1985) Granulocyte stem cells are decreased in humans with fatal burns. J Trauma 25: 413
Powe, JE, Short A, Sibbald WJ et al. (1982) Pulmonary accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med 10: 712
Quie PG (1986) Phagocytic cell dysfunction. J Allergy Clin Immunol 77: 387
Regel G, Nerlich ML, Dwenger A et al. (1987) Phagocytic function of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and the RES in endotoxemia. J Surg Res 42: 74
Reinherz EL, Schlossman SF (1980) Regulation of the immune response inducer and suppressor T-lymphocyte subsets in human beings. N Engl J Med 303: 370
Reinherz EL, Haynes BF, Nadler LM et al. (eds) (1986) Leukocyte typing II, human T lymphocytes, vol I: 3. Springer, New York
Rinaldo JE, Dauber GH, Christman J et al. (1984) Neutrophil alveolitis following endotoxemia. Am Rev Resp Dis 130: 1065
Rinaldo JE, Borovetz H (1985) Deterioration of oxygenation and abnormal lung micro-vascular permeability during resolution of leukopcnia in patients with diffuse lung injury. Am Rev Respir Dis 131: 579
Rodrick ML, Wood JJ, O’Mahony JB et al. (1986) Mechanism of immunosuppression associated with severe nonthermal traumatic injuries in man: production of interleukin 1 and 2. J Clin Immunol 6: 310
Rorke LB, Pitts FW (1963) Purulent meningitis: the pathologic basis of clinical manifestations. Clin Pediat 2: 64
Rosen FS, Cooper MD, Wedgwood RJP (1984) The primary immunodeficiencies. N Engl J Med 311: 235, 300
Rosenthal AS (1980) Regulation of the immune response — role of the macrophage. N Engl J Med 303: 1153
Rossi F (1986) The O2-forming NADPH oxidase of the phagocytes: nature, mechanisms of activation and function. Biochim Biophys Acta 853: 65
Saba TM (1986) Organ failure with sepsis after trauma or burn: support of the reticuloendothelial host defense system. In: Sibbald WJ, Spring CL (eds) Perspectives on sepsis and septic shock, chap 5. Society of Critical Care Medicine, Fullerton, pp 77
Saba TM (1981) Disturbances in plasma and cell surface fibronectin: relationship to altered vascular permeability and host defense. J Trauma 21: 679
Salin ML, McCord JM (1974) Superoxide dismutases in polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J Clin Invest 54: 1005
Scheid WM (1985) Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of pneumococcal meningitis. In: Sande MA, Smith AL, Root RK (eds) Bacterial meningitis, chap 4. Curchill Livingstone, New York, pp 37
Schreiber RD, Celada A (1984) Molecular characterization of gamma interferon as a macrophage activating factor. Lymphokines 11: 87
Seligmann M, Chess L, Fahey JL et al. (1984) AIDS — an immunologic reevaluation. N Engl J Med 311: 1286
Shalaby MR, Aggarwal BB, Rinderknecht E et al. (1985) Activation of human polymorphonuclear neutrophil functions by interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factors. J Immunol 135: 2069
Sheagren JN (1986) The pathogenesis and therapy of the complications of severe sepsis. In: Chernow B, Shoemaker WC (eds) Critical care medicine — state of the art. Society of Critical Care Medicine, Fullerton, pp 465
Shigeoka AO, Santos JI, Hill HR (1979) Functional analysis of neutrophil granulocytes from healthy, infected, and stressed neonates. J Pediatr 95: 454
Simberkoff MS, Moldover NH, Rahal JJ (1980) Absence of detectable bactericidal and opsonic activities in normal and infected cerebrospinal fluids. A regional host deficiency. J Lab Clin Med 95: 362
Smith RJ, Bowman BJ, Speziale SC (1986) Interleukin-1 stimulates granule exocytosis from human neutrophils. Int J Immunopharmacol 8: 33
Smith-Erichsen N, Aasen AO, Amundsen E (1984) Changes in components of the plasma protease systems related to course and outcome of surgical sepsis. Adv Exp Med Biol 167: 455
Solomki JS, Jenkins MK, Neslon RD et al. (1981) Neutrophil dysfunction is sepsis II. Evidence for the role of complement activation products in cellular deactivation. Surgery 90: 319
Solomkin JS, Cotta LA, Brodt JK et al. (1984) Neutrophil dysfunction is sepsis. Degranulation as a mechanism for non-specific deactivation. J Surg Res 36: 407
Solomkin JS, Brodt JK, Zemlan FP (1986) Degranulation inhibition. A potential mechanism for control of neutrophil superoxide production in sepsis. Arch Surg 121: 77
Solomkin JS, Cotta LA, Satoh RS et al. (1985) Complement activation and clearance in acute illness and injury: Evidence for C5a as a cell-directed mediator of the adult respiratory distress syndrome in man. Surgery 97: 668
Solomkin JS, Cotta LA, Ogle JD et al. (1984) Complement-induced expression of cryptic receptors on the neutrophil surface: a mechanism for the regulation of acute inflammation in trauma. Surgery 96: 336
Solomkin JS, Brodt JK, Antrum RM (1985) Suppressed neutrophil oxidative activity in sepsis: a receptor-mediated regulatory response. J Surg Res 39: 300
Solomkin JS, Cotta LA, Brodt JK et al. (1985) Regulation of neutrophil superoxide production in sepsis. Arch Surg 120: 93
Spitznagel JK (1984) Nonoxidative antimicrobial reactions of leukocytes. Contemp Top Immunobiol 14: 283
Spitznagel JK, Shafer WM (1985) Neutrophil killing of bacteria by oxygen independent mechanisms: a historical summary. Rev Infect Dis 7: 398
Strauss RG, Mauer AM, Asbrock et al. (1975) Stimulation of neutrophil oxidative metabolism by the alternative pathway of complement activation: a mechanism for the spontaneous NBT test. Blood 45: 843
Snyderman R, Gewurz H, Mergenhagen SE (1968) Interactions of the complement system with endotoxic lipopolysaccharide: generation of a factor chemotactic for polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J Exp Med 128: 259
Thorne KJI, Oliver RC, Lackie J (1977) Changes in the surface properties of rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes, induced by bacteria and bacterial endotoxin. J Cell Sci 27: 213
Tracey KJ, Beutler B, Lowry SF et al. (1986) Shock and tissue injury induced by recombinant human cachectin. Science 234: 470
Unanue ER (1980) Cooperation between mononuclear phagocytes and lymphocytes in immunity. N Engl J Med 303: 977
Vercellotti GM, McCarthy J, Furcht LT et al. (1983) Inflammation fibronectin: an altered fibronectin enhances neutrophil adhesion. Blood 62: 1063
Weiland JE, Davis WB, Hilter JF et al. (1986) Lung neutrophils in the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Clinical and pathophysiologic significance. Am Rev Respir Dis 133: 218
Weissman G, Smolen JE, Korchak M (1980) Release of inflammatory mediators from stimulated neutrophils. N Engl J Med 303: 27
Wilson ME (1985) Effects of bacterial endotoxins on neutrophil function. Rev Infect Dis 7: 404
Zaslow MC, Clark RA, Stone PJ et al. (1983) Human neutrophil elastase does not bind to alpha-1 -protease inhibitor that has been exposed to activated human neutrophils. Am Rev Respir Dis 128: 434
Ziegler EJ, McCutchan JA, Fierer J et al. (1982) Treatment of gram-negative bacteremia and shock with human antiserum to a mutant Escherichia coll. N Engl J Med 307: 1225
Zimmerman JJ (1986) Polymorphonuclear leukocytes — agents of host defense and autoinjury. In: Chernow B, Shoemaker WC (eds) Critical care — state of the art. Society of Critical Care Medicine, Fullerton, pp 281
Zimmerman JJ, Dietrich KA (1987) Current perspectives on septic shock. Pediatr Clin North Am 34: 131
Zimmerman JJ, Shelhamer JH, Parrillo JE (1985) Quantitative analysis of polymorphonuclear leukocyte superoxide anion generating in critically ill children. Crit Care Med 13: 143
Zimmerman JJ, Millard JR, Farin-Rusk C (1987) Septic plasma suppresses superoxide anion synthesis by normal homologous polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Crit Care Med 15: 376
Zimmerman GA, Renzetti AD, Hill H (1983) Functional and metabolic activity of granulocytes from patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome. Evidence for activated neutrophils in the pulmonary circulation. Am Rev Respir Dis 127: 290
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1989 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Zimmerman, J.J. (1989). Sepsis und Leukozytenfunktion — Schaden und Nutzen. In: Reinhart, K., Eyrich, K. (eds) Sepsis. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-09869-1_17
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-09869-1_17
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-09870-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-09869-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive