Zusammenfassung
Bei der Messung von Schmerz stellt sich grundsätzlich das Problem der prinzipiellen Subjektivität der Schmerzerfahrung. Nach Handwerker [35; S. 87] ist „... der Schmerz eines anderen Menschen nicht unmittelbar, sondern nur durch beabsichtigte oder unwillkürliche Mitteilungen erfassbar.“ Die klinische Algesimetrie besitzt deshalb, insbesondere bei chronischem Schmerz, keine Möglichkeit, den nozizeptiven Reiz direkt zu messen. Er ist nur indirekt durch die Erfassung von Indikatoren quantifizierbar, die auf die ganz private Schmerzerfahrung schließen lassen.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Literatur
Abu-Saad HH, Kroonen E, Halfens R (1990) On the development of a multidimensional Dutch pain assessment tool for children. Pain 43: 249–256
Ambuel B, Hamlett KW, Marx C, Blumer JL (1992) Assessing distress in the pediatric intensive care environments: The COMFORT Scale. J Pediatr Psychol 17:95–109
Anand KJS (1993) The applied physiology of pain. In: Anand KJS, McGrath PJ (Hrsg) Pain in neonates. Elsevier, Amsterdam, S 39–66
Barr R (1992) Is this infant in pain? Caveats from the clinical setting. Am Pain Soc J 1: 187–190
Barrier G, Attia J, Mayer MN, Amiel-Tison CL, Shnider SM (1989) Measurement of postoperative pain and narcotic administration in infants using a new clinical scoring system. Int Care Med 15:37–39
Beyer JE (1984) The Oucher: A user’s manual and technical report. Judson, Evanston, IL
Bieri D, Reeve RA, Champion GD, Addicoat L, Ziegler JB (1990) The Faces Pain Scale for the self-assessment of the severity of pain experienced by children: development, initial validation and preliminary investigation for ratio scales properties. Pain 41:139–150
Birbaumer N (1984) Psychologische Analyse und Behandlung von Schmerzuständen. In Zimmermann M, Handwerker HO (Hrsg) Schmerz. Konzepte und ärztliches Handeln. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, S 124–153
Blauer T, Gerstmann D (1998) A simultaneous comparison of three neonatal pain scales during common NICU procedures. Clin J Pain 14: 39
Blount RL, Bunke V, Cohen LL, Forbes CJ (2001) The Child-Adult Medical Procedure Interaction Scale — Short Form (CAMPIS-SF): Validation of a rating scale for children’s and adults’ behaviors during painful medical procedures. J Pain Sympt Manage 22:591–599
Buchholz M, Karl HW, Pomietto M, Lynn A (1998) Pain scores in infants: a modified infant pain scale vs. analogue. J Pain Symptom Manage 15:117–124
Büttner W (1998) Die Erfassung des postoperativen Schmerzes beim Kleinkind. München, Arcis
Büttner W, Finke W (2000) Analysis of behavioural and physiological parameters for the assessment of postoperative analgesic demand in newborns, infants and young children: A comprehensive report on seven consecutive studies. Paed Anaesth 10:303–318
Chambers CT, Reid GJ, McGrath PJ, Finley GA (1996) Development and preliminary validation of a postoperative pain measure for parents. Pain 68:307–313
Champion GD, Goodenough B, von Baeyer CL, Thomas W (1998) Measurement of pain by self-report. In Finley GA, McGrath PJ (Hrsg) Measurements of pain in infants and children. Seattle, IASP Press, S 123–160
Colwell C, Clark L, Perkins R (1996) Postoperative use of pediatric pain scales: children’s self-report vs. nurse assessment of pain intensity and affect. J Pediatr Nurs 11:375–382
Craig KD, Prkachin KM, Gruneau RVE (1992) The facial expression on pain. In Turk D, Melzack R (Hrsg) Handbook of pain assessment. Guilford Press, New York, S 257–276
Craig KD, Whitfield MF, Grunau RVE, Linton J, Hadjistravopoulos H (1993) Pain in the preterm neonate: behavioral and physiological indices. Pain 52: 287–300
Debillon T, Zupan V, Ravault N, Magny JF, Denan M (2001) Development and initial validation of the EDIN scale, a new tool for assessing prolonged pain in preterm infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 85: F36–F41
Denecke H, Kröner-Herwig B (2000). Kopfschmerztherapie mit Kindern und Jugendlichen — Ein Trainingsprogramm. Hogrefe, Göttingen
Eland JM (1974) Children’s communication of pain. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Iowa
Eland JM (1982) Minimizing injection pain associated with prekindergarten immunizations. Issues in Compr Ped Nurs 5:361
Finley GA, McGrath PJ (1998) Introduction: The roles of measurement in pain management and research. In Finley GA, McGrath PJ (Hrsg) Measurements of pain in infants and children. Seattle, IASP Press, S 1–4
Fuller BF (1991) Acoustic discrimination of three types of infant cries. Nurs Res 40: 156–160
Gauvain-Piquard A, Rodary C, François P et al. (1991) Validity assessment of DEGR-scale for observational rating of 2–6 year old child pain. J Pain Sympt Manage 6:171
Gauvain-Piquard A, Rodary C, Rezvani A, LeMerle J (1987) Pain in children aged 2–6 years: a new observational rating scale elaborated in a pediatric oncology unit — preliminary report. Pain 31:177–188
Gillies ML, Smith LN, Parry-Jones WL (1999) Postoperative pain assessment and management in adolescents. Pain 79: 207–215
Giusiano B, Jimeno MT, Collignon P, Chau Y (1995) Utilization of a neural network in the elaboration of an evaluation scale for pain in cerebral palsy. Methods of Information in Medicine 34:498–502
Goodenough B, Addicoat L, Champion GD, McInerney M, Young B, Juniper K, Ziegler JB (1997) Pain in 4- to 6-year old children receiving intramuscular injections: a comparison of the Faces Pain Scale with other self-report and behavioral measures. Clin J Pain 13: 60–73
Grunau RVE, Craig KD (1987) Pain expression in neonates: facial action and cry. Pain 28: 395–410
Grunau RVE, Johnston CC, Craig KD (1990) Neonatal facial and cry responses to invasive and non-invasive procedures. Pain 42: 295–305
Grunau RVE, Whitfield M, Petrie J (1994) Pain sensivity and temperament in extremely low birth weight premature toddlers and preterm and fullterm controls. Pain 58:341–346
Gunnar MG, Malone S, Vance G, Fisch RO (1985) Coping with adverse stimulation in the neonatal period: quiet sleep and plasma Cortisol levels during recovery from circumcision. Child Dev 56: 824–834
Hannallah RS, Broadman LM, Belman AB, Abramowitz MD, Ebstein BS (1987) Comparison of caudal and ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve blocks for control of post-orchidopexy pain in pediatric ambulatory surgery. Anesthesiology 66: 232–234
Handwerker HO (1984) Experimentelle Schmerzanalyse beim Menschen. In Zimmermann M, Handwerker HO (Hrsg) Schmerz. Konzepte und ärztliches Handeln. Berlin, Springer, S 87–123
Hartwig S, Roth B, Theisohn M (1991) Clinical experience with continuous intravenous sedation using midazolam and fentanyl in the pediatric intensive care unit. Eur J Pediatr 150: 784–788
Hester NO (1979) The preoperational child’s reaction to immunization. Nurs Res 28:250
Hester NO, Foster R, Kristensen K (1990) Measurement of pain in children: generalizability and validity of the Pain Ladder and the Poker Chip Tool. In Tyler DC, Krane EJ (Hrsg) Pediatric pain. Advances in Pain Research and Therapy, vol 15. Raven Press, New York, S 79–84
Hicks CL (2001) The faces pain scale — revised, towards a common metric in pediatric pain measurement. Pain 93:173–183
IASP — International Association for the Study of Pain (1979) Pain terms: a list with defnitions and notes for usage. Pain 6: 249–252
Izard CE, Hübner RR, Risser D, McGinnes CJ, Dougherty LM (1980) The young infants ability to produce discrete emotion expressions. Dev Psychol 16:132–140
Jakobs H, Rister M (1997) Die Fremdeinschätzung von Schmerzen bei Kindern. Klinische Pädiatrie 209:384–388
Jay SM, Ozolins M, Elliott CH, Caldwell S (1983) Assessment of children’s distress during painful medical procedures. Health Psychol 2: 133–147
Karoly P (1991) Assessment of pediatric pain. In: Bush JP, Harkins SW (Hrsg) Children in pain. Springer, New York, S 59
Krechel S, Bildner J (1995) CRIES: A neonatal postoperative pain measurement score. Initial testing of validity and reliability. Paed Anaesth 5:53–61
Kröner-Herwig B, Plump U, Pothmann R (1992) Progressive Relaxation und EMG-Biofeedback in der Therapie von chronischem Kopfschmerz bei Kindern. Der Schmerz 6:121
Kuttner L, LePage T (1989) Face scales for the assessment of pediatric pain: A critical review. Canad J Behav Science 21:198–209
Lawrence J, Alcock D, McGrath PJ, Kay J, Mac-Murray SB, Dulberg C (1993) The development of a tool to assess neonatal pain. Neonatal Network 12:59–66
Manne SL, Jacobsen PB, Redd WH (1992) Assessment of acute pediatric pain: do child self-report, parent ratings, and nurse ratings measure the same phenomenon? Pain 48: 45–52
McGrath PA (1990) Pain in children. Guilford, New York
McGrath PJ (1990) Help yourself: A treatment for migraine headaches. University of Ottawa Press, Ottawa
McGrath PJ (1998) Behavioral measures of pain. In: Finley GA, McGrath PJ (Hrsg) Measurements of pain in infants and children. Seattle, IASP Press, S 83–102
McGrath PJ, Johnson G, Goodman JT, Schillinger J, Dunn J, Chapman JA (1985) CHEOPS: A behavioral scale for rating postoperative pain in children. In Fields HL, Dubner R, Cervero F (Hrsg) Advances in pain research and therapy, vol 9. Proceedings of the 4th World Congress on Pain. Raven Press, New York, S 395–402
McGrath PJ, Unruh AM (1989) Pain in children and adolescents. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Merkel SI, Voepel-Lewis T, Shayevitz JR, Malviya S (1997) The FLACC: a behavioral scale for scoring postoperative pain in young children. Pediatr Nurs 23: 293–297
Morgan J, Peden V, Bhaskar K, Vater M, Choonara I (2001) Assessment of pain by parents in young children following surgery. Paed Anaesth 11: 449–452
Pokela MJ (1994): Pain relief can reduce hypoxemia in distressed neonates during routine treatment procedures. Pediatrics 93:379–383
Porter FL, Porges SW, Marshall RE (1988): Newborn pain cries and vagal tone: parallel changes in response to circumcision. Child Dev 59: 495–505
Pothmann, R (1988) Klinische Schmerzmessung. In: Pothmann R (Hrsg) Chronische Schmerzen im Kindesalter. Diagnose und Therapie. Hippokrates, Stuttgart, S 31
Pothmann R, Goepel R (1985) Comparison of the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and a Smiley Analog Scale (SAS) for the evaluation of pain in children. In: Fields HL, Dubner R, Cervero F (Hrsg) Proc. 4th World Congress on Pain. Advances on pain research and therapy, vol 9. Raven Press, New York
Pothman R, Mohn U (1993) Chronische Schmerzen. In: Steinhausen HC, von Aster M (Hrsg) Handbuch Verhaltenstherapie und Verhaltensmedizin bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Beltz, Weinheim, S 537–581
Pothmann R, Plump U, Maibach G, von Frankenberg S, Besken E, Kröner-Herwig B (1991) Migränetagebuch für Kinder. Arcis, München
Reid GJ, Gilbert CA, McGrath PJ (1998) The pain coping questionnaire: preliminary validation. Pain 76: 83–96
Sanders SH (1979) A trimodal behavioral conceptualization of clinical pain. Percept Mot Skills 48:551–555
Savedra MC, Tesler MD (1989) Assessing children’s and adolescents’ pain. Pediatrician 16: 24–29
Savedra MC, Tesler MD, Holzerner W, Ward J (1992) Adolescent Pediatric Pain Tool (APPT) User’s Manual. University of California, San Francisco, CA
Schmelling DJ, Coran AG (1990) The hormonal and metabolic response to stress in the neonate. Pediatr Surg Int 5:307–321
Schultz AA, Murphy E, Morton J, Stempel A, Messenger-Rioux C, Bennett K (1999) Prever-bal, Early Verbal Pediatric Pain Scale (PEPPS): development and early psychometric testing. J Ped Nurs 14:19–27
Sigl JC, Chamoun NC (1994) An introduction to bispectral index analysis for the EEG. J Clin Monit 10:392–404
St. Laurent-Gagnon T, Bernard-Bonnin AC, Villeneuve E (1999) Pain evaluation in preschool children and their parents. Acta Paedia-tr 88: 422–427
Stevens B, Johnston C, Petryshen P, Taddio A (1996) Premature infant pain profile: Development and initial validation. Clin J Pain 12: 13–22
Suraseranivongse S, Santawat U, Kraiprasit K, Petcharatana S, Prakkamodom S, Muntraporn N (2001) Cross-validation of a composite pain scale for preschool children within 24 hours of surgery. Br J Anesth 87: 400–405
Taddio A, Katz J, Hersich AL, Koren G (1997) Effect of neonatal circumcision on pain response during subsequent routine vaccination. Lancet 349:599
Talbert LM, Kraybill EN, Potter HD (1976): Adrenal cortical response to circumcision in the neonate. Obstet Gynecol 48: 208–210
Tarbell SE, Cohen IT, Marsh JL (1992) The Toddler-Preschooler Postoperative Pain Scale: an observational scale for measuring postoperative pain in children aged 1–5. Preliminary report. Pain 50: 273–280
Tucker CL, Slifer KJ, Dahlquist LM (2001) Reliability and validity of the Brief Behavioral Distress Scale: A measure of children’s distress during invasive medical procedures. J Pediatr Psychol 26:513–523
Tyler DC, Tu A, Douthit J, Chapman CR (1993) Toward validation of pain measurement tools for children: a pilot study. Pain 52:301–309
Varni JW, Thompson KL, Hanson V (1987) The Varni/Thompson Pediatric Pain Questionnaire: I. Chronic musculoskeletal pain in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Pain 28: 27
Watcha MF, Galinkin J, Fazi LM, Rose JB (1999) Bispectral Index (BIS) EEG monitoring in children. Anesthesiology 91: A1266
Westerling D (1999) Postoperative recovery evaluated with a new, tactile scale (TaS) in children undergoing ophthalmic surgery. Pain 83: 297–301
Whaley L, Wong DL (1987) Nursing care of infants and children. Mosby, St. Louis
Zernikow B, Damschen U (1999) Dattelner Schmerzfragebogen für Kinder und Jugendliche. Bezugsadresse: Vestische Kinderklinik Datteln, Universität Witten/Herdecke, Dr.-Friedrich-Steiner-Str. 5,45711 Datteln
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2003 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Denecke, H., Hünseler, C. (2003). Messen und Erfassen von Schmerz. In: Zernikow, B. (eds) Schmerztherapie bei Kindern. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-09814-1_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-09814-1_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-44136-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-09814-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive