Abstract
Most analyses of population viability focus on changes in numbers of the focal species independent of other members of their community or any other biotic interactions. It is difficult to incorporate all relevant factors into a viability analysis, but leaving out biotic interactions may be a critical flaw in some analyses. While single-species population viability analyses (PVAs) implicitly incorporate the effect of species interactions on population growth rate parameters (i.e., vital rates), models that explicitly consider changes in species dynamics as ecological conditions change may be needed. Unfortunately, these models will significantly increase data requirements. Because robust data sets are notoriously difficult to acquire even for single-species PVAs, it is important to evaluate the relative importance of species interactions before considering development of a PVA model that incorporates them explicitly. In this chapter, we discuss the various kinds of interactions that plants are involved in, evaluate when species interactions are likely to matter, consider strategies for deciding when to incorporate these interactions into PVA models, and discuss relevant modeling approaches.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ackerman JD, Sabat A, Zimmerman JK (1996) Seedling establishment in an epiphytic orchid: an experimental study of seed limitation. Oecologia 106:192–198
Addicott JF (1986) Variation in the costs and benefits of mutualism: the interaction between yucca and yucca moths. Oecologia 70:486–494
Agrawal AA (1999) Induced responses to herbivory in wild radish: effects on several herbivores and plant fitness. Ecology 80:1713–1723
Agrawal AA, Laforsch C, Tollrian R (1999) Transgenerational induction of defences in animals and plants. Nature 401:60–63
Aizen MA, Feinsinger P (1994a) Forest fragmentation, pollination, and plant reproduction in a Chaco dry forest, Argentina. Ecology 75:330–351
Aizen MA, Feinsinger P (1994b) Habitat fragmentation, native insect pollinators, and feral honey bees in Argentine “Chaco Serrano”. Ecol Appl 4:378–392
Alcantara JM, Rey PJ, Sanchez-Lafuente AM, Valera F (2000) Early effects of rodent post-dispersal seed predation on the outcome of the plant-seed disperser interaction. Oikos 88:362–370
Anstett MC, Michaloud G, Kjellberg F (1995) Critical population size for fig/wasp mutualism in a seasonal environment: effect and evolution of the duration of female receptivity. Oecologia 103:453–461
Anstett MC, Hossaert-McKey M, McKey D (1997) Modeling the persistence of small populations of strongly interdependent species: figs and fig wasps. Conserv Biol 11:204–213
Augspurger CK (1984) Seedling survival of tropical tree species: interactions of dispersal distance, light-gaps, and pathogens. Ecology 65:1705–1712
Beattie AJ (1985) The evolutionary ecology of ant-plant mutualisms. Cambridge University Press, New York
Borowicz VA (1997) A fungal root symbiont modifies plant resistance to an insect herbivore. Oecologia 112:534–542
Boucher DH, James S, Keeler KH (1982) The ecology of mutualisms. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 13:315–347
Bronstein JL (1994) Conditional outcomes in mutualistic interactions. Trends Ecol Evol 9:214–217
Bronstein JL, Gouyon P-H, Gliddon C, Kjellberg F, Michaloud G (1990) The ecological consequences of flowering asynchrony in monoecious figs: a simulation study. Ecology 71:2145–2156
Bronstein JL, Hossaert-McKey M (1995) Hurricane Andrew and a Florida fig pollination mutualism: resilience of an obligate interaction. Biotropica 27:373–381
Buchmann SL, Nabhan GP (1996) The forgotten pollinators. Island Press, Washington, DC
Carlsen TM, Menke JW, Pavlik PM (2000) Reducing competitive suppression of a rare annual forb by restoring native California grasslands. Restor Ecol 8:18–29
Caswell H (2000) Matrix population models, 2nd edn. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA
Christian CE (2001) Consequences of a biological invasion reveal the importance of mutualism for plant communities. Nature 413:635–638
Crawley MJ (1992) Seed predators and plant population dynamics. In: Fenner M (ed) Seeds: the ecology of regeneration in plant communities. CAB International, Walling-ford,pp 157–192.
Cunningham SA (2000a) Depressed pollination in habitat fragments causes low fruit set. Proc R Soc Lond Ser B 267:1149–1152
Cunningham SA (2000b) Effects of habitat fragmentation on the reproductive ecology of four plant species in mallee woodland. Conserv Biol 14:758–768
Curran LM, Leighton M (2000) Vertebrate responses to spatiotemporal variation in seed production of mast-fruiting Dipterocarpaceae. Ecol Monogr 70:101–128
Cushman JH, Addicott JF (1991) Conditional interactions in ant-plant-herbivore mutualisms. In: Huxley CR, Cutler DF (eds) Ant-plant interactions. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 92–103
Damman H, Cain ML (1998) Population growth and viability analyses of the clonal woodland herb, Asarum canadense. J Ecol 86:13–26
Diaz I, Papic C, Armesto JJ (1999) An assessment of post-dispersal seed predation in temperate rain forest fragments in Chiloé Island, Chile. Oikos 87:228–238
Dick CW (2001) Genetic rescue of remnant tropical trees by an alien pollinator. Proc R Soc Lond B 1483:2391–2396
Fleming TH (1991) Fruiting plant-frugivore mutualism: the evolutionary theater and the ecological play. In: Price PW, Lewinsohn TM, Fernandez GW, Benson WW (eds) Plant-animal interactions. Evolutionary ecology in tropical and temperate regions. Wiley, New York, pp 119–144
Gange AC, Nice HE (1997) Performance of the thistle gall fly, Urophora cardui, in relation to host plant nitrogen and mycorrhizal colonization. New Phytol 137:335–343
Gautier-Hion A, Gautier J-P, Maisels F (1993) Seed dispersal versus seed predation: an inter-site comparison of two related African monkeys. In: Fleming TH, Estrada A (eds) Frugivory and seed dispersal: ecological and evolutionary aspects. Kluwer, Boston, pp 237–244
Gehring CA, Cobb NS, Whitham TG (1997) Three-way interactions among ectomycor-rhizal mutualists, scale insects, and resistant and susceptible pinyon pines. Am Nat 149:824–841
Goodwin BJ, McAllister AJ, Fahrig L (1999) Predicting invasiveness of plant species based on biological information. Conserv Biol 13:422–426
Groom MJ (1998) Allee effects limit population viability of an annual plant. Am Nat 151:487–496
Hackney EE, McGraw JB (2001) Experimental demonstration of an Allee effect in American ginseng. Conserv Biol 1:129–136
Hambäck PA, Agren J, Ericson L (2000) Associational resistance: insect damage to purple loosestrife reduced in thickets of sweet gale. Ecology 81:1784–1794
Hanzawa FM, Beattie AJ, Culver DC (1988) Directed dispersal: demographic analysis of an ant-seed mutualism. Am Nat 131:1–13
Harrison RD (2000) Repercussions of El Nino: drought causes extinction and the breakdown of mutualism in Borneo. Proc R Soc Lond Ser B 267:911–915
Heithaus ER (1981) Seed predation by rodents on three ant-dispersed plants. Ecology 62:136–145
Heithaus ER (1986) Seed dispersal mutualism and the population density of Asarum canadense, an ant-dispersed plant. In: Estrada A, Fleming EA (eds) Frugivores and seed dispersal. Junk, Dordrecht, pp 199–210
Herrera CM, Jordano P (1981) Prunus mahaleb and birds: the high efficiency seed dispersal system of a temperate fruiting tree. Ecol Monogr 51:203–218
Heywood VH (1993) Flowering plants of the world. Oxford University Press, New York
Hilborn R, Mangel M (1997) The ecological detective: confronting models with data. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ
Hochberg ME, Thomas JA, Elmes GW (1992) A modelling study of the population dynamics of a large blue butterfly, Macullmea rebeli, a parasite of red ant nests. J Anim Ecol 61:397–410
Hochberg ME, Clarke RT, Elmes GW (1994) Population dynamic consequences of direct and indirect interactions involving a large blue butterfly and its plant and red ant hosts. J Anim Ecol 63:375–391
Holland JN, DeAngelis DL (2001) Population dynamics and the ecological stability of obligate pollination mutualisms. Oecologia 126:575–586
Holmes RD, Jepson-Innes K (1989) A neighborhood analysis of herbivory in Bouteloua gracilis. Ecology 70:971–976
Holsinger KE, Gottlieb LD (1991) Conservation of rare and endangered plants: principles and prospects. In: Falk DA, Holsinger KE (eds) Genetics and conservation of rare plants. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 195–208
Holthuijzen AMA, Sharik TL, Fraser JD (1993) Dispersal of eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) into pastures: an overview. Can J Bot 65:1092–1095
Howe HF, Kerckove GAV (1979) Fecundity and seed dispersal of a tropical tree. Ecology 60:180–189
Howe HF, Primack RB (1975) Differential seed dispersal by birds of the tree Caseoria nitida (Flacourtiaceae). Biotropica 7:278–283
Inouye DW (1982) The consequences of herbivory: a mixed blessing for Jurinea mollis (Asteraceae). Oikos 39:269–272
Inouye DW, Taylor OR (1979) A temperate region plant-ant-seed predator system: consequences of extrafloral nectar secretion by Helianthella quinquenervis. Ecology 60:1–7
Janzen DH (1979) How to be a fig. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 10:13–51
Janzen DH, Miller GA, Hackforth-Jones J, Pond CM, Hooper K, Janos DP (1976) Two Costa Rican bat-generated seed shadows of Andira inermis (Leguminosae). Ecology 57:1068–1075
Jennersten O, Nilsson SG (1993) Insect flower visitation frequency and seed production in relation to patch size of Viscaria vulgaris (Caryophyllaceae). Oikos 68:283–292
Johnson NC, Graham JH, Smith FA (1997) Functioning of mycorrhizal associations along the mutualism-parasitism continuum. New Phytol 135:575–586
Kaplan BA (1998) Variation in seed handling by two species of forest monkeys in Rwanda. Am J Primatol 45:83–101
Karban R (1997) Neighbourhood affects a plant’s risk of herbivory and subsequent success. Ecol Entomol 22:433–439
Karban R, Kuc J (1999) Induced resistance against pathogens and herbivores: an overview. In: Agrawal AA, Tuzun S, Bent E (eds) Induced plant defenses against pathogens and herbivores. The American Phytopathological Society Press, St Paul, MN, ppl-16
Karban R, Myers JH (1989) Induced plant responses to herbivory. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 20: 331–348
Kearns CA, Inouye DW (1994) Fly pollination of Linum lewisii (Linaceae). Am J Bot 81:1091–1095
Kearns CA, Inouye DW (1997) Pollinators, flowering plants, and conservation biology. Bio Science 47:297–307
Kearns CA, Inouye DW, Waser NW (1998) Endangered mutualisms: the conservation of plant-pollinator interactions. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 29:83–112
Kelly D, Harrison AL, Lee WG, Payton IJ, Wilson PR, Schauber EM (2000) Predator satiation and extreme mast seeding in 11 species of Chionochloa (Poaceae). Oikos 90:477–488
Kretzer AM, Bidartondo MI, Grubisha LC, Spatafora JW, Szaro TM, Bruns TD (2000) Regional specialization of Sarcodes sanguinea (Ericaceae) on a single fungal sym-biont from the Rhizopogon ellenae (Rhizopogonaceae) species complex. Am J Bot 87:1778–1782
Kunin WE, Gaston KJ (eds) (1997) The biology of rarity: causes and consequences of rare-common differences. Chapman and Hall, London
Lamont BB, Klinkhamer PGL, Witkowski ETF (1993) Population fragmentation may reduce fertility to zero in Banksia goodii — a demonstration of the Allee effect. Oecolo-gia 94:446–450
Lapointe L, Molard J (1997) Costs and benefits of mycorrhizal infection in a spring ephemeral, Erythronium americanum. New Phytol 135:491–500
Larson DL (1996) Seed dispersal by specialist versus generalist foragers: the plant’s perspective. Oikos 76:113–120
Laverty TM (1992) Plant interactions for pollinator visits: a test of the magnet species effect. Oecologia 89:502–508
Lesica P, Shelly JS (1996) Competitive effects of Centaurea maculosa on the population dynamics of Arabis fecunda. Bull Torrey Bot Club 123:111–121
Levey DJ, Byrne MM (1993) Complex ant-plant interactions: rain forest ants as secondary dispersers and post-dispersal seed predators. Ecology 74:1802–1812
Livingston RB (1972) Influence of birds, stones and soil on the establishment of pasture juniper, Juniperus communis, and red cedar, /. virginiana in New England pastures. Ecology 53:1141–1147
Louda SM, Potvin MA (1995) Effect of inflorescence-feeding insects on the demography and lifetime fitness of a native plant. Ecology 76:229–245
Maloof JE, Inouye DW (2000) Are nectar robbers cheaters or mutualists? Ecology 81:2651–2661
Maron JL, Simms EL (1997) Effect of seed predation on seed bank size and seedling recruitment of bush lupine (Lupinus arboreus). Oecologia 111:76–83
Mattson WJ, Addy ND (1975) Phytophagous insects as regulators of forest primary production. Science 190:515–520
Morales MA (1999) The role of space and behavior in an ant-membracid mutualism. PhD Thesis. University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
Morales MA (2000) Survivorship of an ant-tended membracid as a function of ant recruitment. Oikos 90:469–476
Morales MA, Heithaus ER (1998) Food from seed-dispersal mutualism shifts sex ratios in colonies of the ant Aphaenogaster rudis. Ecology 79:734–739
Murray KG (1988) Avian seed dispersal of three neotropical gap-dependent plants. Ecol Monogr 58:271–298
Nabhan GP, Buchmann SL (1997) Services provided by pollinators. In: Daily GC (editor) Nature’s services. Societal dependence on natural ecosystems. Island Press, Washington, DC, pp 133–150
Nantel P, Gagnon D, Nault A (1996) Population viability analysis of American ginseng and wild leek harvested in stochastic environments. Conserv Biol 10:608–621
Nee S, May RM, Hassell MP (1996) Two-species metapopulation models. In: Hanski I, Gilpin ME (eds) Metapopulation biology: ecology, genetics, and evolution. Academic, San Diego, pp 123–148
Norconk MA, Grafton BW, Conklin-Brittain NL (1998) Seed dispersal by neotropical seed predators. Am J Primatol 45:103–126
Offenberg J (2001) Balancing between mutualism and exploitation: the symbiotic interaction between Lasius ants and aphids. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 49:303–310
Oosterrneijer JGB (2000) Population viability of Gentiana pneumonanthe: the importance of genetics, demography, and reproductive biology. In: Young AG, Clarke GM (eds) Genetics, demography, and viability of fragmented populations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 313–334
Paige KN, Whitham TG (1987) Overcompensation in response to mammalian herbivory: the advantage of being eaten. Am Nat 129:407–416
Parker IM (2000) Invasion dynamics of Cytisus scoparius: a matrix model approach. Ecol Appl 10:726–743
Pudlo RJ, Beattie AJ, Culver DC (1980) Population consequences of changes in an ant-seed mutualism in Sanguinaria canadensis. Oecologia 146:32–37
Rathcke BJ, Jules ES (1993) Habitat fragmentation and plant-pollinator interactions. Curr Sci 65:273–277
Reeves SA, Usher MB (1989) Application of a diffusion model to the spread of an invasive species: the coypu in Great Britain. Ecol Model 47:217–232
Sargent S (1990) Neighborhood effects on fruit removal by birds: a field experiment with Viburnum dentatum (Caprifoliaceae). Ecology 71:1289–1298
Schemske DW, Husband BC, Ruckelshaus MH, Goodwillie C, Parker IM, Bishop JG (1994) Evaluating approaches to the conservation of rare and endangered plants. Ecology 75:584–606
Schupp E, Howe H, Augsburger C, Levey D (1989) Arrival and survival in tropical treefall gaps. Ecology 70:562–564
Schupp EW (1990) Annual variation in seedfall, postdispersal prédation, and recruitment of a neotropical tree. Ecology 71:504–515
Sih A, Baltus M-S (1987) Patch size, pollinator behavior, and pollinator limitation in catnip. Ecology 68:1679–1690
Simberloff D, Brown BJ, Lowrie S (1978) Isopod and insect root borers may benefit Florida mangroves. Science 201:630–632
Smith BH, deRivera CE, Bridgman CL, Woida JJ (1989) Frequency-dependent seed dispersal by ants of two deciduous forest herbs. Ecology 70:1645–1648
Snow AA, Spira TP, Simpson R, Klips RA (1996) The ecology of geitonogamous pollination. In: Lloyd DG, Barrett SCH (eds) Floral biology. Chapman and Hall, New York, pp 191–216
Snow DW, Snow BK (1986) Some aspects of avian frugivory in a north temperate area relevant to tropical forest. In: Estrada A, Fleming TH (eds) Frugivores and seed dispersal. Junk, Dordrecht, pp 159–164
Sousa WP, Mitchell BJ (1999) The effect of seed predators on plant distributions: is there a general pattern in mangroves? Oikos 86:55–66
Steffan-Dewenter I, Tscharntke T (1999) Effects of habitat isolation on pollinator communities and seed set. Oecologia 121:432–440
Stephens PA, Sutherland WJ, Freckleton RP (1999) What is the Allee effect? Oikos 87:185–190
Stowe KA, Marquis RJ, Hochwender CG, Simms EL (2000) The evolutionary ecology of tolerance to consumer damage. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 31:565–595
Terborgh J, Losos E, Riley MP, Bolanos Riley M (1993) Predation by vertebrates and invertebrates on the seeds of five canopy tree species of an Amazonian forest. In: Fleming TH, Estrada A (eds) Frugivory and seed dispersal: ecological and evolutionary aspects. Kluwer, Boston, pp 375–386
Thompson JN (1985) Postdispersal seed predation in Lomatium spp (Umbelliferae): variation among individuals and species. Ecology 66:1608–1616
Thompson JN (1988) Variation in interspecific interactions. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 19:65–87
Traveset A, Riera N, Mas RF (2001) Passage through bird guts causes interspecific differences in seed germination characteristics. Funct Ecol 15: 669–675
Turnbull LA, Crawley MJ, Rees M (2000) Are plant populations seed-limited? A review of seed sowing experiments. Oikos 88:225–238
Underwood N (1998) The timing of induced resistance and induced susceptibility in the soybean-Mexican bean beetle system. Oecologia 114:376–381
Underwood N (1999) The influence of induced plant resistance on herbivore population dynamics. In: Agrawal AA, Tuzun S, Bent E (eds) Induced plant defenses against pathogens and herbivores. American Phytopathological Society Press, St. Paul, MN, pp 211–229
Wackers FL, Wunderlin R (1999) Induction of cotton extrafloral nectar production in response to herbivory does not require a herbivore-specific elicitor. Entomol Exp Appl 91:149–154
Walsburg GE (1975) Digestive adaptations of Phainopepla nitens with the eating of mistletoe berries. Condor 77:169–174
Whelan CJ, Willson MF (1991) Spatial and temporal patterns of postdispersal seed prédatioe. Can J Bot 69:428–436
Whelan CJ, Schmidt KA, Steele BB, Quinn WJ, Dilger S (1998) Are bird-consumed fruits complementary resources? Oikos 83:195–205
White JA, Whitham TG (2000) Associational susceptibility of cottonwood to a box elder herbivore. Ecology 81:1795–1803
Widen B (1993) Demographic and genetic effects on reproduction as related to population size in a rare, perennial herb, Senecio integrifolius (Asteraceae). Biol J Linn Soc 50:179–195
Willson MF, Harmeson JC (1973) Seed preferences and digestive efficiency of cardinals and song sparrows. Condor 70:225–234
Wold EN, Marquis RJ (1997) Induced defense in white oak: effects on herbivores and consequences for the plant. Ecology 78:1356–1369
Wolin CL (1985) The population dynamics of mutualistic systems. In: Boucher DH (ed) The biology of mutualism. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 40–99
Young TP, Okello BD (1998) Relaxation of an induced defense after exclusion of herbivores: spines on Acacia drepanolobium. Oecologia 115: 508–513
Young A, Boyle T, Brown T (1996) The population genetic consequences of habitat fragmentation for plants. Trends Ecol Evol 11:413–418
Zalba SM, Sonaglioni MI, Compagnoni CA, Belenguer CJ (2000) Using a habitat model to assess the risk of invasion by an exotic plant. Biol Conserv 93:203–208
Zelmer CD, Currah RS (1995) Evidence for a fungal liaison between Corallorhiza trifida (Orchidaceae) and Pinus contorta (Pinaceae). Can J Bot 73:862–866
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2003 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Morales, M.A., Inouye, D.W., Leigh, M.J., Lowe, G. (2003). Considering Interactions: Incorporating Biotic Interactions into Viability Assessment. In: Brigham, C.A., Schwartz, M.W. (eds) Population Viability in Plants. Ecological Studies, vol 165. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-09389-4_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-09389-4_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-07869-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-09389-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive