Skip to main content

Experimental Methods

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Materials Science ((SSMATERIALS,volume 25))

Abstract

Until now, we have treated the optical properties of metal clusters theoretically; in this section we introduce experimental techniques. In Chap. 4 results obtained with these techniques will then be presented and discussed with regard to the theoretical approaches in Chap. 2.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. G.R. Stewart: Phys. Rev. B 15, 1143 (1977)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  2. G. Goll, H. v.Löhneisen, U. Kreibig, G. Schmid: Z. Physik D 20, 329 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  3. U. Kreibig, C. v. Fragstein: Z. Physik 224, 307 (1969)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  4. W. Hoheisel, U. Schulte, M. Vollmer: F. Träger: Appl. Phys. A 51, 271 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  5. K. Rademann: Vom Atom zur kondensierten Phase: Untersuchungen zum Nicht-

    Google Scholar 

  6. metall-Metall-Übergang in isolierten Clustern. Habilitationsschrift, University of Marburg (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  7. K. Rademann, O. Dimopoulou-Rademann, M. Schlauf, U. Even, F. Hensel: Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 3208 (1992)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. J. Hecht: J. Appl. Phys. 50, 7186 (1979)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. C. v. Fragstein, J. Meingast, H. Hoch: Forschungsber. Wirtsch.-und Verkehrsministerium Nordrhein-Westfalen, No.174, Köln (1955)

    Google Scholar 

  10. E.A. Rohlfing, J.J. Valentini: Chem. Phys. Lett. 126, 113 (1986)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  11. W.H. Crumley, J.S. Hayden, J.L. Gole: J. Chem. Phys. 84, 5250 (1986)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. K. Selby, M. Vollmer, J. Masui, V. Kresin, W.A. de Heer, W. D. Knight: Phys. Rev. B 40, 5417 (1989)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  13. F. Guilloteau, G. Grehan, G. Gouesbet: Appl. Opt. 31, 2942 (1992)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  14. W. Neuhauser, M. Hohenstadt, P.E. Toschek, H. Dehmelt: Phys. Rev. A 22, 1137 (1980)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  15. P.E. Toschek, W. Neuhauser: In Atomic Physics VII, ed. by M.D. Kleppner, F.M. Pipkin ( Plenum, New York 1981 ) p. 529

    Google Scholar 

  16. D.J. Wineland, W.M. Itano: Phys. Lett. A 82, 75 (1981)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  17. H.J. Kluge, H. Schnatz, L. Schweikhard: Z. Physik D 3, 189 (1986)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  18. W.D. Reents Jr., M.L. Mandich, V.E. Bondybey: Chem. Phys. Lett. 131, 1 (1986)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  19. M. Irion, A. Selinger: Chem. Phys. Lett. 158, 145 (1989)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  20. K.P. Wanczek: Int’l J. Mass Spectr. Ion Proc. 95, 1 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  21. M.L. Mandich, W.D. Reents, Jr., V.E. Bondybey: In Atomic and Molecular Clusters, ed. by E.R. Bernstein ( Elsevier, Amsterdam 1990 )

    Google Scholar 

  22. M. Irion, A. Selinger, R. Wendel: Int’l J. Mass Spectr. Ion Proc. 96, 27 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  23. M. Irion, A. Selinger, P. Schnabel: Z. Physik D 19, 393 (1991)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  24. M. Lindinger, St. Becker, G. Bollen, K. Dasgupta, R. Jertz, H.-J. Kluge, L. Schweikhard, M. Vogel: Z. Physik D 20, 441 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  25. M. Lindinger, St. Becker, H.-J. Kluge, R. Jertz, K. Lützenkirchen, L. Schweikhard, M. Vogel: Symp. on Atomic and Surface Physics, ed. by T.D. Märk, F. Howorka, Studia, Innsbruck (1990) Paper SASP-90

    Google Scholar 

  26. B. Liu: Fine Particles/ Aerosol Generation, Measurement, Sampling and Analysis ( Academic, New York 1975 )

    Google Scholar 

  27. U. Kreibig: Appl. Phys. 10, 255 (1976)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  28. O.F. Hagena: Surf. Sci. 106, 101 (1981)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  29. O.F. Hagena: Z. Physik D 4, 291 (1987)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  30. C.F. Powell, J.H. Oxley, J.M. Blocher Jr. (eds.): Vapor Deposition ( Wiley, New York 1966 )

    Google Scholar 

  31. G.A. Somorjai: Principles of Surface Chemistry ( Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ 1972 )

    Google Scholar 

  32. P. Fayet, F. Granzer, G. Hegenbart, E. Moisar, B. Pischel, L. Wöste: Phys. Rev. Lett. 55, 3002 (1985)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  33. P. Fayet, F. Granzer, G. Hegenbart, E. Moisar, B. Pischel, L. Wöste: Z. Physik D 3, 299 (1986)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  34. P. Fayet, J.P. Wolf, L. Wöste: Phys. Rev. B 33, 6792 (1986)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  35. G. Delacrétaz, L. Wöste: Surf. Sci. 156, 770 (1985)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  36. E. Rohloff: Z. Phys. 132, 643 (1952)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  37. M. Mennig, K.-J. Berg, F. Fröhlich: Conf. Proc. 6th Int’l Symp. on High Purity Materials in Science and Technology, Dresden (1985) p. 139

    Google Scholar 

  38. K.-J. Berg, M. Mennig, G. Berg, F. Fröhlich: Wiss. Z. Univ. Halle 34, 115 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  39. K.-J. Berg, M. Mennig: In Proc. 15th Intl Cong. on Glass, Vol.36: Glass Technology and Applications, ed. by O.V. Mazurin ( Nauka, Leningrad 1989 ) p. 252

    Google Scholar 

  40. K.-J. Berg, M. Mennig: J. Noncrystal. Solids (1993); K.-J. Berg, W.G. Drost: Glastechnische Berichte (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  41. H. Hofmeister, M. Dubiel, H. Goj, S. Thiel: J. Microscopy, submitted (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  42. H. Wassermann, I. Vermaak: Surf. Sci. 22, 164 (1970)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  43. O. Raabe: In [Ref.3.23b,p.57]

    Google Scholar 

  44. A.H. Pfund: Rev. Sci. Instr. 1, 397 (1930)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  45. C.G. Granqvist, R.A. Buhrman: J. Appl. Phys. 47, 2200 (1976)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  46. K. Kimono, Y. Kamiya, M. Nonoyama, R. Uyeda: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 2, 702 (1963)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  47. N. Wada: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 6, 173 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  48. S. Kasukate, S. Yatsuga, R. Uyeda: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 13, 1714 (1974) S. Mochizuki, R. Ruppin: J. Phys. Cond. Mater. 5, 135 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  49. W.A. de Heer, W.D. Knight, M.Y. Chou, M.L. Cohen: Solid State Physics 40, 93 (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  50. T.J. Falk: J. Chem. Phys. 48, 3305 (1968)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  51. J. Wegrzyn: In [Ref.3.23b,p.253]

    Google Scholar 

  52. W. Knauer: J. Appl. Phys. 62, 841 (1987)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  53. G. Scoles (ed.): Atomic and Molecular Beam Methods (Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford 1988 )

    Google Scholar 

  54. M.M. Kappes, R.W. Kunz, E. Schumacher: Chem. Phys. Lett. 91, 413 (1982)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  55. K. Sattler, J. Mühlbach, E. Recknagel: Phys. Rev. Lett. 45, 821 (1980) T.G. Dietz, M.A. Duncan, D.E. Powers, R.E. Smalley: J. Chem. Phys. 74, 6511 (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  56. K. Sattler: Surf. Sci. 156, 292 (1985)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  57. J. Kowalski, T. Stehlin, F. Träger, M. Vollmer: Phase Transitions 24–26, 737 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  58. O.F. Hagena: Z. Physik D 17, 157 (1990)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  59. D. Schönauer, H. Lauer, U. Kreibig: Z. Physik D 20, 301 (1991)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  60. I. Katakuse, I. Ichihara, Y. Fujita, T. Matsuo, T. Sakurai, H. Matsuda: Int’1 J. Mass Spectrom. Ion. Proc. 67, 229 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  61. I. Katakuse: In Microclusters, ed. by S. Sugano, Y. Nishina, S. Ohnishi, Springer Ser. Mater. Sci., Vol.4 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1987 ) p. 10

    Google Scholar 

  62. R. Behrisch, K. Wittmaack (eds.): Sputtering by Particle Bombardment III, Topics Appl. Phys., Vol. 64 ( Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1991 )

    Google Scholar 

  63. T.J. Whitaker, A. Li, P.L. Jones, R.O. Watts: Opt. Lett. 17, 291 (1992)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  64. W. Begemann, S. Dreihöfer, K.-H. Meiwes-Broer, H.O. Lutz: Z. Physik D 3, 183 (1986)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  65. H. Feld, A. Leute, D. Rading, A. Benninghoven, G. Schmid: Z. Physik D 17, 73 (1990)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  66. A. Benninghoven, F.G. Rüdenauer, H.W. Werner: Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry ( Wiley, New York (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  67. J.F. Mahoney, A.Y. Yahiku, H.L. Daley, R.D. Moore, J. Perel: J. Appl. Phys. 40, 5101 (1969)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  68. H. Helm, R. Moller: Rev. Sci. Instr. 54, 837 (1983)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  69. N.D. Bhaskar, R.P. Frueholz, C.M. Klimcak, R.A. Cook: Phys. Rev. B 36, 4418 (1987)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  70. Y. Saito, K. Minami, T. Ishida, T. Noda: Z. Physik D 11, 87 (1989)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  71. G. Ganteför, H.R. Siekmann, H.O. Lutz, K.H. Meiwes-Broer: Chem. Phys. Lett. 165, 293 (1990)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  72. H.R. Siekmann, Ch. Luder, J. Faehrmann, H.O. Lutz, K.H. Meiwes-Broer: Z. Physik D 20, 417 (1991)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  73. T.P.Martin, T. Bergmann, H. Göhlich, T. Lange: Chem. Phys. Lett. 172, 209 (1990)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  74. H. Göhlich, T. Lange, T. Bergmann, U. Näher, T.P. Martin: Chem. Phys. Lett. 187, 67 (1991)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  75. E. Choi, R.P. Andres: In Physics and Chemistry of Small Clusters, ed. by P. Jena, B.K. Rao, S.N. Khanna ( Plenum, New York 1987 ) p. 61

    Google Scholar 

  76. S. Twomey: Atmospheric Aerosols ( Elsevier, New York 1977 )

    Google Scholar 

  77. W.H. Marlow (ed.): Aerosol Microphysics I, Topics Curr. Phys., Vol. 16 ( Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1980 )

    Google Scholar 

  78. W.H. Marlow (ed.): Aerosol Microphysics II, Topics Curr. Phys., Vol. 29 ( Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1982 )

    Google Scholar 

  79. H. Poppa: J. Appl. Phys. 38, 3883 (1967)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  80. R. Kern, G. Le Lay, J.J. Metois: Current Topics in Materials Science 3, 131 ( North-Holland, Amsterdam 1979 )

    Google Scholar 

  81. M. Harsdorff: Thin Solid Films 90, 1 (1982); ibid. 116, 55 (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  82. J.A. Venables, G.D.T. Spiller, M. Hanbücken: Rep. Prog. Phys. 47, 399 (1984)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  83. G. Dumpich: Thin Solid Films 127, 325 (1985)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  84. M. Zinke-Almang, L. Feldman, M. Grabow: Surf. Sci. Rep. 16, 377 (1992) H. Träuble, U. Essmann: J. Appl. Phys. 39, 4052 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  85. T. Takagi: Ionized-Cluster Beam Deposition and Epitaxy ( Noyes, Park Ridge, NJ 1988 )

    Google Scholar 

  86. K.H. Müller: J. Appl. Phys. 61, 2516 (1987)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  87. Y. Yamamura: Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 45, 707 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  88. J. Gspann: In Physics and Chemistry of Finite Systems: From Clusters to Crystals, ed. by P. Jena, S.N. Khanna, B.K. Rao ( Kluwer, Dordrecht 1992 )

    Google Scholar 

  89. H. Haberland, M. Karrais, M. Mall, Y. Thurner: J. Vac. Sci. Techn. A 10, 3266 (1992); see also Z. Physik D 26, 229 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  90. C. Cleveland, U. Landman: Science 257, 355 (1992); H. Cheng, U. Landman: Science 260, 1304 (1993)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  91. P.F. Liao, J.G. Bergman, D.S. Chemla, A. Wokaun, J. Melngailis, A.M. Hawryluk, N.P. Economou: Chem. Phys. Lett. 82, 355 (1981)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  92. H.G. Craighead, G.A. Niklasson: Appl. Phys. Lett. 44, 1134 (1984)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  93. P. Yee, W. Knight: Phys. Rev. B 11, 3261 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  94. Matrix Isolation Spectroscopy ed. by A.J. Barnes, W.J. Orville-Thomas, A. Müller, R. Gaufrès (Reidel, Dordrecht 1981)

    Google Scholar 

  95. M. Moskovits, G.A. Ozin (eds.): Cryochemistry ( Wiley, New York 1976 )

    Google Scholar 

  96. W. Schulze, H.U. Becker, H. Abe: Chem. Phys. 35, 177 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  97. H. Abe, K.-P. Charlé, B. Tesche, W. Schulze: Chem. Phys. 68, 137 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  98. K.-P. Charle, F. Frank, W. Schulze: Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 88, 350 (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  99. M. Rappaz, F. Faes: J. Appl. Phys. 46, 3273 (1975)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  100. B. Weitzel, H. Micklitz: Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 385 (1991)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  101. W. Hampe: Z. Physik 152, 476 (1958)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  102. C.G. Granqvist, O. Hunderi: Phys. Rev. B 16, 3513 (1977)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  103. G. Niklasson, C.G. Granqvist: In Contribution of Clusters Physics to Material Science and Technology: From Isolated Clusters to Aggregated Materials, ed. by J. Davenas, P.M. Rabette ( Nijhoff, Dordrecht 1986 ) p. 539

    Google Scholar 

  104. R. Hilsch, R.W. Pohl: Z. Physik 64, 606 (1930)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  105. F. Seitz: Rev. Mod. Phys. 23, 342 (1951)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  106. R. Kaiser: Z. Phys. 132, 483 (1952)

    MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  107. W.T. Doyle: Phys. Rev. 111, 1067 (1958)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  108. W.T. Doyle: Proc. Phys. Soc. (London) 75, 649 (1960)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  109. W. Kleemann: Z. Physik 215, 113 (1968)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  110. S.C. Jain, N.D. Arora: J. Appl. Phys. 45, 2368 (1974)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  111. S.C. Jain, N.D. Arora: Solid State Commun. 15, 433 (1974)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  112. S.C. Jain, N.D. Arora: J. Phys. Chem. Solid 35, 1231 (1974)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  113. E. v. Angerer, G. Joos: Wissenschaftliche Photographie (Akad. Verlags-Ges., Leipzig 1959 )

    Google Scholar 

  114. A.E. Hughes, S.C. Jain: Adv. Phys. 28, 717 (1979)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  115. U. Kreibig: J. Phys. F 4, 999 (1974)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  116. S.D. Stookey: Int’l Eng. Chem. 41, 856 (1949); J. Am. Ceramic. Soc. 32, 2461 (1949)

    Google Scholar 

  117. R.D. Maurer: J. Appl. Phys. 29, 1 (1958)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  118. J. Sinzig, U. Radtke, M. Quinten, U. Kreibig: Z. Physik D 26, 242 (1993)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  119. D.M. Trotter: Sci. Am. 264, 56 (April 1991)

    Google Scholar 

  120. P. Sarker, J. Kumar, D. Chakravorty: J. Mat. Sci. 18, 250 (1983)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  121. W.A. Weyl: J. Phys. Chem. 57, 753 (1953)

    Google Scholar 

  122. W.A. Weyl: Colored Glass (Sheffield Soc. of Glas Techn. 1951 )

    Google Scholar 

  123. M.A. Smithard: Solid State Commun. 13, 153 (1973)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  124. A. Berger, K.-J. Berg, H. Hofmeister: Z. Physik D 20, 313 (1991)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  125. A. Berger, K.-J. Berg, H. Hofmeister: Z. Physik D 20, 309 (1991)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  126. E. Kay: Z. Physik D 3, 251 (1986)

    MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  127. A. Heilmann, G. Kampfrath, V. Hopfe: J. Phys. D 21, 986 (1988)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  128. A. Heilmann, J. Werner, V. Hopfe: Z. Physik D 26, S39 (1993)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  129. H. Biedermann: Vacuum 34, 405 (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  130. E. Kay, M. Hecq: J. Appl. Phys. 55, 370 (1984)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  131. J. Perrin, B. Despax, E. Kay: Phys. Rev. B 32, 719 (1985)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  132. G. Kampfrath, A. Heilmann, C. Hamann: Vacuum 38, 1 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  133. A. Heilmann, C. Hamann, G. Kampfrath, Do Ngoc Yan: phys. stat. sol. (a) 114, 551 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  134. A. Heilmann, C. Hamann, G. Kampfrath, V. Hopfe: Vacuum 41, 1472 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  135. A. Heilmann, C. Hamann: Prog. Coll. Polym. Sci. 85, 102 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  136. N. Boothanom, M. White: Thin Solid Films 24, 295 (1974)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  137. E. Kay, M. Hecq: J. Vac. Sci. Techn. A 2, 401 (1984)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  138. E. Kay, A. Dilks, U. Hetzler: J. Macromol. Sci. Chem. A 12, 1393 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  139. E. Kay, A. Dilks, D. Seybold: J. Appl. Phys. 51, 5678 (1980)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  140. R. Lamber, A. Baalmann, N. Jaeger, G. Schulz-Ekloff, S. Wetjen: Adv. Mater. 6, 223 (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  141. W. Scheunemann, H. Jäger: Z. Physik 265, 441 (1973)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  142. A.X. Trautwein, E. Bill, R. Bläs, G. Doppler, F. Seel, B. Wolf, R. Klein, U. Gonser: Surf. Sci. 156, 140 (1985)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  143. P.A. Jacobs: In Metal Clusters in Catalysis, ed. by B.C. Gates, L. Guczi, H. Knözinger ( Elsevier, New York 1986 ) p. 357

    Google Scholar 

  144. J.H.P. Watson: Phys. Rev. 148 223 (1966)

    Google Scholar 

  145. K. Unruh, T. Huber, C. Huber: Phys. Rev. B 48, 9091 (1993)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  146. L. Sung-Ik, T.W. Noh, J.R. Gaines, Y.H. Ko, E.R. Kreidler: Phys. Rev. B 37, 2918 (1988)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  147. B. Roy, D. Chakravorty: J. Appl. Phys. 74, 4190 (1993)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  148. D.L. Williamson, S. Nasu, U. Gonser: Acta Metallurgica 24, 1003 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  149. R. Manzke, G. Crecelius, J. Fink: Phys. Rev. Lett. 51, 1095 (1983)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  150. M.Quinten: Analyse der optischen Eigenschaften der Materie am Beispiel aggre-

    Google Scholar 

  151. gierter kolloidaler Edelmetall-Systeme. Dissertation, University of the Saarland

    Google Scholar 

  152. gierter kolloidaler Edelmetall-Systeme. Dissertation, University of the Saarland

    Google Scholar 

  153. P. Barnickel, A. Wokaun: Mol. Phys. 67, 1353 (1989)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  154. J. Sinzig, U. Kreibig: Unpublished

    Google Scholar 

  155. A. Henglein, P. Mulvaney, T. Linnert, A. Holzwarth: J. Phys. Chem. 96, 2411 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  156. L. Sung-Ik, T.W. Noh, J. Golben, J.R. Gaines: Phys. Rev. B 33, 5844 (1986)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  157. M. Faraday: Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. (London) 147, 145 (1857)

    Google Scholar 

  158. R. Zsigmondy: Zur Erkenntnis der Kolloide ( Fischer, Jena 1905 )

    Google Scholar 

  159. R. Zsigmondy: Kolloidchemie I and II, Allgemeiner Teil und Spezieller Teil (Spamer, Leipzig 1925 und 1927 )

    Google Scholar 

  160. Y. Nakao, K. Kaeriyama: J. Coll. and Interf. Sci. 110, 82 (1986)

    Google Scholar 

  161. J. Bradley, E. Hill, C. Klein, B. Chaudret, A. Duteil: Chem. Mater. 5, 254 (1963)

    Google Scholar 

  162. B. Jirgensons, M. Straumanis: A Short Textbook of Colloid Chemistry ( Pergamon, London 1954 )

    Google Scholar 

  163. J. Stauff: Kolloidchemie (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1960 )

    Google Scholar 

  164. G. Bredig: Z. Angew. Chemie 1898, 951 (1898)

    Google Scholar 

  165. T. Svedberg: Herstellung kolloidaler Lösungen anorganischer Stoffe ( Steinkopff, Dresden 1909 )

    Google Scholar 

  166. A. Berkowitz, J. Walter: J. Mater. Res. 2, 277 (1987)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  167. A. Henglein: Chem. Rev. 89, 1861 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  168. J. Turkevich, P.C. Stevenson, J. Hillier: Disc. Farad. Soc. 11, 55 (1951)

    Google Scholar 

  169. J. Turkevich, G. Garton, P.C. Stevenson: J. Colloid Sci. 9, 26 (1954)

    Google Scholar 

  170. J.K. Koehler (ed.): Advanced Techniques in Biological Electron Microscopy III

    Google Scholar 

  171. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1986 )

    Google Scholar 

  172. D.G. Duff, A.C. Curtis, P.P. Edwards, D.A. Jefferson, B.F.G. Johnson, D.E. Logan: Angew. Chemie 99, 688 (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  173. H. Thiele, H. Schröder, V. Levern: J. Coll. Sci. 20, 679 (1965)

    Google Scholar 

  174. H. Thiele, J. Kowallik: Koll. Z. and Z. Polym. 234, 1017 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  175. H. Sonntag, K. Strenge: Koagulation und Stabilität disperser Systeme ( VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin 1970 )

    Google Scholar 

  176. U. Kreibig, P. Zacharias: Z. Physik 231, 128 (1970)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  177. A. Henglein, P. Mulvaney, A. Holzwarth, T.E. Sosebee, A. Fojtik: Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 96, 754 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  178. M. Gutiérrez, A. Henglein: J. Phys. Chem. 97, 11368 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  179. A. Fojtik, A. Henglein, E. Janata: J. Phys. Chem. 96, 8203 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  180. P. Mulvaney, A. Henglein: J. Phys. Chem. 94, 4182 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  181. K. Kimura, S. Bandow: Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 56, 3578 (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  182. J. Bradley, E. Hill, S. Behal, C. Klein, B. Chaudret, A. Duteil: Chem. Mater. 4, 1234 (1992); A. Duteil, R. Queau, B. Chaudret, R. Mazel, C. Roucan, J. Bradley: Chem. Mater. 5, 341 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  183. D.M.P. Mingos: J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. 1163 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  184. K.P. Hall, D.M.P. Mingos: Progr. Inorg. Chem. 32, 237 (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  185. G. Schmid, R. Pfeil, R. Böse, F. Baudermann, S. Meyer, G.H.M. Calis, J.W.A. van der Velden: Chem. Ber. 114, 3634 (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  186. G. Schmid: Structure and Bonding 62, 51 ( Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1985 )

    Google Scholar 

  187. G. Schmid: Polyhedron 7, 2321 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  188. G. Schmid: Private communication

    Google Scholar 

  189. U. Kreibig, K. Fauth, C.-G. Granqvist, G. Schmid: Z. Physik. Chemie 169, 11 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  190. G. Schmid (ed.): Clusters and Colloids ( VCH, Weinheim 1993 )

    Google Scholar 

  191. G. Schmid, W. Huster: Z. Naturf. 41b, 1028 (1986)

    Google Scholar 

  192. G. Schmid: In Aspects of Homogeneous Catalysis, ed. by R. Ugo, Vol. 7, 1 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  193. J.M. van Ruitenbeck, M.J.G.M. Jurgens, G. Schmid, D.A. van Leeuwen, H.W. Zandbergen, L.J. de Jongh: Z. Physik D 19, 267 (1991)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  194. G. Schmid: Private communication

    Google Scholar 

  195. M. Herrmann, U. Kreibig, G. Schmid: Z. Physik D 26, S 1 (1993)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  196. G. Schmid, N. Klein: Angew. Chemie 25, 922 (1986)

    Google Scholar 

  197. C.L. Briant, I.I. Burton: Surf. Sci. 51, 345 (1977)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  198. J. Farges, M.F. de Feraudy, B. Raoult, G. Torchet: J. Physique 36, C2, 13 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  199. J. Farges, F. Vergand: Proc. 1st Int’l Meeting on Small Part. and Inorg. Clusters, ed. by J.-P. Borel, P. Joyes, J. Farges, B. Cabaud. J. Physique 38 C2 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  200. L.J. de Jongh: In The Physics and Chemistry of Finite Systems: From Clusters to Crystals, ed. by P. Jena, S. Khanna, B. Rao ( Kluwer, Dordrecht 1992 )

    Google Scholar 

  201. W. Ostwald: Z. Phys. Chem. 34, 495 (1900)

    Google Scholar 

  202. C. Wagner: Z. Elektrochemie 65, 581 (1961)

    Google Scholar 

  203. T.A. Witten, L.M. Sander: Phys. Rev. Lett. 47, 1400 (1981)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  204. T.A. Witten, L.M. Sander: Phys. Rev. B 27, 5686 (1983)

    MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  205. P. Meakin: Phys. Rev. Lett. 51, 1119 (1983)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  206. P. Meakin: Phys. Rev. A 27, 1495 (1983)

    MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  207. P. Meakin: Phys. Rev. A 29, 997 (1984)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  208. M. Kolb, R. Botet, R. Juillien: Phys. Rev. Lett. 51, 1123 (1983)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  209. A. Gonzalez: Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 2248 (1993)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  210. M.D. Bentzon, J. van Wonterghem, S. Morup, A. Tholen, C.J.W. Koch: Phil. Mag. B 60, 169 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  211. H. Eckstein, U. Kreibig: Z. Physik D 26, 239 (1993)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  212. H. Hasegawa, N. Satoh, K. Tsuji, K. Kimura: Z. Pysik D 20, 325 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  213. V. Slabka, S. Karpov, V. Zaitsev, G. Zhenhua, A. Popov, L. Zaiguang, L. Dongsheng, F. Yongchang, A. Chengwu: J. Phys. Cond. Matter 5, 7231 (1993) N. Sato, H. Hasegawa, K. Tsuji, K. Kimura: J. Phys. Chem. 98, 2143 (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  214. F. Claro, R. Rojas: Phys. Rev. Leu., submitted (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  215. K. Yi, Z. Horvölgyi, J. Fendler: J. Phys. Chem. 98, 3872 (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  216. R. Siegel: Mat. Sci. andTechn. 15, 583 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  217. H. Gleiter: Phase Transitions 24–26, 15 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  218. H. Gleiter: Progr. Mat. Sci. 33, 223 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  219. K. Kimoto, Y. Kamiya, M. Nonoyama, R. Uyeda: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 2, 702 (1963)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  220. A.R. Thölen: Acta Metall. 27, 1765 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  221. Valuable sources for broad field information are the proceedings of ETOPIM conferences: ETOPIM I, Columbus, Ohio (1977); ETOPIM II, Paris (1988), ed. by J. Lafait, D. Tanner (North-Holland, Amsterdam 1989); ETOPIM III, Guanjuato, Mexico (1993), ed. by W. Mochan, R. Barrera ( Elsevier, New York 1994 )

    Google Scholar 

  222. T.P.Martin, T. Bergmann, H. Göhlich, T. Lange: Z. Physik D 19, 25 (1991); see also Rev. Sci. Instr. 60, 347 (1989) and ibid. 61, 2592 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  223. U. Näher, H. Göhlich, T. Lange, T.P.Martin: Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 3416 (1992)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  224. J.B. Anderson: In Molecular Beams and Low Density Gas Dynamics, ed. by P.P. Wegener ( Dekker, New York 1974 )

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  225. U. Kreibig, L. Genzel: In Contribution of Clusters Physics to Material Science and Technology: From Isolated Clusters to Aggregated Materials, ed. by J. Davenas, P.M. Rabette ( Nijhoff, Dordrecht 1986 )

    Google Scholar 

  226. M.S. Multani, V.K. Wadwahan (eds.): Physics of Clusters and Nanophase Materials, in Phase Transitions ( Gordon and Breach, New York 1990 ) pp. 24–26

    Google Scholar 

  227. Atomic and Molecular Clusters ed. by E.R. Bernstein (Elsevier, New York 1990)

    Google Scholar 

  228. W.A. de Heer: Rev. Mod. Phys. 65, 611 (1993)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  229. Proc. 3rd Int’l Meeting on Small Part. and Inorg. Clusters, ed. by K.H. Benne-mann, J. Koutecky. Surf. Sci. 156 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  230. Metal Clusters ed. by F. Träger, G. zu Putlitz (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1986)

    Google Scholar 

  231. Physics and Chemistry of Small Clusters ed. by P. Jena, B.K. Rao, S.N. Khanna (Plenum, New York 1987)

    Google Scholar 

  232. C. Chapon, M.F. Gillet, C.R. Henry (eds.): Proc. 4th Int’l Meeting on Small Particles and Inorganic Clusters. Z. Physik D 12 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  233. E. Recknagel, O. Echt (eds.): Proc. 5th Int’l Symp. Small Particles and Inorganic Clusters. Z. Physik D 19/20 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  234. S. Berry, J. Burdett, A.W. Castleman: Proc. 6th Int’l Symp. Small Particles and Inorganic Clusters. Z. Physik D 26 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  235. Physics and Chemistry of Finite Systems: From Clusters to Crystals ed. by P. Jena, S.N. Khanna, B.K. Rao (Kluwer, Dordrecht 1992)

    Google Scholar 

  236. B.G. de Boer, G.D. Stein: Surf. Sci. 106, 84 (1981)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  237. J. Farges, M.F. de Feraudy, B. Raoult, G. Torchet: Surf. Sci. 106, 95 (1981)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  238. B.D. Hall, M. Flüeli, R. Monot, J.-P. Borel: Z. Physik D 12, 97 (1989)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  239. B.D. Hall, D. Reinhard, J.-P. Borel, R. Monot: Z. Physik D 20, 457 (1991)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  240. G.A. Kausche, H. Ruska: Kolloid Z. 21, 89 (1939)

    Google Scholar 

  241. D.A. Weitz, M. Oliveira: Phys. Rev. Lett. 52, 1433 (1984)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  242. G. Schimmel, W. Vogell: Methodensammlung der Elektronenmikroskopie (Wiss. Verlags-Ges., Stuttgart, 1971 )

    Google Scholar 

  243. M.D. Bentzon, J. van Wonterghem, S. Morup, A. Tholen, C.J.W. Koch: Phil. Mag. B 60, 169 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  244. W. Mahoney, D. Schaefer, A. Patil, R. Andres, R. Reifenberger: Surf. Sci. 316, 383 (1994)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  245. U. Kreibig: Z. Physik B 31, 39 (1978)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  246. G.A. Bassett: Phil. Mag. 3, 1042 (1958)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  247. H. Bethge: In Trends in Physics Proc. 4th General Conf. Europ. Phys. Soc. (Hilger, London 1979) p.25ff.

    Google Scholar 

  248. K.W. Keller: phys. stat. sol. 36, 557 (1969)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  249. H. Bethge, J. Heydenreich: Elektronenmikroskopie in der Festkörperphysik (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1982 )

    Google Scholar 

  250. M. Krohn: Vacuum 37, 67 (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  251. C. Bubeck: Thin Solid Films 178, 483 (1989)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  252. C. Bubeck: Adv. Mat. 2, 537 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  253. C. Bubeck: Thin Solid Films 210, 674 (1992)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  254. W. Faulk, G. Taylor: Immunochemistry 8, 1081 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  255. M. Morisberger, J. Rosset, H. Bauer: Experientia 31, 1147 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  256. J.E. Beeseley: Int’l Analyst 1, 20 (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  257. L. Reimer: Transmission Electron Microscopy, 3rd edn., Springer Ser. Opt. Sci., Vol. 36 ( Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1993 )

    Google Scholar 

  258. G. Ertl, J. Köppers: Low Energy Electrons and Surface Chemistry ( Verlag Chemie, Weinheim 1985 )

    Google Scholar 

  259. B. Raoult, J. Farges: Rev. Sci. Instr. 44, 430 (1973)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  260. A. Yokozeki, G.D. Stein: J. Appl. Phys. 49, 2224 (1978)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  261. R.K. Heenan, E.J. Valente, L.S. Bartell: J. Chem. Phys. 78, 243 (1983)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  262. L.S. Bartell, R.K. Heenan, M. Nagashima: J. Chem. Phys. 78, 236 (1983)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  263. L.S. Bartell, R.J. French: Rev. Sci. Instr. 60, 1223 (1989)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  264. B.D. Hall, M. Flüeli, R. Monot, J.-P. Borel: Phys. Rev. B 43, 3906 (1991)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  265. Ph. Buffat, J.-P. Borel: Phys. Rev. A 13, 2287 (1976)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  266. M. Treilleux, G. Fuchs, F. Santos Aires, P. Melinon, A. Hoareau, B. Cabaud: Z. Physik D 20, 263 (1991)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  267. R. Kofman, P. Cheyssag, R. Garrigos, Y. Lereah, G. Deutscher: Z. Physik 20, 267 (1991)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  268. H. Poppa, R.D. Moorhead, M. Avalos-Borja: J. Vac. Sci. Techn. A 7, 2882 (1989)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  269. P.A. Montano, W. Schulze, B. Tesche, G.K. Shenoy, T.I. Morrison: Phys. Rev. B 30, 672 (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  270. P.A. Montano, G.K. Shenoy, E.E. Alp, W. Schulze, J. Urban: Phys. Rev. Lett. 56, 2076 (1986)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  271. P.A. Montano, J. Zhao, M. Ramanathan, G.K. Shenoy, W. Schulze: Z. Physik D 12, 103 (1989)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  272. Y.F. Komnik: Sov. Phys. - Solid State 6, 479 (1964)

    Google Scholar 

  273. C. Solliard, P. Buffat: In Proc. 1st Int’l Meeting on Small Part. and Inorg. Clusters, ed. by J.-P. Borel, P. Joyes, J. Farges, B. Cabaud. J. Physique 38, C2 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  274. D. Schroer, R. Marzke, D.J. Erickson, S.W. Marschall, R.M. Wilenzick: Phys. Rev. B 2, 4414 (1971)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  275. T. Komoda: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 7, 27 (1968)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  276. H. Römer, C.v. Fragstein: Z. Physik 163, 27 (1961)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  277. K. Sattler: Z. Physik D 19, 287 (1991)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  278. U. Müller, K. Sattler, J. Xhie, N. Venkateswaran, G. Raina: Z. Physik D 19, 319 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  279. B. Kaiser, K. Sattler, U. Müller, N. Venkateswaran, J. Xhie, G. Raina: Z. Physik D 19, 323 (1991)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  280. B. Schleicher, Th. Jung, H. Hug, H. Burtscher: Z. Physik D 19, 327 (1991)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  281. R. Nishitani, A. Kasuya, S. Kubota, Y. Nishina: Z. Physik D 19, 333 (1991)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  282. J.K. Gimzewski, B. Reiht, J.H. Coombs, R.R. Schlittler: Z. Physik B 72, 497 (1988)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  283. J.K. Gimzewski, J.K. Sass, R.R. Schlittler, J. Schott: Europhys. Lett. 8, 435 (1989)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  284. R. Berndt, A. Baratoff, J.K. Gimzewski: In Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Related Methods (Kluwer, Dordrecht 1990)

    Google Scholar 

  285. R. Berndt, J.K. Gimzewski: Surf. Sci. 269/270, 556 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  286. R. Berndt, J.K. Gimzewski, R.R. Schlittler: Z. Physik D 26, S87 (1993)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  287. M. Specht, J.D. Pedarnig, W.M. Heckt, T.W. Hänsch: Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 476 (1992)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  288. D.M. Schäfer, A. Ramachandra, R.P. Andres, R. Reifenberger: Z. Physik D 26, 249 (1993)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  289. M. Vollmer, F. Träger: Z. Physik D 3, 291 (1986)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  290. M. Vollmer, F. Träger: Surf. Sci. 187, 445 (1987)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  291. D. Schönauer, U. Kreibig: Surf. Sci. 156, 100 (1985)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  292. D.A. Weitz, M.Y. Liu, C.J. Sandroff: Surf. Sci. 158, 147 (1985)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  293. U. Kreibig, B. Schmitz, H.D. Breuer: Phys. Rev. B 36, 5027 (1987)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  294. M. Bauer, H.D. Breuer: In Photoacoustic and Photothermal Phenomena, ed. by P. Hess, J. Pelzt, Springer Ser. Opt. Sci., Vol.58 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1988 ) p. 214

    Google Scholar 

  295. P. Hess, J. Pelzt: (eds.): Photoacoustic and Photothermal Phenomena, Springer Ser. Opt. Sci., Vol. 58 ( Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1988 )

    Google Scholar 

  296. P. Hess (ed.): Photoacoustic, Photothermal and Photochemical Processes at Surfaces and Thin Films, Topics Curr. Phys., Vol. 47 ( Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1989 )

    Google Scholar 

  297. U. Netzelmann, J. Pelzl, D. Schmalbein: In Photoacoustic and Photothermal Phenomena, ed. by P. Hess, J. Pelzt, Springer Ser. Opt. Sci., Vol.58 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1988 ) p. 312

    Google Scholar 

  298. W. Kaspar, U. Kreibig: Surf. Sci. 69, 619 (1977)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  299. R.K. Grygier, W. Knoll, H. Coufal: Can. J. Phys. 64, 1067 (1986)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  300. A.C. Boccara, D. Fournier, J. Badoz: Appl. Phys. Lett. 36, 130 (1980)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  301. W.B. Jackson, N.M. Amer, A.C. Boccara, D. Fournier: Appl. Opt. 20, 1333 (1981)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  302. C. Karner, A. Mandel, F. Träger: Appl. Phys. A 38, 19 (1985)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  303. Q. Kong, J. Fischer, F. Träger: In Photoacoustic and Photothermal Phenomena, ed. by P. Hess, J. Pelzl, Springer Ser. Opt. Sci., Vol.58 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1988 ) p. 179

    Google Scholar 

  304. J.H. Parks, S.A. McDonald: In Clusters and Cluster Assembled Materials, ed. by R.S. Averback, J.Bernholc, D.L. Nelson. MRS Proc. 206, 221 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  305. D. Dusemund, A. Hoffmann, T. Salzmann, U. Kreibig, G. Schmid: Z. Physik D 20, 305 (1991)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  306. C. v. Fragstein, H. Kampermann: Z. Physik 173, 39 (1963)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  307. R.T. Holm, E.D. Palik: Appl. Opt. 17, 394 (1978)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  308. T. Yamaguchi, H. Takahashi: Surf. Sci. 78, 295 (1978)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  309. C.K. Chen, T.F. Heinz, D. Ricard, Y.R. Shen: Phys. Rev. B 27, 1965 (1983)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  310. G.T. Boyd, Th. Rasing, J.R.R. Leite, Y.R. Shen: Phys. Rev. B 30, 519 (1984)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  311. Y.R. Shen: The Principles of Nonlinear Optics ( Wiley, New York 1984 )

    Google Scholar 

  312. H.W.K. Tom, C.M. Mate, X.D. Zhu, J.E. Crowell, Y.R. Shen, G.A. Somorjai: Surf. Sci. 172, 466 (1986)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  313. T. Götz, F. Träger, M. Buck, C. Dressler, F. Eisert: Appl. Phys. A 61 no.5 or 6 (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  314. F. Hache, D. Ricard, C. Flytzanis, U. Kreibig: Appl. Phys. A 47, 347 (1988)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  315. M.L. Bloemer, J.W. Haus, P.R. Ashley: J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 7, 790 (1990)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  316. J.W. Haus, N. Kalyaniwalla, R. Inguva, M.L. Bloemer, C.M. Bowden: J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 6, 797 (1989)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  317. J.W. Haus, R. Inguva, C.M. Bowden: Phys. Rev. A 40, 5729 (1989)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  318. R.H. Magruder III, R.F. Haglund Jr., L. Yang, J.E. Wittig, K. Becker, R.A.

    Google Scholar 

  319. Zhur: Optical Waveguide Materials ed by K.H. Broer, G.H. Siegel, R.T. Kersten, H. Kawazoe. MRS Proc. 244 369 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  320. R.F. Haglund Jr., R.H. Magruder III, L. Yang, J.E. Wittig, R.A. Zhur: In The Physics and Chemistry of Finite Systems: From Clusters to Crystals, ed. by P. Jena, S. Khanna, B. Rao ( Kluwer, Dordrecht 1992 )

    Google Scholar 

  321. R.F. Haglund Jr., R.H. Magruder III, S.H. Morgan, D.O. Henderson, R.A. Weller, L. Yang, R.A. Zhur: Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 65, 405 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  322. P. Pringsheim: Z. Physik 136, 573 (1954)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  323. P. Kubelka, F. Munk: Z. techn. Phys. lla, 593 (1931)

    Google Scholar 

  324. C. v. Fragstein: Optik 39, 58 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  325. H.C. v. d. Hu1st: Multiple Light Scattering ( Academic, New York 1980 )

    Google Scholar 

  326. F. Thiebaud, F.K. Kneubühl: Infrared Phys. 23, 131 (1983)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  327. C. Bréchignac, P. Cahuzac, F. Carlier, M. de Frutos, J. Leygnier: Z. Physik D 19, 1 (1991)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  328. A. Herrmann, E. Schumacher, L. Wöste: J. Chem. Phys. 68, 2327 (1978)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  329. W.A. Saunders, K. Clemenger, W.A. de Heer, W.D. Knight: Phys. Rev. B 32, 1366 (1985)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  330. E.C. Honea, M.L. Homer, J.L. Persson, R.L. Whetten: Chem. Phys. Lett. 171, 147 (1990)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  331. G.S. Hurst, M.G. Payne, S.D. Kramer: Rev. Mod. Phys. 51, 767 (1979)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  332. W. Demtröder: Laser Spectroscopy, 2nd. edn. (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1995 )

    Google Scholar 

  333. A. Herrmann, M. Hofmann, S. Leutwyler, E. Schumacher, L. Wöste: Chem. Phys. Lett. 62, 216 (1979)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  334. M.D. Morse, J.B. Hopkins, P.R.R. Langridge-Smith, R.E. Smalley: J. Chem. Phys. 79, 5316 (1983)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  335. J.-P. Wolf, G. Delacrétaz, L. Wöste: Phys. Rev. Lett. 63, 1946 (1989)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  336. H.-J. Foth, J.M. Gress, C. Hertzler, W. Demtröder: Z. Physik D 18, 257 (1991)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  337. T. Baumert, C. Röttgermann, C. Rothenfusser, R. Thalweiser, V. Weiss, G. Gerber: Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 1512 (1992)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  338. C. Bréchignac, Ph. Cahuzac, J. Leygnier, R. Pflaum, J.-Ph. Roux, J. Weiner: Z. Physik D 12, 199 (1989)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  339. S. Rutz, K. Kobe, H. Kühling, E. Schreiber, L. Wöste: Z. Physik D 26, 276 (1993)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  340. M. Broyer, G. Delacrétaz, P. Labastie, J.P. Wolf, L. Wöste: Phys. Rev. Lett. 57, 1851 (1986)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  341. W.A. de Heer, K. Selby, V. Kresin, J. Masui, M. Vollmer, A. Châtelain, W. D. Knight: Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 1805 (1987)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  342. G.F. Bertsch, N. Oberhofer, S. Stringari: Z. Physik D 20, 123 (1991)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  343. C. Bréchignac, Ph. Cahuzac, J.-Ph. Roux: J. Chem. Phys. 88, 3022 (1988)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  344. C.R. Wang, S. Pollack, D. Cameron, M.M. Kappes: J. Chem. Phys. 93, 3787 (1990)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  345. C.R. Wang, S. Pollack, J. Hunter, G. Alameddin, T. Hoover, D. Cameron, S. Liu, M.M. Kappes: Z. Physik D 19, 13 (1991)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  346. C. Bréchignac, P. Cahuzac, N. Kebaili, J. Leygnier, A. Sarfati: Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 3916 (1992)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  347. C. Bréchignac, P. Cahuzac, F. Carlier, J. Leygnier, J.-Ph. Roux, A. Sarfati: Z. Physik D 26, 1 (1993)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  348. D.P. de Bruijn, J. Los: Rev. Sci. Instr. 53, 1020 (1982)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  349. M. Abshagen, J. Kowalski, M. Meyberg, G. zu Putlitz, F. Träger, J. Well: Europhys. Lett. 5, 13 (1988)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  350. M. Abshagen, T. Fischer, J. Kowalski, M. Meyberg, G. zu Putlitz, T. Stehlin, F. Träger: J. Physique 50 C2, 169 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  351. M. Abshagen, J. Kowalski, M. Meyberg, G. zu Putlitz, J. Slaby, F. Träger: Chem. Phys. Lett. 174, 455 (1990)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  352. W. Hoheisel, K. Jungmann, M. Vollmer, R. Weidenauer, F. Träger: Phys. Rev. Lett. 60, 1649 (1988)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  353. W. Hoheisel, U. Schulte, M. Vollmer, R. Weidenauer, F. Träger: Appl. Surf. Sci. 36, 664 (1989)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  354. T.P.Martin, S. Bornholm, J. Borggreen, C. Bréchignac, Ph. Cahuzac, K. Hansen, J. Pedersen: Chem. Phys. Lett. 186, 53 (1991)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  355. U. Kettler, P.S. Bechthold, W. Krasser: Chem. Phys. Lett. 131, 213 (1986)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  356. G.A. Ozin: Farad. Symp. Roy. Soc. Chem. 14, 7 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  357. Ch. Steinbrüchel, D.M. Gruen: Surf. Sci. 106, 160 (1981)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  358. R. Markus, N. Schwentner: In Physics and Chemistry of Sinai! Clusters, ed. by P. Jena, B.K. Rao, S.N. Khanna ( Plenum, New York 1987 ) p. 611

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1995 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kreibig, U., Vollmer, M. (1995). Experimental Methods. In: Optical Properties of Metal Clusters. Springer Series in Materials Science, vol 25. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-09109-8_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-09109-8_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-08191-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-09109-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics