Abstract
Several different time scales compete in metal clusters, Mie plasmon oscillations, Landau damping, electronic collisions, and ionic motion. It is the aim of this contribution to disentangle these using a palette of different dynamical observables: optical absorption, photo-electron spectroscopy (in energy and angular distributions), and pump-and-probe analysis. Test cases are Na clusters. The theoretical description is based on time-dependent local-density approximation for the electrons coupled to simultaneous classical propagation of ionic dynamics. This provides a non-adiabatic treatment which is necessary in connection with dynamical processes induced by intense femtosecond lasers. The observables cover different dynamical regimes: Optical response and photo-electrons stay in the linear regime while pump-and-probe scenarios touch typically the semi-linear regime (i.e. non-linear but still non-destructive). Finally, we sketch laser-induced Coulomb explosion as an example from the non-linear and destructive regime.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Walt A. de Heer. The physics of simple metal clusters: experimental aspects and simple models. Rev. Mod. Phys., 65: 611, 1993.
M. Brack. The physics of simple metal clusters: selfconsistent jelliurn and semiclassical approaches. Rev. Mod. Phys., 65: 677, 1993.
S. Bjornholm and J. Borggreen. Electronic shell structure in clusters as reflected in mass abundance spectra. Phil. Mag., 79: 1321, 1999.
U. Kreibig and M. Vollmer. Optical properties of metal clusters, volume 25. Springer Series in Materials Science, 1993.
A. Domps, P.-G. Reinhard, and E. Suraud. Two body collisions and relaxation in metal clusters. Phys. Rev. Lett., 81: 5524, 1998.
V. Weisskopf. Phys. Rev., 52: 295, 1937.
R.O. Jones and O. Gunnarsson. The density functional formalism, its applications and prospects. Rev. Mod. Phys., 61: 689, 1989.
R.M. Dreizler and E.K.U. Gross. Density Functional Theory: An Approach to the Quantum Many-Body Problem. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990.
J.P. Perdew and Y. Wang. Phys. Rev. B, 45: 13244, 1992.
S. Kümmel, M. Brack, and P.-G. Reinhard. Ionic geometries and electronic excitations of nag and na,. Euro. Phys. J. D, 9: 149, 1999.
P. L’Eplattenier, P.-G. Reinhard, and E. Suraud. J. Phys. A, 28: 787, 1995.
M. Gross and C. Guet. Z. f. Physik D,: 33: 289, 1995.
F. Calvayrac, P.-G. Reinhard, E. Suraud, and C.A. Ullrich. Nonlinear electron dynamics in metal clusters. Phys. Rep., 337: 493, 2000.
W. Ekardt. Dynamical polarizability of small metal particles: Self-consistent spherical jelliurn background model. Phys. Rev. Lett., 52: 1925, 1984.
V. Bonacic-Koutecky, J. Pittner, C. Fuchs, P. Fantucci, M.E. Guest, and J. Koutecky. Ab initio predictions of structural and optical response properties of Na,+ clusters: Interpretation of depletion spectra at low temperature. J. Chem. Phys., 104: 1427, 1996.
P.-G. Reinhard, O. Genzken, and M. Brack. Ann. Phys. (Leipzig), 5: 1, 1996.
H. Haberland. Optical and Thermal Properties of Sodium Clusters. Wiley, New York, 1999.
E. Giglio, P.-G. Reinhard, and E. Suraud. “impact of two-body collisions on explosion dynamics of irradiated clusters”. J. Phys. B, 34: 1253, 2001.
C.A. Ullrich, P.-G. Reinhard, and E. Suraud. Metallic clusters in strong femtosecond laser pulses. J. Phys. B, 30: 5043, 1997.
S. Teuber, T. Döppner, T. Fennel, J. Tiggesbiiumker, and K.H. Meiwes-Broer. Ionic recoil energies in the coulomb explosion of metal clusters. Euro. Phys. J. D, 16: 59, 2001.
P.-G. Reinhard, F. Calvayrac, C. Kohl, S. Kümmel, E. Suraud, C.A. Ullrich, and M. Brack. Frequencies, times, and forces in the dynamics of na clusters. Euro. Phys. J. D, 9: 111, 1999.
E. Suraud and P.-G. Reinhard. Impact of ionic motion on ionization of metal clusters under intense laser pulses. Phys. Rev. Lett., 85: 2296, 2000.
P.-G. Reinhard and E. Suraud. Dynamics of na clusters in picosecond laser pulses. Appl. Phys. B, 73: 401, 2001.
U. Saalmann and M. Rost. Ionization of clusters in strong X-ray laser pulses. Phys. Rev. Lett., 89: 133401, 2002.
A. H. Zewail. Femtochemistry, Vol. I 6 II. World Scientific, Singapore, 1994.
T. Leisner, S. Vajda, S. Wolf, and L. Wöste. The relaxation from linear to triangular ag3 probed by femtosecond resonant two-photon ionization. J. Chern. Phys., 111: 1017, 1999.
R. Heinicke and J. Grotemeyer. Appl. Phys. B, 71: 419, 2000.
M. Hartmann, J. Pittner, V. Bonacic-Koutecky, A. Heidenreich, and J. Jortner. Theoretical exploration of femtosecond multi-state dynamics of metal clusters. J. Chem. Phys., 108: 3096, 1998.
J.-H. Klein-Wiele, P. Simon, and H.-G. Rubahn. Size-dependent plasmon lifetimes and electron-phonon coupling time constants for surface bound na clusters. Phys. Rev. Lett., 80: 45, 1997.
G. Seifert, M. Kaempfe, K.-J. Berg, and H. Graener. Femotsecond pump-probe investigation of ultrafast silver nanoparticle deformation in a glass matrix. Appl. Phys. B, 71: 795, 2000.
C. Voisin, D. Christofilos, N. Del Fatti, F. Vallée, B. Prövel, E. Cottancin, J. Lermé, M. Pellarin, and M. Broyer. Size-dependent electron-electron interactions in metal nanoparticles. Phys. Rev. Lett., 85: 2200, 2000.
B. Bescos, B. Lang, J. Weiner, V. Weiss, E. Wiedemann, and G. Gerber. Real-time observation of ultrafast ionization and fragmentation of mercury clusters. Euro. Phys. J. D, 9: 399, 1999.
K. Andrae, P.-G. Reinhard, and E. Suraud. Theoretical exploration of pump and probe in medium size na clusters. J. Phys. B, 35: 1, 2002.
K. Andrae, P.-G. Reinhard, and E. Suraud. Pump and probe analysis of shape dynamics in metal clusters. Preprint, submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett., 2003.
P.-G. Reinhard, F. Calvayrac, and E. Suraud. Plasmons in fissioning metal clusters. Z. f. Physik D, 41: 151, 1997.
U. Näher, S. Björnholm, S. Frauendorf, F. Garcias, and C. Guet. Phys. Rep., 285: 245, 1997.
E. Giglio, P.-G. Reinhard, and E. Suraud. Angular distribution of emitted electrons in sodium clusters: A semi-classical approach. Phys. Rev. A, 2003.
F. Gobet, B. Farizon, M. Farizon, M.J. Gaillard, J.P. Buchet, M. Carr, P. Scheier, and T.D. Märk. Direct experimental evidence for a negative heat capacity in the liquid-to-gas phase transition in hydrogen cluster ions: Back-bending of the caloric curve. Phys. Rev. Lett., 89: 183–403, 2002.
T. Ditmire, J. Zweiback, V.P. Yanovsky, T.E. Cowan, G. Hays, and K.B. Wharton. Nature, 398: 489, 1999.
M.A. Lebeault, J. Viallon, J. Chevaleyre, C. Ellert, D. Normand, M. Schmidt, O. Sublemontier, C. Guet, and B. Huber. Resonant coupling of small size-controlled lead clusters with an intense laser field. Euro. Phys. J. D, 20: 233, 2002.
T. Ditmire, T. Donnelly, A.M. Rubenchik, R.W. Falcone, and M.D. Perry. Interaction of intense laser pulses with atomic clusters. Phys. Rev. A, 53: 3379, 1996.
F. Megi, M. Belkacem, M.A. Bouchene, E. Suraud, and G. Zwicknagel. J. Phys. B, 36: 273, 2003.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2004 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Andrae, K. et al. (2004). Analysis of Cluster Dynamics. In: Morawetz, K. (eds) Nonequilibrium Physics at Short Time Scales. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-08990-3_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-08990-3_18
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-05745-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-08990-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive