Zusammenfassung
Die Entwicklung der Genital- oder Geschlechtsorgane unterscheidet sich von der anderer Organsysteme darin, daß diese Organe zunächst in einer indifferenten, bisexuellen Form angelegt werden und erst später in die je nach Geschlecht unterschiedliche sexuelle Differenzierung eintreten. Die Dauer des indifferenten Zustandes der einzelnen Teile dieses Systems — Gonaden, innere und äußere Geschlechtsorgane — ist unterschiedlich lang, und die Weichenstellung zur Ausbildung der jeweils geschlechtlich differenzierten Form erfolgt zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten (Tabelle 27.1). Da es der stufenweisen Ein-flußnahme einer Reihe aktivierender (induzierender), aber auch hemmender (inhibierender) Faktoren bedarf, um diese Differenzierungsschritte in der richtigen zeitlichen Abfolge einzuleiten und zu steuern, kann diese Entwicklung fehlgeleitet werden, und Fehlbildungen einer besonderen Art, die intersexuellen oder Zwitterformen, entstehen.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Literaturverzeichnis
Afzelius BA, Eliasson R, Johnson O, Lindholmer C (1975) Lack of the dynein arms in immotile human spermatozoa. J Cell Biol 66:225–232
Baccetti B (1984) The human spermatozoon. In: Van Blerkom J, Motta PM (eds) Ultrastructure of reproduction. Nijhoff, Boston The Hague Dordrecht Lancaster, pp 110–126
Baker TG (1963) A quantitative and cytological study of germ cells in human ovaries. Proc R Soc Lond [Biol] 158:417–433
Baker TG, Eastwood J (1983) Origin and differentiation of germ cells in man. Bibl Anat 24:67–76
Barr AB, Moore DJ, Paulsen CA (1971) Germinal cell loss during human spermatogenesis. J Reprod Fertil 25:75–80
Bidlingmaier F, Dörr HG, Eisenmenger W, Kuhnle U, Knorr D (1983) Testosterone and androstenedione concentrations in human testis and epididymis during the first two years of life. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 57:311–315
Blandau RJ, Odor DL(1972) Observations on the behavior of oogonia and oocytes in tissue and organ culture. In : Biggers JD, Schuetz AW(eds) Oogenesis. University Park Press, Baltimore, pp 301–320
Breucker H, Schäfer E, Holstein AF (1985) Morphogenesis and fate of the residual body in human spermatogenesis. Cell Tissue Res 240:303–309
Burgoyne PS (1982) Genetic homology and crossing over in the X and Y chromosomes of mammals. Hum Genet 61:85–90
Burgoyne PS (1988) Role of mammalian Y chromosome in sex determination. Philos Trans R Soc Lond [Biol] 322:63–72
Bustos-Obregon E, Holstein AF (1973) On structural patterns of the lamina propria of human seminiferous tubules. Z Zeilforsch 141:413–425
Bustos-Obregon E, Courot M, Flechon JE, Hochereau-de-Reviers MT, Holstein AF(1975) Morphological appraisal of gametogenesis. Spermatogenetic process in mammals with particular reference to man. Andrologia 7:141–163
Byskov AG (1986) Differentiation of mammalian embryonic gonad. Physiol Rev 66:71–117
Byskov AG, Hoyer PE (1988) Embryology of mammalian gonads and ducts. In: Knobil E, Neill J, Ewing LL, Greenwald GS, Markert CL, Pfaff DW (eds) The physiology of reproduction. Raven Press, New York, pp 265–302
Chwalla R (1927) Über die Entwicklung der Harnblase und der primären Harnröhre des Menschen mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Art und Weise, in der sich die Ureteren von den Urnierengängen trennen, nebst Bemerkungen über die Entwicklung der Müllerschen Gänge und des Mastdarms. Z Anat Entw Gesch 83:615–733
Clermont Y (1963) The cycle of the seminiferous epithelium in man. Am J Anat 112:35–51
Clermont Y (1966) Renewal of spermatogonia in man. Am J Anat 118:509–524
Cunha GR, Chung LWK, Shannon JM, Reese BA (1980) Stromal-epithelial interactions in sex differentiation. Biol Reprod 22:19–42
Cunha GR, Chung LWK, Shannon JM, Taguchi O, Fujii H(1983) Hormone-induced morphogenesis and growth: Role of mesenchymal-epithelial interactions. Recent Prog Horm Res 39:559–598
Donahoe PK, Budzik GP, Trelstad R, Mudgett-Hunter M, Fuller jr A, Hutson JM, Ikawa H, Hayashi A, MacLaughlin D(1982) Müllerian-inhibiting substance: An update. Recent Prog Horm Res 38:279–330
Dvořák M, Tesařík J(1980) Ultrastructure of human ovarian follicles. In: Motta PM, Hafez ESE(eds) Biology of the ovary. Nijhoff, The Hague, Boston, London, pp 121–137
Dym M, Fawcett DW (1970) The blood-testis barrier in the rat and the physiological compartmentation of the seminiferous epithelium. Biol Reprod 3:308–326
Dym M, Fawcett DW (1971) Further observations on the numbers of spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and spermatids connected by intercellular bridges in the mammalian testis. Biol Reprod 4:195–215
Eddy EM (1975) Germ plasm and the differentiation of the germ cell line. Int Rev Cytol 43:229–280
Edwards RG (1980) Conception in the human female. Academic Press, London New York Toronto Sydney San Francisco
Eicher EM (1988) Autosomal genes involved in mammalian primary sex determination. Philos Trans R Soc Lond [Biol] 322:109–117
Falin LI (1969) The development of genital glands and the origin of germ cells in human embryogenesis. Acta Anat 72:195–232
Fawcett DW(1975) Ultrastructure and function of the Sertoli cell. In: Hamilton DW, Greep RO(eds) Male reproductive system. American Physiological Society, Washington DC, pp 21–55 (Handbook of physiology, sect 7, vol 5)
Fentener van Vlissingen JM, van Zoelen EJJ, Ursem PJF, Wensing CJG (1988) In vitro model of the first phase of testicular descent: Identification of a low molecular weight factor from fetal testis involved in proliferation of gubernaculum testis cells and distinct from specified polypeptide growth factors and fetal gonadal hormones. Endocrinology 123:2868–2877
Franchi LL, Baker TG(1973) Oogenesis and follicular growth. In: Hafez ESE, Evans TN(eds) Human reproduction, conception and contraception. Harper & Row, Hagerstown Maryland New York Evanston San Francisco London, pp 53–84
Gougeon A (1986) Dynamics of follicular growth in the human: a model from preliminary results. Human Reprod 1:81–87
Gruenwald P (1942) Common traits in development and structure of the organs originating from the coelomic wall. J Morphol 70:353–387
Heller CG, Clermont Y (1964) Kinetics of the germinal epithelium in man. Recent Prog Horm Res 20:545–575
Herrmann WP (1981) Sekrete des männlichen Genitaltraktes und Spermatozoentransport. In: Kaiser R, Schumacher GFB (Hrsg) Menschliche Fortpflanzung. Fertilität-Sterilität-Kontrazeption. Thieme, Stuttgart New York, S 92–99
Hilscher W (1983) Problems of the Keimbahn. Bibl Anat 24:1–21
Hinrichsen K (1962) Weitere Befunde über das cytologische Erscheinungsbild des Geschlechts-Chromatins. Verh Anat Ges 111:379–383
Hinrichsen KV (1986) Slides on human embryology. Bergmann, München
Holstein AF (1969) Morphologische Studien am Nebenhoden des Menschen. In: Bargmann W, Doerr W (Hrsg) Zwanglose Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiet der normalen und pathologischen Anatomie, Heft 20. Thieme, Stuttgart
Holstein AF (1976) Ultrastructural observations on the differentiation of spermatids in man. Andrologia 8:157–165
Holstein AF (1985) Die männlichen Geschlechtsorgane. In: Fleischhauer K (Hrsg) Benninghoff: Makroskopische und mikroskopische Anatomie des Menschen, Bd 2. Urban und Schwarzenberg, München, S 460–514
Holstein AF, Roosen-Runge EC (1981) Atlas of human spermatogenesis. Grosse, Berlin
Holstein AF, Schirren C (1979) Classification of abnormalities in human spermatids based on recent advances in ultrastructure research on spermatid differentiation. In: Fawcett DW, Bedford JM(eds) The spermatozoon. Maturation, motility, surface properties and comparative aspects. Urban und Schwarzenberg, Baltimore München, pp 341–353
Hullinger RL, Wensing CJG (1985) Descent of the testis in the fetal calf. A summary of the anatomy and process. Acta Anat 121:63–68
Jonté G, Holstein AF (1987) On the morphology of the transitional zones from the Rete testis into the Ductuli efferentes and from the Ductuli efferentes into the Ductus epididymidis. Investigations on the human testis and epididymis. Andrologia 19:398–412
Josso N, Picard JY, Tran D (1977) The antimüllerian hormone. Recent Prog Horm Res 33:117–167
Josso N, Picard JY, Tran D (1980) A new testicular glycoprotein: Anti-Müllerian hormone. In: Steinberger A, Steinberger E (eds) Testicular development, structure and function. Raven Press, New York, pp 21–31
Jost A, Vigier B, Prépin J, Perchellet JP (1973) Studies on sex differentiation in mammals. Recent Prog Horm Res 29:1–35
Kelly SJ (1977) Studies of the developmental potential of 4-and 8-cell stage mouse blastomeres. J Exp Zool 200:365–376
Koering MJ (1986) Ovarian architecture during follicle maturation. In: Dukelow WR, Erwin J (eds) Reproduction and development, comparative primate biology, vol 3. Alan R Liss, New York, pp 215–262
Koff AK (1933) Development of the vagina in the human fetus. Contrib Embryol Carnegie Inst Wash 24:61–90
Kretser DM de (1969) Ultrastructural features of human spermiogenesis. Z Zellforsch 98:477–505
Ludwig KS (1965) Über die Beziehungen der Kloakenmembran zum Septum urorectale bei menschlichen Embryonen von 9 bis 33 mm SSL. Z Anat Entw Gesch 124:401–413
Mauch RB, Thiedemann KU, Drews U (1985) The vagina is formed by downgrowth of Wolffian and Müllerian ducts. Graphical reconstructions from normal and Tfm mouse embryos. Anat Embryol 172:75–87
McKay DG, Hertig AT, Adams EC, Danziger S (1953) Histochemical observations on the germ cells of human embryos. Anat Rec 117:201–219
McLaren A (1983) Primordial germ cells in mice. Bibl Anat 24:59–66
McLaren A (1985) Mouse germ cells. Fertilization to birth. Arch Anat Microsc Morphol Exp 74:5–9
McLaren A (1988) Somatic and germ-cell sex in mammals. Philos Trans R Soc Lond [Biol] 322:3–9
Midgley AR, Sadler WA (eds) (1979) Ovarian follicular development and function. Raven Press, New York
Nieuwkoop PD, Sutasurya LA(1979) Primordial germ cells in the chordates. Embryogenesis and phylogenesis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge London New York Melbourne
Nussbaum M (1880) Zur Differenzirung des Geschlechts im Thierreich. Arch Mikrosk Anat Entw Mech 18:1–120
Ohno S (1979) Major sex-determining genes. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York (Monographs on endocrinology, vol 11)
O’Rahilly R (1977) The development of the vagina in the human. Birth Defects 13:123–136
O’Rahilly R, Müller F(1987) Developmental stages in human embryos. Carnegie Inst Wash Publ 637
Page DC, Mosher R, Simpson EM, Fisher EMC, Mardon G, Pollack J, McGillivray B, de la Chapelle A, Brown LG (1987) The sex-determining region of the human Y chromosome encodes a finger protein. Cell 51:1091–1104
Pedersen H (1974) The human spermatozoon. Dan Med Bull (Suppl) 1:1–36
Roosen-Runge EC (1962) The process of spermatogenesis in mammals. Biol Rev 37:343–377
Roosen-Runge EC (1973) Germinal cell loss in normal metazoan spermatogenesis. J Reprod Fertil 35:339–348
Russell LD (1984) Spermiation — the sperm release process: ultrastructural observations and unresolved problems. In: Van Blerkom J, Motta PM (eds) Ultrastructure of reproduction. Nijhoff, Boston The Hague Dordrecht Lancaster, pp 46–66
Satir P(1979) Basis of flagellar motility in spermatozoa: current status. In: Fawcett DW, Bedford JM(eds) The spermatozoon. Maturation, motility, surface properties and comparative aspects. Urban und Schwarzenberg, Baltimore München, pp 81–90
Schirren C(1982) Praktische Andrologie, 2. Aufl. Schering, Berlin
Schirren CG, Holstein AF, Schirren C (1971) Über die Morphogenese rundköpfiger Spermatozoen des Menschen. Andrologie 3:117–125
Schulze C (1984) Sertoli cells and Leydig cells in man. Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol 88:1–104
Schulze W, Rehder U (1984) Organization and morphogenesis of the human seminiferous epithelium. Cell Tissue Res 237:395–407
Schulze W, Davidoff MS, Holstein AF (1987) Are Leydig cells of neural origin? Substance P-like immuno reactivity in human testicular tissue. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 115:373–377
Setchell BP, Waites GMH (1975) The blood-testis barrier. In: Hamilton DW, Greep RO (eds) Male reproductive system. American Physiological Society, Washington DC, pp 143–172 (Handbook of physiology, sect 7, vol 5)
Sinclair AH, Foster JW, Spencer JA, Page DC, Palmer M, Goodfellow PN, Marshall Graves JA (1988) Sequences homologous to ZFY, a candidate human sex-determining gene, are autosomal in marsupials. Nature 336:780–783
Snow MHL (1981) Autonomous development of parts isolated from primitive-streak-stage mouse embryos. Is development clonal? J Embryol Exp Morphol (Suppl) 65:269–287
Snow MHL, Monk M (1983) Emergence and migration of mouse primordial germ cells. In: McLaren A, Wylie CC (eds) Current problems in germ cell differentiation. University Press, Cambridge, pp 115–135
Tähkä KM (1986) Current aspects of Leydig cell function and its regulation. J Reprod Fertil 78:367–380
Terruhn V (1980) A study of impression moulds of the genital tract of female fetuses. Arch Gynecol 229:207–217
Theiler K(1972) The house mouse. Development and normal stages from fertilization to 4 weeks of age. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Tuchmann-Duplessis H, David G, Haegel P (1972) Illustrated human embryology, vol 1. Springer, New York, p 6
Waldeyer W (1887) Bau- und Entwicklung der Samenfäden. Anat Anz 2:345–368
Wartenberg H (1978) Human testicular development and the role of the mesonephros in the origin of a dual Sertoli cell system. Andrologia 10:1–21
Wartenberg H (1982) Development of the early human ovary and role of the mesonephros in the differentiation of the cortex. Anat Embryol 165:253–280
Wartenberg H (1985a) Morphological studies on the role of the periductal stroma in the regression of the human Müllerian duct. Anat Embryol 171:311–323
Wartenberg H (1985b) Die Entwicklung der Harn- und Geschlechtsorgane. In: Fleischhauer K (Hrsg) Benninghoff: Anatomie, 13./14. Aufl, Bd 2. Urban und Schwarzenberg, München Wien Baltimore, S 389–413
Wartenberg H (1989) Differentiation and development of the testes. In: Burger H, de Kretser D (eds) The testis, 2nd edn. Raven Press, New York, pp 67–118
Wensing CJG (1986) Testicular descent in the rat and a comparison of this process in the rat with that in the pig. Anat Rec 214:154–160
Witschi E (1948) Migration of the germ cells of human embryos from the yolk sac to the primitive gonadal fold. Contrib Embryol Carnegie Inst Wash 32:67–80
Witschi E (1970) Development and differentation of the uterus. In: Mack HC (ed) Prenatal life. Wayne State University Press, Detroit, pp 11–35
Wolf U (1988) Sex inversion as a model for the study of sex determination in vertebrates. Philos Trans R Soc Lond [Biol] 322:97–106
Yoshinaga K, Hess DL, Hendrickx AG, Zamboni L (1988) The develoment of the sexually indifferent gonad in the prosimian, Galago crassicaudatus crassicaudatus. Am J Anat 181:89–105
Zamboni L, Upadhyay S (1982) The contribution of the mesonephros to the development of the sheep testis. Am J Anat 165:339–356
Zamboni L, Upadhyay S, Bezard J, Luciani JM, Mauléon P(1980) The role of the mesonephros in the development of the mammalian ovary. In: Tozzini RI, Reeves G, Pineda RL(eds) Endocrine physiopathology of the ovary. Elsevier/North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp 3–42
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1990 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Wartenberg, H., Breucker, H., Holstein, A.F., Dvořák, M., Tesařík, J. (1990). Entwicklung der Genitalorgane und Bildung der Gameten. In: Hinrichsen, K.V., et al. Humanembryologie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07815-0_28
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07815-0_28
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-07816-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-07815-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive