Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Apoptose

  • Chapter
Grundlagen der Molekularen Medizin

  • 282 Accesses

Zusammenfassung

Die Erforschung der Apoptose hat eine lange Geschichte. Schon der römische Arzt und Schriftsteller Galenus Galen (129–199) beschrieb anhand des Foramen ovale des Herzens, dass sich larvale und fetale Strukturen im Zug der Ontogenese durch programmierten Zelltod zurückbilden (Barclay et al. 1944, Clarke u. Clarke 1996). Die erste derartige Arbeit der Neuzeit wird Vesalius (1564) zugeschrieben (Barclay et al. 1944). Im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert folgten dann zahlreiche Veröffentlichungen über den Umbau von Strukturen des Herzens (z. B. Haller 1758, Harvey 1628); und im frühen 19. Jahrhundert entdeckte Rathke (1825), dass sich auch in Säugetierfeten vorübergehend Kiemenbögen entwickeln. Eine detaillierte Beschreibung der Metamorphose der Kaulquappe lieferte Dugès bereits 1835.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Literatur

  • Adachi M, Watanabe-Fukunaga R, Nagata S (1993) Aberrant transcription caused by the insertion of an early transposable element in an intron of the Fas antigen gene of 1pr mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 1756–1760

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adachi M, Suematsu S, Kondo T et al. (1995) Targeted mutation in the Fas gene causes hyperplasia in peripheral lymphoid organs and liver. Nat Genet 11: 294–300

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad M, Srinivasula SM, Hegde R, Mukattash R, Fernandes-Alnemri T, Alnemri ES (1998) Identification and characterization of murine caspase-14, a new member of the caspase family. Cancer Res 58: 5201–5205

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alderson MR, Tough TW, Davis-Smith T et al. (1995) Fas ligand mediates activation-induced cell death in human T lymphocytes. J Exp Med 181: 71–77

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allison J, Georgiou HM, Strasser A, Vaux DL (1997) Trans-genic expression of CD95 ligand on islet beta cells induces a granulocytic infiltration but does not confer immune privilege upon islet allografts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 3943–3947

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alnemri ES, Livingston DJ, Nicholson DW, Salvesen G, Thornberry NA, Wong WW, Yuan J (1996) Human ICE/ CED-3 protease nomenclature. Cell 87: 171

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ambrosini G, Adida C, Altieri DC (1997) A novel anti-apoptosis gene, survivin, expressed in cancer and lymphoma. Nat Med 3: 917–921

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson DM, Maraskovsky E, Billingsley WL et al. (1997) A homologue of the TNF receptor and its ligand enhance T-cell growth and dendritic-cell function. Nature 390: 175–179

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ando K, Guidotti LG, Wirth S et al. (1994) Class I-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes are directly cytopathic for their target cells in vivo. J Immunol 152: 3245–3253

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andrade F, Roy S, Nicholson D, Thornberry N, Rosen A, Casciola-Rosen L (1998) Granzyme B directly and efficiently cleaves several downstream caspase substrates: implications for CTL-induced apoptosis. Immunity 8: 451–460

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Antonsson B, Conti F, Ciavatta A et al. (1997) Inhibition of Bax channel-forming activity by Bd-2. Science 277: 370–372

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arai H, Chan SY, Bishop DK, Nabel GJ (1997) Inhibition of the alloantibody response by CD95 ligand. Nat Med 3: 843–848

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong RC, Aja T, Xiang J et al. (1996) Fas-induced activation of the cell death-related protease CPP32 is inhibited by Bc1–2 and by ICE family protease inhibitors. J Biol Chem 271:16. 850–16. 855

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashkenazi A, Pai RC, Fong S et al. (1999) Safety and antitumor activity of recombinant soluble Apo2 ligand. J Clin Invest 104: 155–162

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baker SJ, Reddy EP (1996) Transducers of life and death: TNF receptor superfamily and associated proteins. Oncogene 12: 1–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Banner DW, D’Arcy A, Janes W et al. (1993) Crystal structure of the soluble human 55 kd TNF receptor-human TNF beta complex: implications for TNF receptor activation. Cell 73: 431–445

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barclay AE, Franklin KJ, Prichard MML (1944) The fetal circulation and cardiovascular system and the changes they undergo at birth. Blackwell, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Bedossa P, Peltier E, Terris B, Franco D, Poynard T (1995) Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) and TGF-beta 1 receptors in normal, cirrhotic, and neoplastic human livers. Hepatology 21: 760–766

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett MW, O’Connell J, O’Sullivan GC et al. (1998) The Fas counterattack in vivo: apoptotic depletion of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes associated with Fas ligand expression by human esophageal carcinoma. J Immunol 160: 5669–5675

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett MW, O’Connell J, O’Sullivan G et al. (1999) Expression of Fas ligand by human gastric adenocarcinomas: a potential mechanism of immune escape in stomach cancer. Gut 44: 156–162

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beresford PJ, Xia Z, Greenberg AH, Lieberman J (1999) Granzyme A loading induces rapid cytolysis and a novel form of DNA damage independently of caspase activation [published erratum appears in Immunity 1999 Jun; 10(6):following 768]. Immunity 10: 585–594

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bernard G, Breittmayer JP, Matteis M de, Trampont P, Hof-man P, Senik A, Bernard A (1997) Apoptosis of immature thymocytes mediated by E2/CD99. J Immunol 158: 25432550

    Google Scholar 

  • Berndt C, Mopps B, Angermuller S, Gierschik P, Krammer PH (1998) CXCR4 and CD4 mediate a rapid CD95-independent cell death in CD4(+) T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:12 556–12 561

    Google Scholar 

  • Beutler B, Huffel C van (1994) Unraveling function in the TNF ligand and receptor families. Science 264: 667–668

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blobe GC, Schiemann WP, Lodish HF (2000) Role of transforming growth factor beta in human disease. N Engl J Med 342: 1350–1358

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bodmer JL, Burns K, Schneider P et al. (1997) TRAMP, a novel apoptosis-mediating receptor with sequence homology to tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 and Fas(Apo-1/CD95). Immunity 6: 79–88

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boehmer H von, Teh HS, Kisielow P (1989) The thymus selects the useful, neglects the useless and destroys the harmful. Immunol Today 10: 57–61

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boise LH, Thompson CB (1997) Bcl-x(L) can inhibit apoptosis in cells that have undergone Fas-induced protease activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 3759–3764

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boise LH, Gonzalez-Garcia M, Postema CE et al. (1993) Mx, a bcl-2-related gene that functions as a dominant regulator of apoptotic cell death. Cell 74: 597–608

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boldin MP, Goncharov TM, Goltsev YV, Wallach D (1996) Involvement of MACH, a novel MORT1/FADD-interacting protease, in Fas/APO-1- and TNF receptor-induced cell death. Cell 85: 803–815

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouillet P, Metcalf D, Huang DC et al. (1999) Proapoptotic Bd-2 relative Bim required for certain apoptotic responses, leukocyte homeostasis, and to preclude autoimmunity. Science 286: 1735–1738

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Browning JL, Ngam-ek A, Lawton P et al. (1993) Lymphotoxin beta, a novel member of the TNF family that forms a heteromeric complex with lymphotoxin on the cell surface. Cell 72: 847–856

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brunner T, Mogil RJ, LaFace D et al. (1995) Cell-autonomous Fas (CD95)/Fas-ligand interaction mediates activation-induced apoptosis in T-cell hybridomas. Nature 373: 441–444

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bulow GU von, Bram RJ (1997) NF-AT activation induced by a CAML-interacting member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily. Science 278: 138–141

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Camerini D, Walz G, Loenen WA, Borst J, Seed B (1991) The T cell activation antigen CD27 is a member of the nerve growth factor/tumor necrosis factor receptor gene family. J Immunol 147: 3165–3169

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cerretti DP, Hollingsworth LT, Kozlosky CJ et al. (1994) Molecular characterization of the gene for human interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme (IL1BC). Genomics 20: 468–473

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chan FK, Chun HJ, Zheng L, Siegel RM, Bui KL, Lenardo MJ (2000) A domain in TNF receptors that mediates ligand-independent receptor assembly and signaling. Science 288: 2351–2354

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Charlotte F, L’Hermine A, Martin N et al. (1994) Immunohistochemical detection of bc1–2 protein in normal and pathological human liver. Am J Pathol 144: 460–465

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen Z, Naito M, Hori S, Mashima T, Yamori T, Tsuruo T (1999) A human IAP-family gene, apollon, expressed in human brain cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 264: 847–854

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen J, Wu W, Tahir SK et al. (2000) Down-regulation of survivin by antisense oligonucleotides increases apoptosis, inhibits cytokinesis and anchorage-independent growth. Neoplasia 2: 235–241

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chicheportiche Y, Bourdon PR, Xu H et al. (1997) TWEAK, a new secreted ligand in the tumor necrosis factor family that weakly induces apoptosis. J Biol Chem 272: 3240132 410

    Google Scholar 

  • Chinnaiyan AM, Dixit VM (1996) The cell-death machine. Curr Biol 6: 555–562

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chinnaiyan AM, O’Rourke K, Yu GL et al. (1996a) Signal transduction by DR3, a death domain-containing receptor related to TNFR-1 and CD95. Science 274: 990–992

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chinnaiyan AM, Orth K, O’Rourke K, Duan H, Poirier GG, Dixit VM (1996b) Molecular ordering of the cell death pathway. Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL function upstream of the CED-3-like apoptotic proteases. J Biol Chem 271: 45734576

    Google Scholar 

  • Chittenden T, Harrington EA, O’Connor R et al. (1995) Induction of apoptosis by the Bcl-2 homologue Bak. Nature 374: 733–736

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chiu VK, Walsh CM, Liu CC, Reed JC, Clark WR (1995) Bel-2 blocks degranulation but not fas-based cell-mediated cytotoxicity. J Immunol 154: 2023–2032

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Choi SS, Park IC, Yun JW, Sung YC, Hong SI, Shin HS (1995) A novel Bcl-2 related gene, Bfl-1, is overexpressed in stomach cancer and preferentially expressed in bone marrow. Oncogene 11: 1693–1698

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke PG, Clarke S (1996) Nineteenth century research on naturally occurring cell death and related phenomena. Anat Embryol (Berl) 193: 81–99

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Combadiere B, Reis e Sousa C, Trageser C, Zheng LX, Kim CR, Lenardo MJ (1998) Differential TCR signaling regulates apoptosis and immunopathology during antigen responses in vivo. Immunity 9: 305–313

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conradt B, Horvitz HR (1998) The C. elegans protein EGL-1 is required for programmed cell death and interacts with the Bcl-2-like protein CED-9. Cell 93: 519–529

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cory S (1995) Regulation of lymphocyte survival by the bcl2 gene family. Annu Rev Immunol 13: 513–543

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Croall DE, DeMartino GN (1991) Calcium-activated neutral protease (calpain) system: structure, function, and regulation. Physiol Rev 71: 813–847

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deas 0, Dumont C, MacFarlane M et al. (1998) Caspase-independent cell death induced by anti-CD2 or staurosporine in activated human peripheral T lymphocytes. J Immunol 161: 3375–3383

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Debatin KM, Fahrig-Faissner A, Enenkel-Stoodt S, Kreuz W, Benner A, Krammer PH (1994) High expression of APO-1 (CD95) on T lymphocytes from human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected children. Blood 83: 3101–3103

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Decoster E, Vanhaesebroeck B, Vandenabeele P, Grooten J, Fiers W (1995) Generation and biological characterization of membrane-bound, uncleavable murine tumor necrosis factor. J Biol Chem 270: 18473–18478

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Degli-Esposti MA, Dougall WC, Smolak PJ, Waugh JY, Smith CA, Goodwin RG (1997a) The novel receptor TRAIL-R4 induces NF-kappaB and protects against TRAIL-mediated apoptosis, yet retains an incomplete death domain. Immunity 7: 813–820

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Degli-Esposti MA, Smolak PJ, Walczak H et al. (1997b) Cloning and characterization of TRAIL-R3, a novel member of the emerging TRAIL receptor family. J Exp Med 186: 1165–1170

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deiss LP, Galinka H, Berissi H, Cohen O, Kimchi A (1996) Cathepsin D protease mediates programmed cell death induced by interferon-gamma, Fas/APO-1 and TNF-alpha. EMBO J 15: 3861–3870

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dembic Z, Loetscher H, Gubler U et al. (1990) Two human TNF receptors have similar extracellular, but distinct intracellular, domain sequences. Cytokine 2: 231–237

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deveraux QL, Reed JC (1999) IAP family proteins–suppressors of apoptosis. Genes Dev 13: 239–252

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dhein J, Daniel PT, Trauth BC, Oehm A, Moller P, Krammer PH (1992) Induction of apoptosis by monoclonal antibody anti-APO-1 class switch variants is dependent on cross-linking of APO-1 cell surface antigens. J Immunol 149: 3166–3173

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dhein J, Walczak H, Baumler C, Debatin KM, Krammer PH (1995) Autocrine T-cell suicide mediated by APO-1/(Fas/ CD95). Nature 373: 438–441

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dierlamm J, Baens M, Wlodarska I et al. (1999) The apoptosis inhibitor gene API2 and a novel 18q gene, MLT, are recurrently rearranged in the t(11;18)(q21;q21)p6 associated with mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas. Blood 93: 3601–3609

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drenou B, Blancheteau V, Burgess DH, Fauchet R, Charron DJ, Mooney NA (1999) A caspase-independent pathway of MHC class II antigen-mediated apoptosis of human B lymphocytes. J Immunol 163: 4115–4124

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D’Souza SD, Bonetti B, Balasingam V et al. (1996) Multiple sclerosis: Fas signaling in oligodendrocyte cell death. J Exp Med 184: 2361–2370

    Google Scholar 

  • Du C, Fang M, Li Y, Li L, Wang X (2000) Smac, a mitochondrial protein that promotes cytochrome c-dependent caspase activation by eliminating IAP inhibition. Cell 102: 33–42

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duan H, Chinnaiyan AM, Hudson PL, Wing JP, He WW, Dixit VM (1996 a) ICE-LAP3, a novel mammalian homologue of the Caenorhabditis elegans cell death protein Ced-3 is activated during Fas-and tumor necrosis factor-induced apoptosis. J Biol Chem 271: 1621–1625

    Google Scholar 

  • Duan H, Orth K, Chinnaiyan AM et al. (1996 b) ICE-LAP6, a novel member of the ICE/Ced-3 gene family, is activated by the cytotoxic T cell protease granzyme B. J Biol Chem 271:16 720–16 724

    Google Scholar 

  • Dugès A (1835) Recherche sur l’osteologie et la myologie des batracien à leurs différens ages. Mémoires présentés par divers savans à l’Academie royale de Science de l’Ínstitut de France, Science Mathématiques et Physiques 6: 1

    Google Scholar 

  • Durkop H, Latza U, Hummel M, Eitelbach F, Seed B, Stein H (1992) Molecular cloning and expression of a new member of the nerve growth factor receptor family that is characteristic for Hodgkin’s disease. Cell 68: 421–427

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eberstadt M, Huang B, Chen Z et al. (1998) NMR structure and mutagenesis of the FADD ( Morti) death-effector domain. Nature 392: 941–945

    Google Scholar 

  • Eby MT, Jasmin A, Kumar A, Sharma K, Chaudhary PM (2000) TAJ, a novel member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family, activates the c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway and mediates caspase-independent cell death. J Biol Chem 275:15. 336–15. 342

    Google Scholar 

  • Eichhorst ST, Muller M, Li-Weber M, Schulze-Bergkamen H, Angel P, Krammer PH (2000) A novel AP-1 element in the CD95 ligand promoter is required for induction of apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells upon treatment with anticancer drugs. Mol Cell Biol 20: 7826–7837

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis HM, Horvitz HR (1986) Genetic control of programmed cell death in the nematode C. elegans. Cell 44: 817–829

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Faubion WA, Guicciardi ME, Miyoshi H et al. (1999) Toxic bile salts induce rodent hepatocyte apoptosis via direct activation of Fas. J Clin Invest 103: 137–145

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Faucheu C, Diu A, Chan AW et al. (1995) A novel human protease similar to the interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme induces apoptosis in transfected cells. EMBO J 14: 1914–1922

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Faucheu C, Blanchet AM, Collard-Dutilleul V, Lalanne JL, Diu-Hercend A (1996) Identification of a cysteine protease closely related to interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme. Eur J Biochem 236: 207–213

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandes-Alnemri T, Litwack G, Alnemri ES (1994) CPP32, a novel human apoptotic protein with homology to Caenorhabditis elegans cell death protein Ced-3 and mammalian interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme. J Biol Chem 269:30. 761–30. 764

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernandes-Alnemri T, Litwack G, Alnemri ES (1995a) Mch2, a new member of the apoptotic Ced-3/Ice cysteine protease gene family. Cancer Res 55: 2737–2742

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandes-Alnemri T, Takahashi A, Armstrong R et al. (1995b) Mch3, a novel human apoptotic cysteine protease highly related to CPP32. Cancer Res 55: 6045–6052

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandes-Alnemri T, Armstrong RC, Krebs J et al. (1996) In vitro activation of CPP32 and Mch3 by Mch4, a novel human apoptotic cysteine protease containing two FADDlike domains. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 7464–7469

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher GH, Rosenberg FJ, Straus SE et al. (1995) Dominant interfering Fas gene mutations impair apoptosis in a human autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome. Cell 81: 935–946

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flemming W (1885) Über die Bildung von Richtungfiguren in Säugetiereiern beim Untergang Graaf’scher Follikel. Arch Anat Physiol 1885: 221

    Google Scholar 

  • Froelich CJ, Dixit VM, Yang X (1998) Lymphocyte granule-mediated apoptosis: matters of viral mimicry and deadly proteases. Immunol Today 19: 30–36

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galle PR, Hofmann WJ, Walczak H et al. (1995) Involvement of the CD95 (APO-1/Fas) receptor and ligand in liver damage. J Exp Med 182: 1223–1230

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gauchat JF, Mazzei G, Life P et al. (1994) Human CD40 ligand: molecular cloning, cellular distribution and regulation of IgE synthesis. Res Immunol 145: 240–249

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gervais FG, Xu D, Robertson GS et al. (1999) Involvement of caspases in proteolytic cleavage of Alzheimer’s amyloidbeta precursor protein and amyloidogenic A beta peptide formation. Cell 97: 395–406

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson L, Holmgreen SP, Huang DC et al. (1996) bd-w, a novel member of the bd-2 family, promotes cell survival. Oncogene 13: 665–675

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson SB, Oyer R, Spalding AC, Anderson SM, Johnson GL (2000) Increased expression of death receptors 4 and 5 synergizes the apoptosis response to combined treatment with etoposide and TRAIL. Mol Cell Biol 20: 205–212

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gillet G, Guerin M, Trembleau A, Brun G (1995) A Bcl-2-related gene is activated in avian cells transformed by the Rous sarcoma virus. EMBO J 14: 1372–1381

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Godfrey WR, Fagnoni FF, Harara MA, Buck D, Engleman EG (1994) Identification of a human OX-40 ligand, a costimulator of CD4+ T cells with homology to tumor necrosis factor. J Exp Med 180: 757–762

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldin RD, Hunt NC, Clark J, Wickramasinghe SN (1993) Apoptotic bodies in a murine model of alcoholic liver disease: reversibility of ethanol-induced changes. J Pathol 171: 73–76

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin RG, Alderson MR, Smith CA et al. (1993a) Molecular and biological characterization of a ligand for CD27 defines a new family of cytokines with homology to tumor necrosis factor. Cell 73: 447–456

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin RG, Din WS, Davis-Smith T et al. (1993b) Molecular cloning of a ligand for the inducible T cell gene 41BB: a member of an emerging family of cytokines with homology to tumor necrosis factor. Eur J Immunol 23: 2631–2641

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graf D, Korthauer U, Mages HW, Senger G, Kroczek RA (1992) Cloning of TRAP, a ligand for CD40 on human T cells. Eur J Immunol 22: 3191–3194

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gray PW, Aggarwal BB, Benton CV et al. (1984) Cloning and expression of cDNA for human lymphotoxin, a lymphokine with tumour necrosis activity. Nature 312: 721–724

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Green DR, Amarante-Mendes GP (1998) The point of no return: mitochondria, caspases, and the commitment to cell death. Res Probl Cell Diff 24: 45–61

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Griffith TS, Brunner T, Fletcher SM, Green DR, Ferguson TA (1995) Fas ligand-induced apoptosis as a mechanism of immune privilege. Science 270: 1189–1192

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hahne M, Rimoldi D, Schroter M et al. (1996) Melanoma cell expression of Fas(Apo-1/CD95) ligand: implications for tumor immune escape. Science 274: 1363–1366

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hahne M, Kataoka T, Schroter M et al. (1998) APRIL, a new ligand of the tumor necrosis factor family, stimulates tumor cell growth. J Exp Med 188: 1185–1190

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halenbeck R, MacDonald H, Roulston A, Chen TT, Conroy L, Williams LT (1998) CPAN, a human nuclease regulated by the caspase-sensitive inhibitor DFF45. Curr Biol 8: 537–540

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haller A (1758) Sur la formation du coeur dans le poulet. Bousquet, Lausanne

    Google Scholar 

  • Han J, Sabbatini P, White E (1996) Induction of apoptosis by human Nbk/Bik, a BH3-containing protein that interacts with E1B 19K. Mol Cell Biol 16: 5857–5864

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harrop JA, McDonnell PC, Brigham-Burke M et al. (1998) Herpesvirus entry mediator ligand (HVEM-L), a novel ligand for HVEM/TR2, stimulates proliferation of T cells and inhibits HT29 cell growth. J Biol Chem 273:27. 54827. 556

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvey W (1628) Exercitatio anatomica de motu cordis et sanguinis in animalibus. Sumptibus Gulielmi Fitzeri, Francoforti

    Google Scholar 

  • Hegde R, Srinivasula SM, Ahmad M, Fernandes-Alnemri T, Alnemri ES (1998) Blk, a BH3-containing mouse protein that interacts with Bd-2 and Bcl-xL, is a potent death agonist. J Biol Chem 273: 7783–7786

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hengartner MO, Horvitz HR (1994) Activation of C. elegans cell death protein CED-9 by an amino-acid substitution in a domain conserved in Bd-2. Nature 369: 318–320

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Higaki K, Yano H, Kojiro M (1996) Fas antigen expression and its relationship with apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma and noncancerous tissues. Am J Pathol 149: 429–437

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hildeman DA, Mitchell T, Teague TK et al. (1999) Reactive oxygen species regulate activation-induced T cell apoptosis. Immunity 10: 735–744

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hill LL, Ouhtit A, Loughlin SM, Kripke ML, Ananthaswamy HN, Owen-Schaub LB (1999a) Fas ligand: a sensor for DNA damage critical in skin cancer etiology. Science 285: 898–900

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hill LL, Shreedhar VK, Kripke ML, Owen-Schaub LB (1999b) A critical role for Fas ligand in the active suppression of systemic immune responses by ultraviolet radiation. J Exp Med 189: 1285–1294

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hockenberry MJ, Coody DK, Bennett BS (1990) Childhood cancers: incidence, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Pediatr Nurs 16: 239–246

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hollenbaugh D, Grosmaire LS, Kullas CD et al. (1992) The human T cell antigen gp39, a member of the TNF gene family, is a ligand for the CD40 receptor: expression of a soluble form of gp39 with B cell co-stimulatory activity. EMBO J 11: 4313–4321

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horvitz HR, Shaham S, Hengartner MO (1994) The genetics of programmed cell death in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 59: 377385

    Google Scholar 

  • Hsu SY, Kaipia A, McGee E, Lomeli M, Hsueh AJ (1997a) Bok is a pro-apoptotic Bd-2 protein with restricted expression in reproductive tissues and heterodimerizes with selective anti-apoptotic Bd-2 family members. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:12. 401–12. 406

    Google Scholar 

  • Hsu H, Solovyev I, Colombero A, Elliott R, Kelley M, Boyle WJ (1997b) ATAR, a novel tumor necrosis factor receptor family member, signals through TRAF2 and TRAF5. J Biol Chem 272:13. 471–13. 474

    Google Scholar 

  • Hsu SY, Lin P, Hsueh AJ (1998) BOD (Bcl-2-related ovarian death gene) is an ovarian BH3 domain-containing proapoptotic Bd-2 protein capable of dimerization with diverse antiapoptotic Bd-2 members. Mol Endocrinol 12: 1432–1440

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hu S, Snipas SJ, Vincenz C, Salvesen G, Dixit VM (1998) Caspase-14 is a novel developmentally regulated protease. J Biol Chem 273:29. 648–29. 653

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang B, Eberstadt M, Olejniczak ET, Meadows RP, Fesik SW (1996) NMR structure and mutagenesis of the Fas (APO-1/CD95) death domain. Nature 384: 638–641

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang DC, Cory S, Strasser A (1997a) Bd-2, Bcl-XL and adenovirus protein E1B19kD are functionally equivalent in their ability to inhibit cell death. Oncogene 14: 405–414

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang QR, Morris D, Manolios N (1997b) Identification and characterization of polymorphisms in the promoter region of the human Apo-1/Fas (CD95) gene. Mol Immunol 34: 577–582

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hug H, Strand S, Grambihler A et al. (1997) Reactive oxygen intermediates are involved in the induction of CD95 ligand mRNA expression by cytostatic drugs in hepatoma cells. J Biol Chem 272:28. 191–28. 193

    Google Scholar 

  • Humke EW, Ni J, Dixit VM (1998) ERICE, a novel FLICE-activatable caspase. J Biol Chem 273:15. 702–15. 707

    Google Scholar 

  • Igney FH, Behrens CK, Krammer PH (2000) Tumor counter- attack-concept and reality. Eur J Immunol 30: 725–731

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Imaizumi K, Tsuda M, Imai Y, Wanaka A, Takagi T, Tohyama M (1997) Molecular cloning of a novel polypeptide, DP5, induced during programmed neuronal death. J Biol Chem 272:18. 842–18. 848

    Google Scholar 

  • Inohara N, Ding L, Chen S, Nunez G (1997) Harakiri, a novel regulator of cell death, encodes a protein that activates apoptosis and interacts selectively with survival-promoting proteins Bd-2 and Bcl-X(L). EMBO J 16: 16861694

    Google Scholar 

  • Inohara N, Ekhterae D, Garcia I et al. (1998a) Mtd, a novel Bd-2 family member activates apoptosis in the absence of heterodimerization with Bd-2 and Bcl-XL. J Biol Chem 273: 8705–8710

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Inohara N, Gourley TS, Carrio R et al. (1998b) Diva, a Bd-2 homologue that binds directly to Apaf-1 and induces BH3-independent cell death. J Biol Chem 273:32. 47932. 486

    Google Scholar 

  • Irmler M, Thome M, Hahne M et al. (1997) Inhibition of death receptor signals by cellular FLIP. Nature 388: 190195

    Google Scholar 

  • Ito Y, Takeda T, Umeshita K et al. (1998) Fas antigen expression in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues. Oncol Rep 5: 4144

    Google Scholar 

  • Itoh N, Nagata S (1993) A novel protein domain required for apoptosis. Mutational analysis of human Fas antigen. J Biol Chem 268:10. 932–10. 937

    Google Scholar 

  • Itoh N, Yonehara S, Ishii A et al. (1991) The polypeptide encoded by the cDNA for human cell surface antigen Fas can mediate apoptosis. Cell 66: 233–243

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Itoh N, Tsujimoto Y, Nagata S (1993) Effect of bd-2 on Fas antigen-mediated cell death. J Immunol 151: 621–627

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jaattela M, Benedict M, Tewari M, Shayman JA, Dixit VM (1995) Bd-x and Bd-2 inhibit TNF and Fas-induced apoptosis and activation of phospholipase A2 in breast carcinoma cells. Oncogene 10: 2297–2305

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson MD, Burne JF, King MP, Miyashita T, Reed JC, Raff MC (1993) Bd-2 blocks apoptosis in cells lacking mitochondrial DNA. Nature 361: 365–369

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Javitt NB (1966) Cholestasis in rats induced by taurolithocholate. Nature 210: 1262–1263

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeong EJ, Bang S, Lee TH, Park YI, Sim WS, Kim KS (1999) The solution structure of FADD death domain. Structural basis of death domain interactions of Fas and FADD. J Biol Chem 274:16. 337–16. 342

    Google Scholar 

  • Jo M, Kim TH, Seol DW et al. (2000) Apoptosis induced in normal human hepatocytes by tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. Nat Med 6: 564–567

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kamens J, Paskind M, Hugunin M et al. (1995) Identification and characterization of ICH-2, a novel member of the interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme family of cysteine proteases. J Biol Chem 270:15. 250–15. 256

    Google Scholar 

  • Karsan A, Yee E, Kaushansky K, Harlan JM (1996) Cloning of human Bd-2 homologue: inflammatory cytokines induce human Al in cultured endothelial cells. Blood 87: 3089–3096

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kasof GM, Gomes BC (2001) Livin, a novel inhibitor-of-apop- tosis ( IAP) family member. J Biol Chem 276: 3238–3246

    Google Scholar 

  • Kato J, Kobune M, Kohgo Yet al. (1996) Hepatic iron deprivation prevents spontaneous development of fulminant hepatitis and liver cancer in Long-Evans Cinnamon rats. J Clin Invest 98: 923–929

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kayagaki N, Kawasaki A, Ebata T et al. (1995) Metalloproteinase-mediated release of human Fas ligand. J Exp Med 182: 1777–1783

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kerr JF, Wyllie AH, Currie AR (1972) Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics. Br J Cancer 26: 239–257

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kischkel FC, Hellbardt S, Behrmann I et al. (1995) Cytotoxicity-dependent APO-1 (Fas/CD95)-associated proteins form a death-inducing signaling complex ( DISC) with the receptor. EMBO J 14: 5579–5588

    Google Scholar 

  • Kitson J, Raven T, Jiang YP et al. (1996) A death-domaincontaining receptor that mediates apoptosis. Nature 384: 372–375

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klaus SJ, Sidorenko SP, Clark EA (1996) CD45 ligation induces programmed cell death in T and B lymphocytes. J Immunol 156: 2743–2753

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kluck RM, Bossy-Wetzel E, Green DR, Newmeyer DD (1997a) The release of cytochrome c from mitochondria: a primary site for Bd-2 regulation of apoptosis. Science 275: 1132–1136

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kluck RM, Martin SJ, Hoffman BM, Zhou JS, Green DR, Newmeyer DD (1997b) Cytochrome c activation of CPP32-like proteolysis plays a critical role in a Xenopus cell-free apoptosis system. EMBO J 16: 4639–4649

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kondo T, Suda T, Fukuyama H, Adachi M, Nagata S (1997) Essential roles of the Fas ligand in the development of hepatitis. Nat Med 3: 409–413

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krajewski S, Tanaka S, Takayama S, Schibler MJ, Fenton W, Reed JC (1993) Investigation of the subcellular distribution of the bd-2 oncoprotein: residence in the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, and outer mitochondria) membranes. Cancer Res 53: 4701–4714

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kroemer G (1997) The proto-oncogene Bc1–2 and its role in regulating apoptosis [published erratum appears in Nat Med 1997 Aug,3(8):934]. Nat Med 3: 614–620

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kroemer G (1998) The mitochondrion as an integrator/coordinator of cell death pathways. Cell Death Differ 5:547 Kroemer G, Reed JC (2000) Mitochondrial control of cell death. Nat Med 6: 513–519

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kroemer G, Dallaporta B, Resche-Rigon M (1998) The mitochondrial death/life regulator in apoptosis and necrosis. Annu Rev Physiol 60: 619–642

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuida K, Zheng TS, Na S et al. (1996) Decreased apoptosis in the brain and premature lethality in CPP32-deficient mice. Nature 384: 368–372

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar S, Kinoshita M, Noda M, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA (1994) Induction of apoptosis by the mouse Nedd2 gene, which encodes a protein similar to the product of the Caenorhabditis elegans cell death gene ced-3 and the mammalian IL-1 beta-converting enzyme. Genes Dev 8: 1613–1626

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kurosawa H, Que FG, Roberts LR, Fesmier PJ, Gores GJ (1997) Hepatocytes in the bile duct-ligated rat express Bd-2. Am J Physiol 272: G1587 - G1593

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kurose I, Higuchi H, Kato S, Miura S, Ishii H (1996) Ethanol-induced oxidative stress in the liver. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 20: 77A - 85A

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kurose I, Higuchi H, Miura S et al. (1997) Oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis of hepatocytes exposed to acute ethanol intoxication. Hepatology 25: 368–78

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kwon BS, Weissman SM (1989) cDNA sequences of two inducible T-cell genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 1963 1967

    Google Scholar 

  • Kwon BS, Tan KB, Ni J et al. (1997) A newly identified member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily with a wide tissue distribution and involvement in lymphocyte activation. J Biol Chem 272:14. 272–14. 276

    Google Scholar 

  • Kwon B, Yu KY, Ni J et al. (1999) Identification of a novel activation-inducible protein of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily and its ligand. J Biol Chem 274: 6056–61

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lacey DL, Timms E, Tan HL et al. (1998) Osteoprotegerin ligand is a cytokine that regulates osteoclast differentiation and activation. Cell 93: 165–176

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee RK, Spielman J, Podack ER (1996) Bd-2 protects against Fas-based but not perforin-based T cell-mediated cytolysis. Int Immunol 8: 991–1000

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leithauser F, Dhein J, Mechtersheimer G et al. (1993) Constitutive and induced expression of APO-1, a new member of the nerve growth factor/tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, in normal and neoplastic cells. Lab Invest 69: 415–429

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leverkus M, Yaar M, Gilchrest BA (1997) Fas/Fas ligand interaction contributes to UV-induced apoptosis in human keratinocytes. Exp Cell Res 232: 255–262

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lippke JA, Gu Y, Sarnecki C, Caron PR, Su MS (1996) Identification and characterization of CPP32/Mch2 homolog 1, a novel cysteine protease similar to CPP32. J Biol Chem 271: 1825–1828

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lissy NA, Davis PK, Irwin M, Kaelin WG, Dowdy SF (2000) A common E2F-1 and p73 pathway mediates cell death induced by TCR activation. Nature 407: 642–645

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liston P, Roy N, Tamai K et al. (1996) Suppression of apoptosis in mammalian cells by NAIP and a related family of IAP genes. Nature 379: 349–353

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu ZG, Baskaran R, Lea-Chou ET et al. (1996) Three distinct signalling responses by murine fibroblasts to genotoxic stress. Nature 384: 273–276

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu X, Zou H, Slaughter C, Wang X (1997) DFF, a heterodimeric protein that functions downstream of caspase-3 to trigger DNA fragmentation during apoptosis. Cell 89: 175–184

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu X, Zou H, Widlak P, Garrard W, Wang X (1999) Activation of the apoptotic endonuclease DFF40 (caspase-activated DNase or nuclease). Oligomerization and direct interaction with histone H1. J Biol Chem 274:13. 836–13. 840

    Google Scholar 

  • Loetscher H, Pan YC, Lahm HW et al. (1990) Molecular cloning and expression of the human 55 kd tumor necrosis factor receptor. Cell 61: 351–359

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luo X, Budihardjo I, Zou H, Slaughter C, Wang X (1998) Bid, a Bc12 interacting protein, mediates cytochrome c release from mitochondria in response to activation of cell surface death receptors. Cell 94: 481–490

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacFarlane M, Ahmad M, Srinivasula SM, Fernandes-Alnemri T, Cohen GM, Alnemri ES (1997) Identification and molecular cloning of two novel receptors for the cytotoxic ligand TRAIL. J Biol Chem 272:25. 417–25. 420

    Google Scholar 

  • Madry C, Laabi Y, Callebaut I et al. (1998) The characterization of murine BCMA gene defines it as a new member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily. Int Immunol 10: 1693–1702

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malinin NL, Boldin MP, Kovalenko AV, Wallach D (1997) MAP3K-related kinase involved in NF-kappaB induction by TNF, CD95 and IL-1. Nature 385: 540–544

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mallett S, Fossum S, Barclay AN (1990) Characterization of the MRC OX40 antigen of activated CD4 positive T lymphocytes–a molecule related to nerve growth factor receptor. EMBO J 9: 1063–1068

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mandal M, Maggirwar SB, Sharma N, Kaufmann SH, Sun SC, Kumar R (1996) Bd-2 prevents CD95 (Fas/APO-1)induced degradation of lamin B and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and restores the NF-kappaB signaling pathway. J Biol Chem 271:30. 354–30. 359

    Google Scholar 

  • Mariani SM, Matiba B, Armandola EA, Krammer PH (1994) The APO-1/Fas (CD95) receptor is expressed in homozygous MRL/Ipr mice. Eur J Immunol 24: 3119–3123

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mariani SM, Matiba B, Baumler C, Krammer PH (1995) Regulation of cell surface APO-1/Fas (CD95) ligand expression by metalloproteases. Eur J Immunol 25: 2303–2307

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marsters SA, Sheridan JP, Donahue CJ et al. (1996) Apo-3, a new member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family, contains a death domain and activates apoptosis and NF-kappa B. Curr Biol 6: 1669–1676

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marsters SA, Sheridan JP, Pitti RM, Brush J, Goddard A, Ashkenazi A (1998) Identification of a ligand for the death-domain-containing receptor Apo3. Curr Biol 8: 525–528

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marzo I, Brenner C, Kroemer G (1998a) The central role of the mitochondrial megachannel in apoptosis: evidence obtained with intact cells, isolated mitochondria, and purified protein complexes. Biomed Pharmacother 52: 248–251

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marzo I, Brenner C, Zamzami N et al. (1998b) Bax and adenine nucleotide translocator cooperate in the mitochondrial control of apoptosis. Science 281: 2027–2031

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsuzawa A, Moriyama T, Kaneko T et al. (1990) A new allele of the 1pr locus, 1prcg, that complements the gld gene in induction of lymphadenopathy in the mouse. J Exp Med 171: 519–531

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mauri DN, Ebner R, Montgomery RI et al. (1998) LIGHT, a new member of the TNF superfamily, and lymphotoxin alpha are ligands for herpesvirus entry mediator. Immunity 8: 21–30

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Medema JP, Toes RE, Scaffidi C et al. (1997) Cleavage of FLICE (caspase-8) by granzyme B during cytotoxic T lymphocyte-induced apoptosis. Eur J Immunol 27: 34923498

    Google Scholar 

  • Memon SA, Moreno MB, Petrak D, Zacharchuk CM (1995) Bd-2 blocks glucocorticoid–but not Fas–or activation-induced apoptosis in a T cell hybridoma. J Immunol 155: 4644–4652

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Minn AJ, Velez P, Schendel SL et al. (1997) Bcl-x(L) forms an ion channel in synthetic lipid membranes. Nature 385: 353–357

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Minn AJ, Kettlun CS, Liang H et al. (1999) Bcl-xL regulates apoptosis by heterodimerization-dependent and -independent mechanisms. EMBO J 18: 632–643

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mittl PR, Di Marco S, Krebs JF et al. (1997) Structure of recombinant human CPP32 in complex with the tetrapeptide acetyl-Asp-Val-Ala-Asp fluoromethyl ketone. J Biol Chem 272: 6539–6547

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Monaghan P, Robertson D, Amos TA, Dyer MJ, Mason DW, Greaves MF (1992) Ultrastructural localization of bc1–2 protein. J Histochem Cytochem 40: 1819–1825

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mongkolsapaya J, Cowper AE, Xu XN et al. (1998) Lymphocyte inhibitor of TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand): a new receptor protecting lymphocytes from the death ligand TRAIL. J Immunol 160: 3–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Montgomery RI, Warner MS, Lum BJ, Spear PG (1996) Herpes simplex virus-1 entry into cells mediated by a novel member of the TNF/NGF receptor family. Cell 87: 427–436

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muchmore SW, Sattler M, Liang H et al. (1996) X-ray and NMR structure of human Bcl-xL, an inhibitor of programmed cell death. Nature 381: 335–341

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mukhopadhyay A, Ni J, Zhai Y, Yu GL, Aggarwal BB (1999) Identification and characterization of a novel cytokine, THANK, a TNF homologue that activates apoptosis, nuclear factor-kappaB, and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase. J Biol Chem 274:15 978–15 981

    Google Scholar 

  • Muller M, Wilder S, Bannasch D et al. (1998) p53 activates the CD95 (APO-1/Fas) gene in response to DNA damage by anticancer drugs. J Exp Med 188: 2033–2045

    Google Scholar 

  • Munday NA, Vaillancourt JP, Ali A et al. (1995) Molecular cloning and pro-apoptotic activity of ICEreiII and ICErelI1I, members of the ICE/CED-3 family of cysteine pro-teases. J Biol Chem 270:15. 870–15. 876

    Google Scholar 

  • Muzio M, Chinnaiyan AM, Kischkel FC et al. (1996) FLICE, a novel FADD-homologous ICE/CED-3-like protease, is recruited to the CD95 (Fas/APO-1) death-inducing signaling complex. Cell 85: 817–827

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakagawa T, Yuan J (2000) Cross-talk between two cysteine protease families. Activation of caspase-12 by calpain in apoptosis. J Cell Biol 150: 887–894

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nicholson DW, Ali A, Thornberry NA et al. (1995) Identification and inhibition of the ICE/CED-3 protease necessary for mammalian apoptosis. Nature 376: 37–43

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nishimatsu H, Takeuchi T, Ueki T et al. (1999) CD95 ligand expression enhances growth of murine renal cell carcinoma in vivo. Cancer Immunol Immunother 48: 56–61

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nocentini G, Giunchi L, Ronchetti S et al. (1997) A new member of the tumor necrosis factor/nerve growth factor receptor family inhibits T cell receptor-induced apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 6216–6221

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oberhammer FA, Pavelka M, Sharma S et al. (1992) Induction of apoptosis in cultured hepatocytes and in regressing liver by transforming growth factor beta 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 5408–5412

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Connell J, O’Sullivan GC, Collins JK, Shanahan F (1996) The Fas counterattack: Fas-mediated T cell killing by colon cancer cells expressing Fas ligand. J Exp Med 184: 1075–1082

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Connor L, Strasser A, O’Reilly LA et al. (1998) Bim: a novel member of the Bd-2 family that promotes apoptosis. EMBO J 17: 384–395

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oda E, Ohki R, Murasawa H et al. (2000) Noxa, a BH3-only member of the Bcl-2 family and candidate mediator of p53-induced apoptosis. Science 288: 1053–1058

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oehm A, Behrmann I, Falk W et al. (1992) Purification and molecular cloning of the APO-1 cell surface antigen, a member of the tumor necrosis factor/nerve growth factor receptor superfamily. Sequence identity with the Fas antigen. J Biol Chem 267: 10709–10715

    Google Scholar 

  • Oltvai ZN, Milliman CL, Korsmeyer SJ (1993) Bcl-2 heterodimerizes in vivo with a conserved homolog, Bax, that accelerates programmed cell death. Cell 74: 609–619

    Google Scholar 

  • Ona VO, Li M, Vonsattel JP et al. (1999) Inhibition of caspase-1 slows disease progression in a mouse model of Huntington’s disease. Nature 399: 263–267

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Osmond DG (1993) The turnover of B-cell populations [published erratum appears in Immunol Today 1993 Feb; 14(2):68]. Immunol Today 14: 34–37

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pan G, O’Rourke K, Chinnaiyan AM et al. (1997) The recep- tor for the cytotoxic ligand TRAIL. Science 276: 111–113

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pan G, Bauer JH, Haridas V et al. (1998) Identification and functional characterization of DR6, a novel death domain-containing TNF receptor. FEBS Lett 431: 351–356

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parker MW, Pattus F (1993) Rendering a membrane protein soluble in water: a common packing motif in bacterial protein toxins. Trends Biochem Sci 18: 391–395

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peitsch MC, Tschopp J (1995) Comparative molecular modelling of the Fas-ligand and other members of the TNF family. Mol Immunol 32: 761–772

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pennica D, Nedwin GE, Hayflick JS et al. (1984) Human tumour necrosis factor: precursor structure, expression and homology to lymphotoxin. Nature 312: 724–729

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perez C, Albert I, DeFay K, Zachariades N, Gooding L, Kriegler M (1990) A nonsecretable cell surface mutant of tumor necrosis factor ( TNF) kills by cell-to-cell contact. Cell 63: 251–258

    Google Scholar 

  • Peter ME, Krammer PH (1998) Mechanisms of CD95 (APO1/Fas)-mediated apoptosis. Curr Opin Immunol 10: 545551

    Google Scholar 

  • Peter ME, Kischkel FC, Scheuerpflug CG, Medema JP, Debatin KM, Krammer PH (1997) Resistance of cultured peripheral T cells towards activation-induced cell death involves a lack of recruitment of FLICE (MACH/caspase 8) to the CD95 death-inducing signaling complex. Eur J Immunol 27: 1207–1212

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Petit PX, Susin SA, Zamzami N, Mignotte B, Kroemer G (1996) Mitochondria and programmed cell death: back to the future. FEBS Lett 396: 7–13

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pettersen RD, Hestdal K, Olafsen MK, Lie SO, Lindberg FP (1999) CD47 signals T cell death. J Immunol 162: 70317040

    Google Scholar 

  • Pitti RM, Marsters SA, Ruppert S, Donahue CJ, Moore A, Ashkenazi A (1996) Induction of apoptosis by Apo-2 ligand, a new member of the tumor necrosis factor cytokine family. J Biol Chem 271: 12687–12690

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Podack ER (1989) Granule-mediated cytolysis of target cells. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 140: 1–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quignon F, De Bels F, Koken M, Feunteun J, Ameisen JC, de The H (1998) PML induces a novel caspase-independent death process. Nat Genet 20: 259–265

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Radeke MJ, Feinstein SC (1991) Analytical purification of the slow, high affinity NGF receptor: identification of a novel 135 kd polypeptide. Neuron 7: 141–150

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rajcan-Separovic E, Liston P, Lefebvre C, Korneluk RG (1996) Assignment of human inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) genes xiap, hiap-1, and hiap-2 to chromosomes Xq25 and 11q22-q23 by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Genomics 37: 404–406

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rasper DM, Vaillancourt JP, Hadano S et al. (1998) Cell death attenuation by “Usurpin”, a mammalian DED-caspase homologue that precludes caspase-8 recruitment and activation by the CD-95 (Fas, APO-1) receptor complex. Cell Death Differ 5: 271–288

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rathke H (1825) Kiemen bey Säugethieren. Isis 747

    Google Scholar 

  • Ray RB, Meyer K, Ray R (1996) Suppression of apoptotic cell death by hepatitis C virus core protein. Virology 226: 176–182

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Refaeli Y, Van Parijs L, London CA, Tschopp J, Abbas AK (1998) Biochemical mechanisms of IL-2-regulated Fas-mediated T cell apoptosis. Immunity 8: 615–623

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds JE, Yang T, Qian L et al. (1994) Mcl-1, a member of the Bcl-2 family, delays apoptosis induced by c-Myc overexpression in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Cancer Res 54: 6348–6352

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rieux-Laucat F, Le Deist F, Hivroz C et al. (1995) Mutations in Fas associated with human lymphoproliferative syndrome and autoimmunity. Science 268: 1347–1349

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts LR, Kurosawa H, Bronk SF et al. (1997) Cathepsin B contributes to bile salt-induced apoptosis of rat hepatocytes. Gastroenterology 113: 1714–1726

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rothe M, Pan MG, Henzel WJ, Ayres TM, Goeddel DV (1995) The TNFR2-TRAF signaling complex contains two novel proteins related to baculoviral inhibitor of apoptosis proteins. Cell 83: 1243–1252

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rotonda J, Nicholson DW, Fazil KM et al. (1996) The three-dimensional structure of apopain/CPP32, a key mediator of apoptosis. Nat Struct Biol 3: 619–625

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rouvier E, Luciani MF, Golstein P (1993) Fas involvement in Ca(2)-independent T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. J Exp Med 177: 195–200

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roy N, Mahadevan MS, McLean M et al. (1995) The gene for neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein is partially deleted in individuals with spinal muscular atrophy. Cell 80: 167178

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruggieri A, Harada T, Matsuura Y, Miyamura T (1997) Sensitization to Fas-mediated apoptosis by hepatitis C virus core protein. Virology 229: 68–76

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rust C, Karnitz LM, Paya CV, Moscat J, Simari RD, Gores GJ (2000) The bile acid taurochenodeoxycholate activates a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent survival signaling cascade. J Biol Chem 275: 20210–20216

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sakahira H, Enari M, Nagata S (1998) Cleavage of CAD inhibitor in CAD activation and DNA degradation during apoptosis. Nature 391: 96–99

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scaffidi C, Fulda S, Srinivasan A et al. (1998) Two CD95 (APO-1/Fas) signaling pathways. EMBO J 17: 1675–1687

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scaffidi C, Kirchhoff S, Krammer PH, Peter ME (1999 a) Apoptosis signaling in lymphocytes. Curr Opin Immunol 11: 277–285

    Google Scholar 

  • Scaffidi C, Schmitz I, Krammer PH, Peter ME (1999b) The role of c-FLIP in modulation of CD95-induced apoptosis. J Biol Chem 274: 1541–1548

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schall TJ, Lewis M, Koller KJ et al. (1990) Molecular cloning and expression of a receptor for human tumor necrosis factor. Cell 61: 361–370

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schendel SL, Xie Z, Montal MO, Matsuyama S, Montal M, Reed JC (1997) Channel formation by antiapoptotic protein Bd-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 5113–5118

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schilsky ML (1997) Ironic insult added to copper injury. Hepatology 25: 776–778

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schleiden MJ (1842) Grundzuege der wissenschaftlichen Botanik. Engelmann, Leipzig

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmucker DL, Ohta M, Kanai S, Sato Y, Kitani K (1990) Hepatic injury induced by bile salts: correlation between biochemical and morphological events. Hepatology 12: 1216–1221

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider P, Bodmer JL, Thome M, Hofmann K, Holler N, Tschopp J (1997) Characterization of two receptors for TRAIL. FEBS Lett 416: 329–334

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider P, MacKay F, Steiner V et al. (1999) BAFF, a novel ligand of the tumor necrosis factor family, stimulates B cell growth. J Exp Med 189: 1747–1756

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schulte-Hermann R, Bursch W, Grasl-Kraupp B (1995a) Active cell death (apoptosis) in liver biology and disease. Prog Liver Dis 13: 1–35

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schulte-Hermann R, Bursch W, Grasl-Kraupp B, Torok L, El-linger A, Mullauer L (1995b) Role of active cell death (apoptosis) in multi-stage carcinogenesis. Toxicol Lett 82–83: 143–148

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwann T (1839) Mikroskopische Untersuchungen ueber die Uebereinstimmung in der Struktur and dem Wachstum der Tiere and Pflanzen. Sander, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Screaton GR, Mongkolsapaya J, Xu XN, Cowper AE, McMichael AJ, Bell JI (1997 a) TRICK2, a new alternatively spliced receptor that transduces the cytotoxic signal from TRAIL. Curr Biol 7: 693–696

    Google Scholar 

  • Screaton GR, Xu XN, Olsen AL et al. (1997b) LARD: a new lymphoid-specific death domain containing receptor regulated by alternative pre-mRNA splicing. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 4615–4619

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sentman CL, Shutter JR, Hockenbery D, Kanagawa O, Korsmeyer SJ (1991) bc1–2 inhibits multiple forms of apoptosis but not negative selection in thymocytes. Cell 67: 879–888

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheridan JP, Marsters SA, Pitti RM et al. (1997) Control of TRAIL-induced apoptosis by a family of signaling and decoy receptors. Science 277: 818–821

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shi YF, Szalay MG, Paskar Let al. (1990) Activation-induced cell death in T cell hybridomas is due to apoptosis. Morphologic aspects and DNA fragmentation [published erratum appears in J Immunol 1990 Dec 1; 145(11):39451 J Immunol 144: 3326–3333

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shimizu M, Yoshimoto T, Nagata S, Matsuzawa A (1996) A trial to kill tumor cells through Fas (CD95)-mediated apoptosis in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 228: 375–379

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shirai T, Yamaguchi H, Ito H, Todd CW, Wallace RB (1985) Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of the gene for human tumour necrosis factor. Nature 313: 803–806

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shu HB, Hu WH, Johnson H (1999) TALL-1 is a novel member of the TNF family that is down-regulated by mito-gens. J Leukoc Biol 65: 680–683

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siegel RM, Frederiksen JK, Zacharias DA et al. (2000) Fas preassociation required for apoptosis signaling and dominant inhibition by pathogenic mutations. Science 288: 2354–2357

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simonet WS, Lacey DL, Dunstan CR et al. (1997) Osteoprotegerin: a novel secreted protein involved in the regulation of bone density. Cell 89: 309–319

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singer GG, Abbas AK (1994) The fas antigen is involved in peripheral but not thymic deletion of T lymphocytes in T cell receptor transgenic mice. Immunity 1: 365–371

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith CA, Davis T, Anderson D et al. (1990) A receptor for tumor necrosis factor defines an unusual family of cellular and viral proteins. Science 248: 1019–1023

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith CA, Gruss HJ, Davis T et al. (1993) CD30 antigen, a marker for Hodgkin’s lymphoma, is a receptor whose ligand defines an emerging family of cytokines with homology to TNF. Cell 73: 1349–1360

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith CA, Farrah T, Goodwin RG (1994) The TNF receptor superfamily of cellular and viral proteins: activation, costimulation, and death. Cell 76: 959–962

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smyth MJ, Thia KY, Cretney E et al. (1999) Perforin is a major contributor to NK cell control of tumor metastasis. J Immunol 162: 6658–6662

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Song Q, Kuang Y, Dixit VM, Vincenz C (1999) Boo, a novel negative regulator of cell death, interacts with Apaf-1. EMBO J 18: 167–178

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spengler U, Zachoval R, Gallati H et al. (1996) Serum levels and in situ expression of TNF-alpha and TNF-alpha binding proteins in inflammatory liver diseases. Cytokine 8: 864–872

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Srinivasula SM, Fernandes-Alnemri T, Zangrilli J et al. (1996) The Ced-3/interleukin lbeta converting enzyme-like homolog Mch6 and the lamin-cleaving enzyme Mch2alpha are substrates for the apoptotic mediator CPP32. J Biol Chem 271: 27099–27106

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Srinivasula SM, Ahmad M, Fernandes-Alnemri T, Alnemri ES (1998a) Autoactivation of procaspase-9 by Apaf-1mediated oligomerization. Mol Cell 1: 949–957

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Srinivasula SM, Ahmad M, MacFarlane M et al. (1998b) Generation of constitutively active recombinant caspases3 and -6 by rearrangement of their subunits. J Biol Chem 273: 10107–10111

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stamenkovic I, Clark EA, Seed B (1989) A B-lymphocyte activation molecule related to the nerve growth factor receptor and induced by cytokines in carcinomas. EMBO J 8: 1403–1410

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strand S, Hofmann WJ, Hug H et al. (1996) Lymphocyte apoptosis induced by CD95 (APO-1/Fas) ligand-expressing tumor cells–a mechanism of immune evasion? Nat Med 2: 1361–1366

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strand S, Hofmann WJ, Grambihler A et al. (1998) Hepatic failure and liver cell damage in acute Wilson’s disease involve CD95 (APO-1/Fas) mediated apoptosis. Nat Med 4: 588–593

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strasser A, Harris AW, Huang DC, Krammer PH, Cory S (1995) Bc1–2 and Fas/APO-1 regulate distinct pathways to lymphocyte apoptosis. EMBO J 14: 6136–6147

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Streffer JR, Schuster M, Pohl U et al. (1999) Irradiation induced clonogenic cell death of human malignant glioma cells does not require CD95/CD95L interactions. Anticancer Res 19: 5265–5269

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stuart PM, Griffith TS, Usui N, Pepose J, Yu X, Ferguson TA (1997) CD95 ligand ( FasL)-induced apoptosis is necessary for corneal allograft survival. J Clin Invest 99: 396402

    Google Scholar 

  • Suda T, Takahashi T, Golstein P, Nagata S (1993) Molecular cloning and expression of the Fas ligand, a novel member of the tumor necrosis factor family. Cell 75: 11691178

    Google Scholar 

  • Susin SA, Zamzami N, Castedo M et al. (1996) Bd-2 inhibits the mitochondrial release of an apoptogenic protease. J Exp Med 184: 1331–1341

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Susin SA, Lorenzo HK, Zamzami N et al. (1999a) Mitochondrial release of caspase-2 and -9 during the apoptotic process. J Exp Med 189: 381–394

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Susin SA, Lorenzo HK, Zamzami N et al. (1999b) Molecular characterization of mitochondrial apoptosis-inducing factor. Nature 397: 441–416

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Susin SA, Daugas E, Ravagnan L et al. (2000) Two distinct pathways leading to nuclear apoptosis. J Exp Med 192: 571–580

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sytwu HK, Liblau RS, McDevitt HO (1996) The roles of Fas/ APO-1 (CD95) and TNF in antigen-induced programmed cell death in T cell receptor transgenic mice. Immunity 5: 17–30

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi T, Tanaka M, Brannan CI et al. (1994a) Generalized lymphoproliferative disease in mice, caused by a point mutation in the Fas ligand. Cell 76: 969–976

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi T, Tanaka M, Inazawa J, Abe T, Suda T, Nagata S (1994b) Human Fas ligand: gene structure, chromosomal location and species specificity. Int Immunol 6: 1567–1574

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takayama S, Sato T, Krajewski S et al. (1995) Cloning and functional analysis of BAG-1: a novel Bc1–2-binding protein with anti-cell death activity. Cell 80: 279–284

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takeuchi T, Ueki T, Nishimatsu H et al. (1999) Accelerated rejection of Fas ligand-expressing heart grafts. J Immunol 162: 518–522

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takimoto R, El-Deiry WS (2000) Wild-type p53 trans-activates the KILLER/DR5 gene through an intronic sequence-specific DNA-binding site. Oncogene 19: 17351743

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka S, Saito K, Reed JC (1993) Structure-function analysis of the Bd-2 oncoprotein. Addition of a heterologous transmembrane domain to portions of the Bd-2 beta protein restores function as a regulator of cell survival. J Biol Chem 268: 10920–10926

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka M, Suda T, Takahashi T, Nagata S (1995) Expression of the functional soluble form of human fas ligand in activated lymphocytes. EMBO J 14: 1129–1135

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tartaglia LA, Ayres TM, Wong GH, Goeddel DV (1993 a) A novel domain within the 55 kd TNF receptor signals cell death. Cell 74: 845–853

    Google Scholar 

  • Tartaglia LA, Pennica D, Goeddel DV (1993 b) Ligand passing: the 75-kDa tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor recruits TNF for signaling by the 55-kDa TNF receptor. J Biol Chem 268:18. 542–18. 548

    Google Scholar 

  • Tewari M, Quan LT, O’Rourke K et al. (1995) Yama/CPP32 beta, a mammalian homolog of CED-3, is a CrmA-inhibitable protease that cleaves the death substrate poly(ADPribose) polymerase. Cell 81: 801–809

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson CB (1995) Apoptosis in the pathogenesis and treatment of disease. Science 267: 1456–1462

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thornberry NA, Bull HG, Calaycay JR et al. (1992) A novel heterodimeric cysteine protease is required for interleukin-1 beta processing in monocytes. Nature 356: 768–774

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trapani JA, Jans P, Smyth MJ et al. (1998) Perforin-dependent nuclear entry of granzyme B procedes apoptosis, and is not a consequence of nuclear membrane dysfunction. Cell Death Differ 5: 488–496

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trauth BC, Klas C, Peters AM et al. (1989) Monoclonal antibody-mediated tumor regression by induction of apoptosis. Science 245: 301–305

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsujimoto Y, Cossman J, Jaffe E, Croce CM (1985a) Involvement of the bc1–2 gene in human follicular lymphoma. Science 228: 1440–1443

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsujimoto Y, Gorham J, Cossman J, Jaffe E, Croce CM (1985b) The t(14;18) chromosome translocations involved in B-cell neoplasms result from mistakes in VDJ joining. Science 229: 1390–1393

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsujimoto Y, Jaffe E, Cossman J, Gorham J, Nowell PC, Croce CM (1985c) Clustering of breakpoints on chromosome 11 in human B-cell neoplasms with the t(11;14) chromosome translocation. Nature 315: 340–343

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van de Craen M, Vandenabeele P, Declercq W et al. (1997) Characterization of seven murine caspase family members. FEBS Lett 403: 61–69

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van de Craen M, Van Loo G, Pype S et al. (1998) Identification of a new caspase homologue: caspase-14. Cell Death Differ 5: 838–846

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Heiden MG, Chandel NS, Williamson EK, Schumacker PT, Thompson CB (1997) Bcl-xL regulates the membrane potential and volume homeostasis of mitochondria. Cell 91: 627–637

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Parijs L, Ibraghimov A, Abbas AK (1996) The roles of costimulation and Fas in T cell apoptosis and peripheral tolerance. Immunity 4: 321–328

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Varfolomeev EE, Schuchmann M, Luria V et al. (1998) Targeted disruption of the mouse Caspase 8 gene ablates cell death induction by the TNF receptors, Fas/Apol, and DR3 and is lethal prenatally. Immunity 9: 267–276

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vaux DL, Korsmeyer SJ (1999) Cell death in development. Cell 96: 245–254

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vaux DL, Cory S, Adams JM (1988) Bc1–2 gene promotes haemopoietic cell survival and cooperates with c-myc to immortalize pre-B cells. Nature 335: 440–442

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Verhagen AM, Ekert PG, Pakusch M et al. (2000) Identification of DIABLO, a mammalian protein that promotes apoptosis by binding to and antagonizing IAP proteins. Cell 102: 43–53

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vincenz C, Dixit VM (1997) Fas-associated death domain protein interleukin-lbeta-converting enzyme 2 (FLICE2), an ICE/Ced-3 homologue, is proximally involved in CD95- and p55-mediated death signaling. J Biol Chem 272: 6578–6583

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vogt C (1842) Untersuchungen ueber die Entwicklung der Geburtshelferkroete (Alytes obstetricans). Jent & Gass-mann, Solothurn

    Google Scholar 

  • Walczak H, Degli-Esposti MA, Johnson RS et al. (1997) TRAIL-R2: a novel apoptosis-mediating receptor for TRAIL. EMBO J 16: 5386–5397

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walczak H, Miller RE, Ariail K et al. (1999) Tumoricidal activity of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand in vivo. Nat Med 5: 157–163

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walczak H, Bouchon A, Stahl H, Krammer PH (2000) Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand retains its apoptosis-inducing capacity on Bd-2- or Bcl-xL-overexpressing chemotherapy-resistant tumor cells. Cancer Res 60: 3051–3057

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walker NP, Talanian RV, Brady KD et al. (1994) Crystal structure of the cysteine protease interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme: a (p20/p10)2 homodimer. Cell 78: 343352

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang HG, Reed JC (1998) Mechanisms of Bd-2 protein function. Histol Histopathol 13: 521–530

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang AM, Creasey AA, Ladner MB et al. (1985) Molecular cloning of the complementary DNA for human tumor necrosis factor. Science 228: 149–154

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang L, Miura M, Bergeron L, Zhu H, Yuan J (1994) Ich-1, an Ice/ced-3-related gene, encodes both positive and negative regulators of programmed cell death. Cell 78: 739–750

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang S, Miura M, Jung Y et al. (1996a) Identification and characterization of Ich-3, a member of the interleukinlbeta converting enzyme (ICE)/Ced-3 family and an upstream regulator of ICE. J Biol Chem 271:20. 580–20. 587

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang K, Yin XM, Chao DT, Milliman CL, Korsmeyer SJ (1996b) BID: a novel BH3 domain-only death agonist. Genes Dev 10: 2859–2869

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe-Fukunaga R, Brannan CI, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA, Nagata S (1992 a) Lymphoproliferation disorder in mice explained by defects in Fas antigen that mediates apoptosis. Nature 356: 314–317

    Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe-Fukunaga R, Brannan CI, Itoh N et al. (1992 b) The cDNA structure, expression, and chromosomal assignment of the mouse Fas antigen. J Immunol 148: 1274–1279

    Google Scholar 

  • Weissmann A (1863) Die Entwicklung der Dipterien im Ei nach Beobachtung an Chironomus spec. Z Wiss Zool 14: 187

    Google Scholar 

  • Westendorp MO, Frank R, Ochsenbauer C et al. (1995) Sensitization of T cells to CD95-mediated apoptosis by HIV-1 Tat and gp120. Nature 375: 497–500

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiley SR, Schooley K, Smolak PJ et al. (1995) Identification and characterization of a new member of the TNF family that induces apoptosis. Immunity 3:673–682

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson KP, Black JA, Thomson JA et al. (1994) Structure and mechanism of interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme. Nature 370: 270–275

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wong BR, Josien R, Lee SY et al. (1997) TRANCE (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-related activation-induced cytokine), a new TNF family member predominantly expressed in T cells, is a dendritic cell-specific survival factor. J Exp Med 186: 2075–2080

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang Y, Ashwell JD (1999) Thymocyte apoptosis. J Clin Immunol 19: 337–349

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang E, Zha J, Jockel J, Boise LH, Thompson CB, Korsmeyer SJ (1995) Bad, a heterodimeric partner for Bcl-XL and Bd-2, displaces Bax and promotes cell death. Cell 80: 285–291

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang J, Liu X, Bhalla K et al. (1997) Prevention of apoptosis by Bd-2: release of cytochrome c from mitochondria blocked. Science 275: 1129–1132

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yasuda H, Shima N, Nakagawa N et al. (1998) Osteoclast differentiation factor is a ligand for osteoprotegerin/ osteoclastogenesis-inhibitory factor and is identical to TRANCE/RANKL. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 3597–3602

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yin XM, Wang K, Gross A et al. (1999) Bid-deficient mice are resistant to Fas-induced hepatocellular apoptosis. Nature 400: 886–891

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yonehara S, Ishii A, Yonehara M (1989) A cell-killing monoclonal antibody (anti-Fas) to a cell surface antigen codownregulated with the receptor of tumor necrosis factor. J Exp Med 169: 1747–1756

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu KY, Kwon B, Ni J, Zhai Y, Ebner R, Kwon BS (1999) A newly identified member of tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TR6) suppresses LIGHT-mediated apoptosis. J Biol Chem 274:13 733–13 736

    Google Scholar 

  • Yuan J, Shaham S, Ledoux S, Ellis HM, Horvitz HR (1993) The C. elegans cell death gene ced-3 encodes a protein similar to mammalian interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme. Cell 75: 641–652

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zamzami N, Marchetti P, Castedo M et al. (1995) Reduction in mitochondrial potential constitutes an early irreversible step of programmed lymphocyte death in vivo. J Exp Med 181: 1661–1672

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zamzami N, Marchetti P, Castedo M et al. (1996 a) Inhibitors of permeability transition interfere with the disruption of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential during apoptosis. FEBS Lett 384: 53–57

    Google Scholar 

  • Zamzami N, Susin SA, Marchetti P et al. (1996b) Mitochondrial control of nuclear apoptosis. J Exp Med 183: 15331544

    Google Scholar 

  • Zamzami N, Brenner C, Marzo I, Susin SA, Kroemer G (1998 a) Subcellular and submitochondrial mode of action of Bc1–2-like oncoproteins. Oncogene 16: 2265–2282

    Google Scholar 

  • Zamzami N, Marzo I, Susin SA et al. (1998b) The thiol crosslinking agent diamide overcomes the apoptosis-inhibitory effect of Bd-2 by enforcing mitochondrial permeability transition. Oncogene 16: 1055–1063

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao M, Laissue JA, Zimmermann A (1997) Hepatocyte apoptosis in hepatic iron overload diseases. Histol Histopathol 12: 367–374

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zou H, Henzel WJ, Liu X, Lutschg A, Wang X (1997) Apaf-1, a human protein homologous to C. elegans CED-4, participates in cytochrome c-dependent activation of caspase-3. Cell 90: 405–413

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Sören T. Eichhorst
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Peter H. Krammer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13122, Berlin-Buch, Deutschland

    Detlev Ganten  & Klaus Ruckpaul  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2003 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Eichhorst, S.T., Krammer, P.H. (2003). Apoptose. In: Ganten, D., Ruckpaul, K. (eds) Grundlagen der Molekularen Medizin. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07588-3_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07588-3_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-07589-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-07588-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation