Skip to main content

Supercritical Gases as Solvents: Phase Equilibria

  • Chapter
Gas Extraction

Part of the book series: Topics in Physical Chemistry ((TOPPHYSCHEM,volume 4))

Abstract

Gas extraction and related processes are characterized by using a dense gas as solvent. In processes with solvents, the driving potential for mass and heat transfer is determined by the difference from the equilibrium state, in most cases the difference to heterogeneous thermodynamic equilibrium, at given conditions of state. Equilibrium determined processes, like gas extraction, are analyzed with respect to the equilibrium state.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Andrews T (1869) On the continuity of the gaseous and liquid states of matter. Phil Trans 159: 575;

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Andrews T (1869) On the continuity of the gaseous and liquid states of matter. Proc Roy Soc (London) 18: 42–45

    Google Scholar 

  3. Bharath R, Inomata H, Arai K, Shji K, Noguchi Y (1989) Vapor-liquid equilibria for binary mixtures of carbon dioxide and fatty acid ethyl esters. Fluid Phase Equilibria 50: 315–327

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Brunner E (1990) Fluid mixtures at high pressures. IX. Phase separation and critical phenomena in 23 (n-alkane 4- water) mixtures. J Chem Thermodynamics 22: 335–353

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Brunner G (1978) Phasengleichgewichte in Anwesenheit komprimierter Gase und ihre Bedeutung bei der Trennung schwerflüchtiger Stoffe. Habilitationsschrift, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg

    Google Scholar 

  6. Brunner G, Peter S (1979) Die Trennung schwerflüchtiger Stoffe mit Hilfe komprimierter Gase in Anwesenheit von Schleppmitteln. Ber Bunsenges Phys Chem 83: 1137

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Brunner G, Peter S (1982) On the solubility of glycerides and fatty acids in compressed gases in the presence of an entraîner. Separation Science and Technology 17 (1): 199–214

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Brunner G (1983) Selectivity of supercritical compounds and entrainers with respect to model substances. Fluid Phase Equilibria 10: 289–298

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Brunner G (1986) Anwendungsmöglichkeiten der Gasextraktion im Bereich der Fette und Öle. Fette Scifen Anstrichmittel 88 (12): 464–474

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Bünz A, Dohrn R (1992) Berechnung des Gas-flüssig-Phasengleichgewichtes im binären System CO2-Eicosapentansäure-Ethylester. Arbeitsbericht, Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg

    Google Scholar 

  11. Czech B (1991) Das Betriebsverhalten einer Gegenstromkolonne bei der Erzeugung von Diglyceriden mit Hilfe der nahekritischen Extraktion. Dissertation, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg

    Google Scholar 

  12. Cotterman RL, Dimitrelis D, Prausnitz JM (1985) Design of Supercritical fluid extraction processes using continuous thermodynamics. In: Penninger JML, Radosz M, McHugh MA, Krukonis VJ (eds) Supercritical Fluid Technology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 107–120

    Google Scholar 

  13. Cotterman RL, Prausnitz JM (1991) Continuous thermodynamic for phase-equilibrium calculations in chemical process design. In: Sandler SI, Astrita G (eds) Kinetic and Thermodynamic Lumping of Multicomponent Mixtures. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 229–275

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  14. Deiters (1993) private communication

    Google Scholar 

  15. De la Tour C (1822) Ann Chim (3) 21: 127–132

    Google Scholar 

  16. Dohrn R, Brunner G (1986) Phase equilibria in ternary and quaternary systems of hydrogen, water und hydrocarbons at elevated temperatures and pressures. Fluid Phase Equilibria 29: 535–544

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Dohrn R (1994) Berechnung von Phasengleichgewichten mit Hilfe von Zustandsgieichungen. Habilitationsschrift, Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg

    Google Scholar 

  18. Donelly HG, Katz DL (1954) Phase equilibria in the carbon dioxide-methane system. Ind Eng Chem 46:511–517

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Ebeling H, Franck EU (1984) Spectroscopic determination of caffeine solubility in supercritical carbon dioxide. Ber Bunsenges Phys Chem 88: 862–865

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Ender U (1989) Der Einfluß der Druckpulsation auf die überkritische Fluidextraktion von Monoglyceriden. Dissertation, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg

    Google Scholar 

  21. Ewald AH (1953) The solubility of solids in gases. Trans Faraday Soc 49: 1401

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Ewald AH (1955) The solubility of solids in gases. Trans Faraday Soc 51: 347

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Franck EU (1956) Zur Löslichkeit fester Stoffe in verdichteten Gasen. Z Phys Chem NF6:345–355

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Franck EU (1971) Gas-Liquid and gas-solid equilibria at high pressures, critical curves and miscibility gaps. In: Jost W (ed) Physical Chemistry, vol I/Thermodynamics, New York

    Google Scholar 

  25. Gährs HJ (1984) Application of atmospheric gases in high pressure extraction. Ber Bunsenges Phys Chem 88: 894–897

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Gaver D van (1992) Fractionatie van vetzuuresters met supercritische extractie. Dissertation, Universiteit Gent

    Google Scholar 

  27. Gutsche B (1986) Phase equilibria in oleochemical industry. Application of continuous thermodynamics. Fluid Phase Equilibria 30: 65

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Hannay JB, Hogarth J (1879) On the solubility of solids in gases (preliminary notice). Chem News 40: 256,

    Google Scholar 

  29. Hannay JB, Hogarth J (1879) On the solubility of solids in gases (preliminary notice). Proc Roy Soc (London) 29: 324

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Hederer H, Wolff A (1991) Korrelation von binären Wechselwirkungsparametern mit den Reinstoffparametern einer kubischen Zustandsgieichung. Chem Ing Tech 63: 618–621

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Hölscher IF, Spee M, Schneider GM (1989) Fluid phase equilibria of binary and ternary mixtures of CO2 with hexadecane, 1-dodecanol, 1-hexadecanol and ethoxy-ethanol at 333.2 and 393.2 K and at pressures up to 33 MPa. Fluid Phase Equilibria 49: 103–113

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Johannsen M, Brunner G (1994) Solubilities of the xanthines caffeine, theophylline and theobromine in supercritical carbon dioxide. Fluid Phase Equilibria, in print

    Google Scholar 

  33. Kay WB (1938) Liquid-vapor phase equilibrium. Relations in the ethane — n-heptane system. Ind Eng Chem 30:459–465

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Kay WB (1968) The critical locus curve and the phase behavior of mixtures. Accounts of chemical research 1: 344–351

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Kehlen H, Rätzsch MT (1983) Liquid-liquid phase separation in polymer systems and polymer compatibility by continuous thermodynamics. Z phys Chem Leipzig 264: 1153

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Kennedy GC (1950) A portion of the system silica-water, Econ Geol 45: 629–653

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. King MB (1969) Phase Equilibria in Mixtures. Pergamon Press

    Google Scholar 

  38. Koningsveld R, Diepen GAM (1983) Supercritical phase equilibria involving solids. Fluid Phase Equilibria 10: 159–172

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Konynenberg PH van, Scott RL (1980) Critical lines and phase equilibria in binary van der Waals mixtures. Phil Trans Roy Soc 298: 495–540

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Lehmann R (1992) Korrelation von Meßdaten für Phasengleichgewichte des Systems CO2-α-Tocopherol im Bereich hoher Drücke. Studienarbeit, Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg

    Google Scholar 

  41. Lentz H, Franck EU (1978) Phase equilibria and critical curves of binary ammonia-hydrocarbon mixtures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 17: 728–730

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Mitra S, Wilson NK (1991) An Empirical Method to Predict Solubility in Supercritical Fluids. J Chromatographic Science 29, July: 305–309

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Orbey H (1994) Mixing rules for the estimation of vapor-liquid equilibrium of highly non-ideal mixtures using cubic equations of state. In- Kiran E, Levelt-Sengers JMH (eds) Supercritical Fluids — Fundamentals for Application. NATO ASI, Kluwer

    Google Scholar 

  44. Pereira PJ, Goncalves M, Coto B, Azevedo EG de, Ponte MN da (1993) Fluid Phase Equilibria 91:133

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Peter S, Brunner G, Riha R (1973) Zur Trennung schwerflüchtiger Stoffe mit Hilfe fluider Phasen. DECHEMA-Monographie 73: 197–206

    Google Scholar 

  46. Peter S, Brunner G, Riha R (1976) Zur Abtrennung des Monoglycerids der Ölsäure aus einem Glyceridgemisch mit Hilfe von komprimiertem Kohlendioxid in Gegenstromkolonnen. Fette Scifen Anstrichmittel 78: 45–60

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Peter S, Schneider M, Weidner E, Ziegelitz R (1986) Die Trennung von Lecithin und Sojaöl in einer Gegenstromkolonne mit Hilfe eines überkritischen Extraktionsmittels. VDI-Berichte 607: 851–868

    Google Scholar 

  48. Poynting JH (1881) Change of State: Solid-Liquid. The London, Endinburgh and Dublin Phil Mag 4, 12: 32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Prausnitz JM, Joshi DK (1984) Supercritical fluid extraction with mixed solvents. AIChE J 30: 522–525

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Rowlinson JS, Swinton FL (1982) Liquids and liquid mixtures, 3rd edn. Butterworths, London

    Google Scholar 

  51. Sadus RJ (1992) High pressure phase behaviour of multcomponent fluid mixtures. Elsevier, Amsterdam — London — New York-Tokyo

    Google Scholar 

  52. Sandler S, (1994) Equations of state for phase equilibrium computations. In: Kiran E, Levelt-Sengers JMH (eds) Supercritical Fluids — Fundamentals for Application. NATO ASI, Kluwer

    Google Scholar 

  53. Schlichting H (1991) Experimentelle Bestimmung und Korrelierung der Löslichkeit verschiedener Lösungsmittel in Hochdruckgasen. Dissertation, Technische Universität Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  54. Schmitt WJ (1984) Doctoral Thesis, Dept Chem Eng Mass Inst Tech, Cambridge MA

    Google Scholar 

  55. Schmoll A (1993) Berechnung von Phasengleichgewichten von Palmöl und Schleppmitteln mit überkritischem Kohlendioxid. Studienarbeit, Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg

    Google Scholar 

  56. Schneider GM (1978) Physicochemical principles of extraction with supercritical gases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 17: 716–727

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Schneider GM (1983) Physicochemical aspects of fluid extraction. Fluid Phase Equilibria 10:141–157

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Schneider GM (1988) Thermodynamics of fluid mixtures at high pressures. Basis of supercritical fluid technology. In: Perrut M (ed) Proc Int Symp Supercritical Fluids, Nice, voll: 1–17

    Google Scholar 

  59. Smits A (1905) Über Erscheinungen, welche auftreten, wenn die Faltenpunktskurve der Löslichkeitskurve begegnet. Z phys Chem 51: 193–221.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Smits A (1905) Über Erscheinungen, welche auftreten, wenn bei binären Gemischen die Faltenpunktskurve der Löslichkeitskurve begegnet. Z phys Chem 52: 587–601

    Google Scholar 

  61. Stahl E, Glatz A (1984) Extraction of natural substances with supercritical gases, 10. Communication: Qualitative and quantitative determination of solubilities of steroids in supercritical carbon dioxide. Fette, Scifen Anstrichm 86: 346–348

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Sunol AK, Hagh B, Chen S (1985) Entrainer selection in supercritical extraction. In: Penninger JML, Radosz M, McHugh MA, Krukonis VJ (eds) Supercritical Fluid Technology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 451–464

    Google Scholar 

  63. Teich J (1992) Phasengleichgewichte bei erhöhten Drücken und Temperaturen in ternären Systemen aus Wasserstoff, Kohlendioxid, Wasser und Kohlenwasserstoffen. Dissertation, Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg

    Google Scholar 

  64. Todd DB, Elgin JC (1955) Phase equilibria in systems with ethylene above its critical temperature. AIChE J 1:20–27

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Tsekhanskaya Yu (1964) Solubility of naphthalene in ethylene and carbon dioxide under pressure. Russ J Phys Chem (Engl Transi) 38: 1173

    Google Scholar 

  66. Villard MP (1896) Dissolution des liquides et des solides dans les gaz. Journ de Phys theor et appl 5: 453–561

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Walter D (1992) Messung und Korrelation von Hochdruck-Dampf-Flüssigkeits-Gleichgewichten in binären Mischungen aus Kohlendioxid und Benzolderivaten bei Temperaturen von 313 K bis 393 K und Drücken bis 22 MPa. Dissertation, Universität Kaiserslautern

    Google Scholar 

  68. Wong DSH, Sandler S, (1992) A theoretically correct mixing rule for cubic equations of state. AIChE J 38: 671–680

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1994 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Brunner, G. (1994). Supercritical Gases as Solvents: Phase Equilibria. In: Gas Extraction. Topics in Physical Chemistry, vol 4. Steinkopff, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07380-3_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07380-3_3

  • Publisher Name: Steinkopff, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-07382-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-07380-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics