Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Environmental Geochemistry in Tropical and Subtropical Environments pp 319–334Cite as

Overview of the Biogeochemical Controls and Concerns with Trace Metal Accumulation in Mangrove Sediments

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Environmental Science ((ENVSCIENCE))

Abstract

Mangrove ecosystems are coastal environments characterised by a cover of woody plants able to inhabit intertidal zones, mainly in tropical regions. Mangrove forests usually occur on soft sediments of areas protected from strong wave action, where they may present large biological productivity and contribute to the support of food chains associated with the maintenance of important estuarine fisheries (Lugo et al. 1988). These ecosystems have considerable influence on the transport of materials across the interface between terrestrial and coastal areas, commonly receiving and trapping potentially deleterious anthropogenic contaminants, e.g. trace metals, within its sediments (Peters et al. 1997). Although the elevated accumulation of anthropogenic metals in mangrove environments may cause negative impacts on plants (MacFarlane 2002; MacFarlane and Burchett 2002; Melville and Burchett 2002) and animals (Zanders and Rojas 1996; Harris and Santos 2000; MacFarlane et al. 2000), the retention of such elements within mangrove sediments may contribute to the reduction of the metal transfer to adjacent coastal areas (Lacerda 1998). This indicates that such ecosystems can provide direct and indirect environmental and socioeconomic benefits associated with the preservation of water resource quality in many tropical and some subtropical areas.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Alongi DM, Boto KG, Robertson AI (1992) Nitrogen and phosphorus cycles. In: Robertson AI, Alongi DM (eds.) Tropical mangrove ecosystems. American Geophysical Union, Washington, pp 251–292

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Alongi DM, Sasekumar A, Tirendi F, Dixon P (1998) The influence of stand age on benthic decomposition and recycling of organic matter in managed mangrove forests of Malaysia. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 225: 197–218

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alongi DM, Wattayakorn G, Pfitzner J, Tirendi F, Zagorskis I, Brunskill GJ, Davidson A, Clough BF (2001) Organic carbon accumulation and metabolic pathways in sediments of mangrove forests in southern Thailand. Mar Geol 579: 85–103

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ankley GT, Di Toro DM, Hansen DJ, Berry WJ (1996) Technical basis and proposal for deriving sediment quality criteria for metals. Environ Toxicol Chem 15: 2056–2066

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong W (1978) Root aeration in the wetland condition. In: Hook DE, Crawford RM (eds) Plant life in anaerobic environments. Ann Arbor Sci. Publ, Michigan, pp 269–298

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandarudeen A, Damodaram KT, Sajan K, Padamalal D (1996) Texture and geochemistry of the sediment of a tropical mangrove ecosystem, Southwestern coast of India. Environ Geol 27: 164–169

    Google Scholar 

  • Botto F, lribarne O (2000) Contrasting effects of two burrowing crabs (Chasmagnathus granulata and Uca uruguayensis) on sediment composition and transport in estuarine environments. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 51: 141–151

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boulègue J, Lord CJ, Church TM (5982) Sulfur speciation and associated trace metals (Fe and Cu) in pore water of Great Marsh, Delaware. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 46: 453–464

    Google Scholar 

  • Caçador I, Vale C, Catarino F (1996) Accumulation of Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr and Ni in sediments between roots of the Tagus estuary salt marshes, Portugal. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 42: 393–403

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlson PR, Yarbro LA, Zimmermann CF, Montgomery JR (1983) Pore water chemistry of an overwash mangrove island. Florida Scientist 46: 239–249

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman PM, Wang F, Janssen C, Persoone G, Allen HE (1998) Ecotoxicology of metals in aquatic sediments: binding and release, bioavailability, risk assessment, and remediation. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 55: 2221–2243

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chiu CY, Chou CH (1991) The distribution and influence of heavy metals in mangrove forests of the Tamshui estuary in Taiwan. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 37: 659–669

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clark MW (1998) Management implications of metal transfer pathways from a refuse tip to mangrove sediments. Sci Tot Environ 222: 17–34

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clark MW, McConchie D, Saenger P, Pillsworth M (1997) Hydrological controls on copper, cadmium, lead and zinc concentrations in an anthropogenically polluted mangrove ecosystem, Wynnum, Brisbane, Australia. J Coast Res 13: 1150–1158

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark MW, McConchie DM, Lewis DW, Saenger P (1998) Redox stratification and heavy metal partitioning in Avicennia-dominated mangrove sediments: a geochemical model. Chem Geol 149: 147–171

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DePaula FCF, Mozeto AA (2001) Biogeochemical evolution of trace elements in a pristine watershed in the Brazilian southeastern coastal region. Appl Geochem 16: 1139–1151

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Wolf H, Ulomi AS, Backeljau T, Pratap HB, Blust R (2001) Heavy metals in the sediments of four Dar es Salaam mangroves. Accumulation in, and effect on the morphology of the periwinkle, Littoraria scabria ( Mollusca: Gastropoda). Environ Int 26: 243–249

    Google Scholar 

  • Di Toro DM (1990) Toxicity of the cadmium in sediments: the role of acid volatile sulfides. Environ Toxicol Chem 9: 1487–1502

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Di Toro DM, Mahony JD, Hansen DJ, Scott KJ, Carlson AR, Ankley GT (1992) Acid volatile sulfide predicts the acute toxicity of cadmium and nickel in sediments. Environ Sci Technol 26: 96–101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doyle MO, Otte ML (1997) Organism-induced accumulation of iron, zinc and arsenic in wetland soils. Environ Pollut 96: 1–11

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerringa LJA, de Baar HJW, Nolting RF, Paucot H (2001) The influence of salinity on the solubility of Zn and Cd sulphides in the Scheldt estuary. J Sea Res 46: 201–211

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez H, Ramirez M (1995) The effect of nickel mining and metallurgical activities on the distribution of metals in Levisa Bay, Cuba. J Geochem Explor 52: 183–192

    Google Scholar 

  • Guhathakurta H, Kaviraj A (2000) Heavy metal concentration in water, sediment, shrimp (Panaeus monodon) and mullet (Liza parsia) in some brackish water ponds of Sunderban, India. Mar Pollut Bull 40: 914–920

    Google Scholar 

  • Harbison P (1986) Mangrove mud: a sink and a source for trace metals. Mar Pollut Bull 17: 246–250

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hare L, Carignan R, Huerta-Diaz MA (1994) A field study of metal toxicity and accumulation by benthic invertebrates; implications for the acid-volatile sulfide ( AVS) model. Limnol Oceanogr 39: 1653–1668

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris RR, Santos MCF (2000) Heavy metal contamination and physiological variability in the Brazilian mangrove crabs Ucides cordatus and Callinectes danae ( Crustacea: Decapoda). Mar Biol 137: 691–703

    Google Scholar 

  • Holmer M, Andersen F0, Holmboe N, Kristensen E, Thongtham N (1999) Transformation and exchange processes in the Bangrong mangrove forest-seagrass bed system, Thailand. Seasonal and spatial variations in benthic metabolism and sulfur biogeochemistry. Aquatic Microb Ecol 20: 203–212

    Google Scholar 

  • Huerta-Diaz MA, Tessier A, Carignan R (1998) Geochemistry of trace metals associated with reduced sulfur in freshwater sediments. Appl Geochem 13: 213–233

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeffery J, Marshman N, Salomons W (1988) Behavior of trace metals in tropical river basin affected by mining. In: Salomons W, Förstner U (eds) Chemistry and biology of solid wastes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 259–274

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kjerfve B (1990) Manual for Investigation of Hydrological Processes in Mangrove Ecosystems. UNESCO/ UNDP, New Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  • Kjerfve B, Lacerda LD, Rezende CE, Ovalle ARC (1999) Hydrological and hydrochemical variations in mangrove ecosystems. In: Clara-Domingues A, Yânez-Arancibia A (eds) Mangrove ecosystems in tropical America: structure, function and management. IUCN-EPOMEX, Campeche, pp 71–82

    Google Scholar 

  • Klekowski EJ, Temple AS, Siung-Chang AM, Kumarsingh K (1999) An association of mangrove muta- tion, scarlet ibis, and mercury contamination in Trinidad, West Indies. Environ Pollut 105: 585–189

    Google Scholar 

  • Kristensen E, Andersen F0, Holmboe N, Holmer M, Thongtham N (2000) Carbon and nitrogen mineralization in sediments of the Bangrong mangrove area, Phuket, Thailand. Aquatic Microb Ecol 22: 199–213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lacerda LD (1998) Biogeochemistry of trace metal and diffuse pollution in mangrove ecosystems. International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems, Okinawa

    Google Scholar 

  • Lacerda LD (2002) Mangrove ecosystems, function and management. Springer-Verlag, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Lacerda LD, Rezende CE, Martinelli LA, Ovalle ARC, Mozetto AA, Nogueira FB, Victoria RA, Aragon GT, Cunha CT, Silva CAR (1986) Composiçâo isotópica de carbono em componentes de um manguezal na Baia de Sepetiba, RJ. Ciência & Cultura 38: 1714–1717

    Google Scholar 

  • Lacerda LD, Martinelli LA, Rezende CA, Mozetto AA, Ovalle ARC, Victoria RL, Silva CAR, Nogueira FB (1988) The fate of trace metals in suspended matter in a mangrove creek during a tidal cycle. Sci Tot Environ 75: 249–259

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lacerda LD, Aragon GT, Ovalle ARC, Rezende CE (1991) Iron and chromium distribution and accumulation in a mangrove ecosystem. Wat Air Soil Pollut 58: 513–520

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lacerda LD, Aragon GT, Ovalle ARC, Rezende CE (1991) Iron and chromium distribution and accumulation in a mangrove ecosystem. Wat Air Soil Pollut 57: 513–520

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lacerda LD, Carvalho CEV, Tanizaki KF, Ovalle AR, Rezende CE (1993) The biogeochemistry and trace metals distribution of mangrove rhizospheres. Biotropica 25: 252–257

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lacerda LD, Ittekkot V, Patchineelam SR (1995) Biogeochemistry of mangrove soil organic matter: A comparison between Rhizophora and Avicennia soils in southeastern Brazil. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 40: 713–720

    Google Scholar 

  • Lacerda LD, Silva LFF, Marins RV, Mounier S, Paraquetti HHM, Benaim J (2001) Dissolved mercury concentrations and reactivity in mangrove waters from the Itacuruss£ Experimental Foresta, Sepetiba Bay, SE Brazil. Wetlands Ecol Manag 9: 323–331

    Google Scholar 

  • Lacerda LD, Conde JE, Kjerfve B, Alarcon C, Alvarez-León R, Polania J (2002) American mangroves. In: Lacerda LD (ed) Mangrove ecosystems, function and management. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 7–62

    Google Scholar 

  • Lau SSS (2000) The significance of temporal variability in sediment quality for contamination assessment in a coastal wetland. Wat Res 34: 387–394

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lau SSS, Chu LM (2000) The significance of sediment contamination in a coastal wetland, Hong Kong, China. Wat Res 34: 379–386

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee J-S, Lee BG, Luoma SN, Choi HJ, Koh C-H, Brown CL (2000) Influence of acid volatile sulfides and metal concentrations on metal partitioning in contaminated sediments. Environ Sci Technol 34: 4511–4516

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lugo AE, Brown S, Brinson MM (1988) Forested wetlands in freshwater and sat-water environments. Limnol Oceanogr 33: 894–909

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacFarlane GR (2002) Leaf biochemical parameters in Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh as potential biomarkers of heavy metal stress in estuarine ecosystems. Mar Pollut Bull 44: 244–256

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacFarlane GR, Burchett MD (2000) Cellular distribution of copper, lead and zinc in the grey mangrove Avicennia marina ( Forsk.) Vierh. Aquatic Botany 68: 45–59

    Google Scholar 

  • MacFarlane GR, Burchett MD (2002) Toxicity, growth and accumulation relationships of copper, lead and zinc in the grey mangrove Avicennia marina ( Forsk.) Vierh. Mar Environ Res 54: 65–84

    Google Scholar 

  • MacFarlane GR, Booth DJ, Brown KR (2000) The semaphore crab, Heloecius cordiformis: bio-indication potential for heavy metals in estuarine systems. Aquat Toxicol 50: 153–166

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Machado W, Moscatelli M, Rezende LG, Lacerda LD (2002) Mercury, zinc, and copper accumulation in mangrove sediments surrounding a large landfill in southeast Brazil. Environ Pollut 120: 455–461

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marins RV, Silva Filho EV, Lacerda LD (1996) Atmospheric mercury deposition over Sepetiba Bay, SE Brazil. J Braz Chem Soc 9: 177–181

    Google Scholar 

  • Marins RV, Lacerda LD, Villas Boas RC (1999) Relative importance of non-point sources of mercury to an industrialized coastal system, Sepetiba Bay, SE Brazil. In: Ebinghaus R, Turner RR, Lacerda LD, Vasiliev O, Salomons W (eds) Mercury contaminated sites. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 207–220

    Google Scholar 

  • McKee KL (1993) Soil physicochemical conditions and mangrove species distribution–reciprocal effects? J Ecol 81: 477–487

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Melville F, Burchett M (2002) Genetic variation in Avicennia marina in three estuaries of Sidney ( Australia) and implications for rehabilitation and management. Mar Pollut Bull 44: 244–256

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer U, Hagen W, Medeiros C (1998) Mercury in a northeastern Brazilian mangrove area, a case study: potential of the mangrove oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae as bioindicator for mercury. Mar Biol 131: 113–121

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meziane T, Sanabe MC, Tsuchiya M (2002) Role of fiddler crabs of a subtropical intertidal flat on the fate of sedimentary fatty acids. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 270: 91–121

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Middelburg JJ, Nieuwenhuize J, Slim FJ, Ohowa B (1996) Sediment biogeochemistry in an east Africa mangrove forest ( Gazi Bay, Kenya). Biogeochemistry 34: 133–155

    Google Scholar 

  • Molisani MM, Marins RV, Machado W, Paraquetti HHM, Lacerda LD (2002) Some implications of inter-basin water tranfers–mercury emission to Sepetiba Bay from the Paraiba do Sul basin, SE Brazil. In: Lacerda LD, Kremer HH, Kjerfve B, Salomons W, Marshal Corssland JI, Crossland CJ (eds) South American basins: LOICZ global change assessment and synthesis of river catchment–coastal sea interaction and human dimensions. LOICZ, Texel (LOICZ Reports & Studies 21: 113–117 )

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore WS (1999) The subterranean estuary: a reaction zone of groundwater and sea water. Mar Chem 65: 111–125

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mounier S, Lacerda LD, Marins RV, Benaim J (2001) Copper and mercury complexing capacity of organic matter from a mangrove mud flat Environment ( Sepetiba Bay, Brazil). Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 67: 519–525

    Google Scholar 

  • Nedwell DB, Blackburn TH, Wiebe WJ (1994) Dynamic nature of the turnover of organic carbon, nitrogen and sulphur in the sediments of a Jamaican mangrove forest. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 110: 223–231

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nickerson NH, Thibodeau FR (1985) Association between porewater sulfide concentrations and the distribution of mangroves. Biogeochemistry 1: 183–192

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nittrouer CA, DeMaster DJ (1996) The Amazon shelf setting: tropical, energetic, and influenced by a large river. Cont Shelf Res 16: 553–573

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ong Che RG (1999) Concentration of 7 heavy metals in sediments and mangrove root samples from Mai Po, Hong Kong. Mar Pollut Bull 39: 269–279

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ovalle ARC, Rezende CE, Lacerda LD, Silva CAR (1990) Hydrochemistry of a mangrove tidal creek in Sepetiba Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 31: 639–650

    Google Scholar 

  • Perdomo L, Ensminger I, Espinosa LF, Elster C, Wallner-Kersanach M, Schnetter ML (1998) The mangrove ecosystem of the Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta (Colombia): observations on regeneration and trace metals in sediment. Mar Pollut Bull 37: 393–403

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peters EC, Gassman NJ, Firman JC, Richmond RH, Power EA (1997) Ecotoxicology of tropical marine ecosystems. Environ Toxicol Chem 16: 12–40

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rae J, Allen JRL (1993) The significance of organic matter degradation in the interpretation of historical pollution trends in depth profiles of estuarine sediments. Estuaries 16: 678–682

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ragsdale HL, Thorhaugh A (1980) Trace metal cycling in the U.S. coastal zone: synthesis. Am J Bot 67: 1102–1112

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rezende CE (1988) Balanço de Matéria Organica e Metais Pesados em um Ecossistema de Mangue, Baia de Sepetiba, RJ. MSc Thesis, Univ Fed Fluminense, Niteroi

    Google Scholar 

  • Rezende CE, Lacerda LD, Ovalle ARC, Silva CAR, Martinelli LA (1990) Nature of POC transport in a mangrove ecosystem: a carbon isotopic study. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 30: 641–645

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ridd PV (1996) Flow through animal burrows in mangrove creeks. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 43: 617–625

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salomons W, Förstner U (1984) Metals in the hydrocycle. Springer-Verlag, Berlin

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw TJ, Gieskes JM, Jahnke RA (1990) Early diagenesis in differing depositional environments: the response of transition metals in pore water. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 54: 1233–1246

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shimmield GB, Pedersen TF (1990) The geochemistry of reactive trace metals and halogens in hemipelagic continental margin sediments. Rev Aquatic Sci 3: 255–279

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shin PKS, Ng AWM, Cheung RYH (2002) Burrowing responses of the short-neck clam Ruditapes philippinarum to sediment contaminants. Mar Pollut Bull 45: 133–139

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silva CAR, Lacerda LD, Rezende CE (1990) Heavy metal reservoirs in a red mangrove forest. Biotropica 22: 339–345

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soto-Jiménez MF, Pâez-Osuna F (2001) Distribution and normalization of heavy metal concentrations in mangrove and lagoonal sediments from Mazatlan Harbor ( SE Gulf of California ). Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 53: 259–274

    Google Scholar 

  • Tam NFY (1998) Effect of wastewater discharge on microbial populations and enzyme activities in mangrove soils. Environ Pollut 102: 233–242

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tam NFY, Wong YS (1995) Spatial and temporal variations of heavy metal contamination in sediments of a mangrove swamp in Hong Kong. Mar Pollut Bull 31: 254–261

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tam NFY, Wong YS (1996) Retention and distribution of heavy metals in mangrove soils receiving wastewater. Environ Pollut 94: 283–291

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thibodeaux FR, Nickerson NH (1986) Differential oxidation of mangrove substrate by Avicennia germinans and Rhizophora mangle. Amer J Bot 73: 512–516

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas G, Fernandez TV (1997) Incidence of heavy metals in the mangrove flora and sediments in Kerala, India. Hydrobiologia 352: 77–87

    Google Scholar 

  • UNEP (1994) Assessment and Monitoring of Climatic Change Impacts on Mangrove Ecosystems. United Nations Environmental Program, Nairobi (UNEP Regional Seas Report and Studies No. 154 )

    Google Scholar 

  • Wasserman JC, Freitas-Pinto AAP, Amouroux D (2000) Mercury concentrations in sediment profiles of a degraded tropical coastal environment. Environ Technol 21: 297–305

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zanders IP, Rojas WE (1996) Salinity effects on cadmium accumulation in various tissues of the tropical fiddler crab Uca rapax. Environ Pollut 94: 293–299

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng W J, Chen XY, Lin P (1997) Accumulation and biological cycling of heavy metal elements in Rhizophora stylosa mangroves in Yingluo Bay, China. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 159: 293–301

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. W. Machado
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. L. D. Lacerda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto de Ciências do Mar, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Av. Abolição 3207, 60165-081, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil

    Luiz Drude de Lacerda

  2. Departamento de Geoquímica, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 240202-007, Niterói, RJ, Brazil

    Luiz Drude de Lacerda , Ricardo Erthal Santelli  & Jorge João Abrão ,  & 

  3. Rés. Les Margarites, App. 15, 1305 Chemin des Revoires, F-06320, La Turbie, France

    Egbert K. Duursma

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2004 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Machado, W., Lacerda, L.D. (2004). Overview of the Biogeochemical Controls and Concerns with Trace Metal Accumulation in Mangrove Sediments. In: Drude de Lacerda, L., Santelli, R.E., Duursma, E.K., Abrão, J.J. (eds) Environmental Geochemistry in Tropical and Subtropical Environments. Environmental Science. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07060-4_22

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07060-4_22

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-07642-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-07060-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation