Abstract
In the case of an electronic integrated circuit (IC), e.g., for a shift register IC, one normally does not worry about how each flip-flop unit is functioning. The only concern is whether or not the input and output electrical signals are correct. The IC’s are packaged in small black plastic cases, and they are literally looked upon as black boxes.
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Iizuka, K. (1985). Integrated Optics. In: Engineering Optics. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07032-1_15
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