Zusammenfassung
Jedes Verhalten mit Ausnahme einiger Reflexe auf Rückenmarksniveau und mancher viszeraler Reflexe ist motiviert; „motiviert“ bedeutet, daß die Frequenz und Intensität der Reaktion in Abhängigkeit von Zuständen innerhalb des Organismus variiert und nicht in allen Parametern von Reiz, Reizort oder genetischen Variationen abhängig ist. Je besser diese organismusinternen Zustände quantifizierbar sind, um so überflüssiger wird die Annahme einer intervenierenden Variablen „Motivation“ oder “Emotion”. Die Notwendigkeit der Annahme intervenierender Variablen in der Psychologie und Physiologie wird mit der exakten Beschreibung der neurobiologischen Mechanismen innerhalb des Organismus entbehrlich.
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Birbaumer, N., Schmidt, R.F. (1999). Motivation. In: Biologische Psychologie. Springer-Lehrbuch. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-06097-1_25
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