Skip to main content

Partial Oxidation of C2 to C4 Paraffins

  • Chapter
Basic Principles in Applied Catalysis

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Chemical Physics ((CHEMICAL,volume 75))

Abstract

This review examines the state-of-the-art in the oxidative transformation of C2-C4 alkanes to olefins and to oxygentaed compounds. Chemical, catalytic and technological aspects are discussed, in relation to both current industrial processes and processes under study or development.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. A. Bielanski and J. Haber, Oxygen in Catalysis, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  2. J. Haber, in Heterogeneous Hydrocarbon Oxidation, B.K. Warren and S.T. Oyama, (Eds.), ACS Symp. Series 638, 1996, p. 20.

    Google Scholar 

  3. P. Arpentinier, F. Cavani and F. Trifirà The Technology of Catalytic Oxidations, Editions Technip, Paris, 2001, ISBN 2-7108-0777-7.

    Google Scholar 

  4. F. Cavani and F. Trifirà, Catal. Today, 51 (1999) 561.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. H.H. Kung, Adv. Catal., 40 (1994) 1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. J.C. Vedrine, G. Coudurier and J.-M. Millet, Catal. Today, 33 (1997) 3.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. J.C. Vedrine, J.-M. Millet and J.-C. Volta, Catal Today, 32 (1996) 115.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. G. Busca, E. Finocchio, G. Ramis and G. Ricchiardi, Catal. Today, 32 (1996) 133.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. F. Cavani and F. Trifirô, in Catalysis Vol. 11, Royal Society of Chemistry, (1994), p. 246.

    Google Scholar 

  10. S. Albonetti, F. Cavani and F. Trifirà, Catal. Rev.—Sci. Eng., 38 (1996) 413.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. V.D. Sokolovskii, Catal. Rev.-Sci. Eng., 32 (1990) 1.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. B. Delmon, P. Ruiz, S.R.G. Carrazdn, S Korili, M.A. Vicente Rodriguez and Z. Sobalik, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 100 (1996) 1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. R. Burch and M.J. Hayes, J. Molec. Catal., A. Chemical 100 (1995) 13.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. L.D. Schmidt, M. Huff and S.S. Bharadwaj, Chem. Eng. Sci., 49 (24A) (1994) 3981.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. G. Centi, F. Cavani and F. Trifirô, Selective Oxidation by Heterogeneous Catalysis, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, 2001, ISBN 0-306-46265-6.

    Google Scholar 

  16. F. Trifirô and F. Cavani, Selective Partial Oxidation of Hydrocarbons and Related Oxidations, Catalytica Studies Division, Mountain View, CA, No. 4193 SO, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  17. F. Trifirô and F. Cavani, Oxidative dehydrogenation and alternative dehydrogenation processes, Catalytica Studies Division, Mountain View, CA, No. 4192 OD, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  18. F. Cavani and F. Trifirô, Catal. Today, 24 (1995) 307.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. F. Cavani and F. Trifirô, Appl. Catal., A: General, 88 (1992) 115

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. E.A. Mamedov and V. Cortes Corberan, Appl. Catal., A: General, 127 (1995) 1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. E.A. Mamedov, Appl. Catal., A: General, 116 (1994) 49.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. M. Roy, M. Gubelmann-Bonneau, H. Ponceblanc and J.-C. Volta, Catal. Lett., 42 (1996) 93.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. P. Barthe and G. Blanchard, France Pat. 90 12,519 (1990), assigned to Rhodia.

    Google Scholar 

  24. M. Kitson, US Patent 5,260,250 (1993), assigned to BP Chemicals.

    Google Scholar 

  25. I.M. Clegg, R. Hardman, Eur. Patent 667,844 (1998), assigned to EVC Technology AG.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Y. Moro-oka and W. Ueda, in Catalysis Vol. 11, Royal Society of Chemistry, 1994, P. 223.

    Google Scholar 

  27. L.C. Glaeser, J.F. Brazdil, D.D. Suresh, D.A. Orndoff and R.K. Grasselli, US 4,788,173 (1988), assigned to Standard Oil Co.

    Google Scholar 

  28. A.T. Guttmann, R.K. Grasselli and J.F. Brazdil, US 4,746,641 (1988), assigned to Standard Oil Co.

    Google Scholar 

  29. S. Albonetti, G. Blanchard, P. Burattin, F. Cavani and F. Trifirô, EP 691,306 Al (1995); assigned to Rhodia.

    Google Scholar 

  30. R. Catani, G. Centi, F. Trifirô and R.K. Grasselli, Ind. Eng. Chem., Res., 31 (1992) 107.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. A. Andersson, S.L.T. Andersson, G. Centi, R.K. Grasselli, M. Sanati and F. Trifirô, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 75 (1993) 691.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. J. Nilsson, A. Landa-Canovas, S. Hansen and A. Andersson, catal. Today, 33 (1997) 97.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. F. Cavani, E. Etienne, M. Favaro, A. Galli, F. Trifirô and G. Hecquet, Catal. Lett., 32 (1995) 215.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. G. Busca, F. Cavani, E. Etienne, E. Finocchio, A. Galli, G. Selleri and F. Trifirô, J. Molec. Catal., 114 (1996) 343.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. F. Cavani, E. Etienne, G. Hecquet, G. Selleri and F. Trifirô, in Catalysis of Organic Reactions, R.E. Malz ( Ed. ), Marcel Dekker, (1996), p. 107.

    Google Scholar 

  36. N. Mizuno, M. Tateishi and M. Iwamoto, Appl. Catal., A: General, 128 (1995) L165.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. N. Mizuno, W. Han, T. Kudo and M. Iwamoto, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 101 (1996) 1001.

    Google Scholar 

  38. N. Mizuno, M, Tateishi and M. Iwamoto, J. Catal., 163 (1996) 87.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. N. Mizuno, D.-J. Suh, W. Han and T. Kudo, J. Molec. Catal., A: Chemical, 114 (1996) 309.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. L. Jalowiecki-Duhamel, A. Monnier, Y. Barbaux and G. Hecquet, Catal. Today, 32 (1996) 237.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. W. Ueda, Y. Suzuki, W. Lee and S. Imaoka, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 101 (1996) 1065.

    Google Scholar 

  42. H. Krieger and L.S. Kirch, US Patent 4,260,822 (1981), assigned to Rohm and Haas Co.

    Google Scholar 

  43. J.L. Callahan and R.K. Grasselli, AIChE, 9 (1963) 755.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. L.-T. Weng and B. Delmon, Appl. Catal., A: General, 81 (1992) 141.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. E. Bordes and R.M. Contractor, Topics in Catal., 3 (1996) 365.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. F. Cavani, and F. Trifirè

    Google Scholar 

  47. R.M. Contractor, in Circulating Fluidized Bed Technology II, P. Basu and J.F. Large (Eds.), Pergamon Press, Toronto, 1988, p. 467.

    Google Scholar 

  48. R.M. Contractor and A.W. Sleight, Catal. Today, 1 (1987) 587.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. R.M. Contractor, H.E. Bergna, U. Chowdhry and A.W. Sleight, in Fluidization VI, J.R. Grace, L.W. Shemilt and M.A. Bergognou (Eds.), Engineering Foudation, New York (1989), p. 589.

    Google Scholar 

  50. R.M. Contractor, D.I. Garnett, H.S. Horowitz, H.E. Bergna, G.S. Patience, J.T. Schwartz and G.M. Sisler, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 82 (1994) 233.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. E. Kesteman, M. Merzouki, B. Taouk, E. Bordes and R. Contractor, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 91 (1995) 707.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Y.-C. Kim, W. Ueda and Y. Moro-oka, Appl. Catal., 70 (1991) 175.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Y.-C. Kim, W. Ueda and Y. Moro-oka, Catal. Today, 13 (1992) 673.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. E.N. Voskresenskaya, V.G. Roguleva and A.G. Anshits, Catal. Rev.-Sci. Eng., 37 (1995) 101.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Y. Amenomiya, V.I. Birss, M. Goledzinowski, J. Galuszka and A.R. Sanger, Catal. Rev.-Sci. Eng., 32 (1990) 163.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. T. Ito, J.-X. Wang, C.-H. Lin and J.H. Lunsford, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 107 (1985) 5062.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. D.J. Driscoll and J.H. Lunsford, J. Phys. Chem., 89 (1985) 4415.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. J.H. Kolts and J.P. Guillory, Eur. Patent 205,765 (1986), assigned to Phillips Petroleum Co.

    Google Scholar 

  59. H.M. Swaan, A. Toebes, K. Seshan, J.G. van Ommen and J.R.H. Ross, Catal. Today, 13 (1992) 201 and 629.

    Google Scholar 

  60. E. Morales and J.H. Lunsford, J. Catal, 118 (1989) 255.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. J.A. Roos, S.J. Korf, R.H.J. Veehof, J.G. van Ommen and J.R.H. Ross, Catal. Today, 4 (1989) 441.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. R. Burch, G.D. Squire and S.C. Tsang, Appl. Catal., 46 (1989) 69; Catal. Today, 6 (1990) 503.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. J.W.M.H. Geerts, J.M.N. van Kasteren and K. van der Wiele, Catal. Today, 4 (1989) 453.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. G.A. Martin, A. Bates, V. Ducarme and C. Mirodatos, Appl. Catal., 47 (1989) 287.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. R. Burch and S.C. Tsang, Appl. Catal., 65 (1990) 259.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. S.J. Conway and J.H. Lunsford, J. Catal., 131 (1991) 513.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. K. Otsuka, M. Hatano and T. Komatsu, Catal. Today, 4 (1989) 409.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. J.M. Thomas, W. Ueda, J. Williams and K.D.M. Harris, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. I, 87 (1989) 33.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. W. Ueda, F. Sakyu, T. Isozaki, Y. Morikawa and J.M. Thomas, Catal. Lett., 10 (1991) 83.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. J.S. Lee and S.T. Oyama, Catal. Rev. -Sci. Eng., 30 (1988) 249.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. J.M. Deboy and R.F. Hicks, J. Catal., 113 (1988) 517.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. K. Otsuka, K. Jinno and A. Morikawa, J. Catal., 100 (1986) 353.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. C.-H. Lin, K.D. Campbell, J.-X. Wang and J.H. Lunsford, J. Phys. Chem., 90 (1986) 534.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. K.D. Campbell, H. Zhang and J.H. Lunsford, J. Phys. Chem., 92 (1988) 750.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. E.M. Kennedy and N.W. Cant, Appl. Catal., 75 (1991) 321.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. E.M. Kennedy and N.W. Cant, Appl. Catal., A: General, 87 (1992) 171.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. J. Castiglioni, R. Kieffer and P. Poix, in Proceedings of the 16th Iberoamerican Symposium on Catalysis, Santiago, 1994, p. 801.

    Google Scholar 

  78. S. Bernal, G.A. Martin, P. Moral and V. Perrichon, Catal Lett., 6 (1990) 231.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. G.A. Martin, S. Bernal, V. Perrichon and C. Mirodatos, Catal. Today, 13 (1992) 487.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. C. de Leitenburg, A. Trovarelli, J. Llorca, F. Cavani and G. Bini, Appl. Catal. A: General, 139 (1996) 161.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. A. Trovarelli, Catal. Rev.-Sci. Eng., 38 (1996) 439.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. S.J. Korf; J.A. Roos, L.J. Veltman, J.G. van Ommen and J.H.R. Ross, Appl. Catal., 56 (1989) 119.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. V.R. Choudhary, S.T. Chaudhari, A.M. Rajput and V.H. Rane, Catal. Lett., 3 (1989) 101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. A. Parmaliana, V. Sokolovskii, D. Miceli, F. Arena and N. Giordano, J. Catal., 148 (1994) 514.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. J.N. Armor and P.M. Zambri, J. Catal., 73 (1982) 57.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Y. Barbaux, D. Bouqueniaux, G. Fornasari and F. Trifirô, Appl. Catal., A: General, 125 (1995) 303.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. A. Bendandi, G. Fornasari, M. Guidoreni, L. Kubelkova, M. Lucarini and F. Trifirô, Topics Catal., 3 (1996) 337.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. R. Burch and E.M. Crabb, Appl. Catal., 100 (1993) 111.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. M.Yu. Sinev, L.Ya. Margolis and V.N. Korchak, Russ. Chem. Rev., 64 (4) (1995) 349.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. M.Yu. Sinev, Catal. Today, 24 (1995) 389.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. D.J. Driscoll, K.D. Campbell and J.H. Lunsford, Adv. Catal., 35 (1987) 139.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. J.H. Lunsford, Langmuir, 5 (1989) 12.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. O.V. Krylov, Catal. Today, 18 (1993) 209.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. D.A. Goetsch, P.M. Witt and L.D. Schmidt, in Heterogeneous Hydrocarbon Oxidation, B.K. Warren and S.T. Oyama, Eds., ACS Symp. Series 638, 1996, p. 124

    Google Scholar 

  95. D.A. Hickman and L.D. Schmidt, J. Catal., 138 (1992) 267.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. D.A. Hickman, E.A. Haupfear and L.D. Schmidt, Catal. Lett., 17 (1993) 223.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. M. Huff and L.D. Schmidt, J. Phys. Chem., 97 (1993) 11815.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. M. Huff and L.D. Schmidt, J. Catal., 149 (1994) 127.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. P.M. Torniainen, X. Chu and L.D. Schmidt, J. Catal., 146 (1994) 1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. M. Huff and L.D. Schmidt, J. Catal., 155 (1995) 82.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. H.P. Hsieh, Catal. Rev.-Sci. Eng., 33 (1991) 1.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. J.N. Armor, Chemtech, 22 (1992) 557.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. G. Saracco and V. Specchia, Catal. Rev.-Sci. Eng., 36 (2) (1994) 305.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. J.W. Veldsink, R.M.J. van Damme, G.F. Versteeg and W.P.M. van Swaaij, Chem. Eng. Sci., 47 (1992) 2939.

    Google Scholar 

  105. D. Lafarga, J. Santamaria and M. Menendez, Chem. Eng. Sci., 49 (1994) 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  106. H. Borges, A. Giroir-Fendler, C. Mirodatos, P. Chanaud and A. Julbe, Catal Today, 25 (1995) 377.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. J. Herguido, D. Lafarga, M. Menendez, J. Santamaria and G. Guimon, Catal. Today, 25 (1995) 263.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. A. Pantazidis, J.A. Dalmon and C. Mirodatos, Catal. Today, 25 (1995) 403.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. G. Capannelli, E. Carosini, F. Cavani, O. Monticelli and F. Trifirô, Chem. Eng. Sci., 51 (10) (1996) 1817.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. G. Capannelli, E. Carosini, F. Cavani, O. Monticelli and F. Trifirô, Catal Lett., 39 (1996) 241.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. V.T. Zaspalis, W. van Praag, K. Keizer, J.G. van Ommen, J.H.R. Ross and A.J. Burggraaf, Appl. Catal., 74 (1991) 205.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. D. Eng and M. Stoukides, Catal. Rev.-Sci. Eng., 33 (3-4) (1991) 375.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. K. Fujimoto, K. Asami, K. Omata and S. Hashimoto, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 61 (1991) 525.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. J.E. ten Eishof, B.A. van Hassel and H.J.M. Bouwmeester, Catal. Today, 25 (1995) 397.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  115. T. Hayakawa, K. Sato, T. Tsunoda, K. Suzuki, M. Shimizu and K. Takehira, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Comm., (1994) 1743.

    Google Scholar 

  116. A.P.E. York, S. Hamakawa, T. Hayakawa, K. Sato, T. Tsunoda and K. Takehira, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 92 (1996) 3579.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. K. Takehira, T. Hayakawa, S. Hamakawa, T. Tsunoda, K. Sato, J. Nakamura and T. Uchijima, Catal. Today, 29 (1996) 397.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. R.G. Gastinger, A.C. Jones and J.A. Sofranko, Eur. Patent 253,552, 1987, assigned to Atlantic Richfield Co.

    Google Scholar 

  119. R.H. Kahney and T.D. McMinn, US Patent 4,000,178 (1976), assigned to Monsanto Co.

    Google Scholar 

  120. M.C. Sze and A.P. Gelbein, Hydroc. Process., 55 (2) (1976) 104.

    Google Scholar 

  121. F. Cavani and F. Trifirà, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 110 (1997) 19.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. R.K. Grasselli, Catal. Today, 49 (1999) 141.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. E.M. Thorsteinson, T.P. Wilson, F.G. Young and P.H. Kasai, J. Catal., 52 (1978) 116. 123 F.G. Young and E.M. Thorsteinson, US Patent 4,250,346 (1981), assigned to Union Carbide Co.

    Google Scholar 

  124. J.H. McCain and W.V. Charleston, US Patent 4,524,236 (1985), assigned to Union Carbide Co.

    Google Scholar 

  125. J.H. McCain, US Patent 4,568,790 (1986), assigned to Union Carbide Co.

    Google Scholar 

  126. R.M. Manyik, J.L. Brockwell and J.E. Kendall, US Patent 4,899,003 (1990), assigned to Union Carbide Chemical and Plastics Co.

    Google Scholar 

  127. R.M. Manyik and J.H. McCain, US Patent 4,596,787 (1986), assigned to Union Carbide Co.

    Google Scholar 

  128. M. Merzouki, B. Taouk, L. Monceaux, E. Bordes and P. Courtine, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 72 (1992) 165.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. M. Merzouki, B. Taouk, L. Tessier, E. Bordes and P. Courtine, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 75 (1993) 753.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. R. Burch and R. Swarnakar, Appl. Catal., 70 (1991) 129.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. K. Ruth, R. Kieffer and R. Burch, J. Catal., 175 (1998) 16.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. K. Ruth, R. Burch and R. Kieffer, J. Catal., 175 (1998) 27.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. K. Karim, M.H. Al-Hazmi and E. Mamedov, US Patent 6,013,597 (2000), assigned to Saudi Basic Ind. Co.; Eur. Patent 938, 378 (1999).

    Google Scholar 

  134. P.R. Blum and M.A. Pepera, Eur Patent 518,548 (1992), assigned to The Standard Oil Co.

    Google Scholar 

  135. P.R. Blum and M.A. Pepera, US Patent 5, 300, 682 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  136. N.C. Benkalowycz, D.R. Wagner and P.R. Blum, EP 546, 677 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  137. F. Blaise, E. Bordes, M. Gubelmann and L. Tessier, EP 627,401 (1994), assigned to Rhone-Poulenc.

    Google Scholar 

  138. L. Tessier, E. Bordes and M. Gubelmann, Catal. Today, 24 (1995) 335.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. A. Aubry, M. Gubelmann and A.M. Le Govic, US Patent 5,750,777, assigned to Rhone-Poulenc.

    Google Scholar 

  140. C. Hallett, Eur. Patent 480,594 (1991), assigned to BP Chemicals.

    Google Scholar 

  141. W.J. Kroenke and P.P. Nicholas, US Patent 4,461,919 (1984), assigned to The B.F. Goodrich Co.

    Google Scholar 

  142. A.J. Magistro, US Patent 4,102,936 (1978), assigned to The B.F. Goodrich Co.

    Google Scholar 

  143. H. Riegel, US Patent 3,557,229 (1971), assigned to The Lummus Co.

    Google Scholar 

  144. T.P. Li, US Patent 4,300,005 (1977), assigned to Monsanto Co.

    Google Scholar 

  145. D.R. Pyke and R. Reid, UK Patent 2,095,242 (1982), assigned to Imperial Chemical Industries.

    Google Scholar 

  146. M.A. Kuck, US Patent 3,987,118 (1976), assigned to Stauffer Chem. Co.

    Google Scholar 

  147. R. Hardman and I.M. Clegg, Eur. Patent 667,845 (1998), assigned to EVC Technology AG.

    Google Scholar 

  148. I.M. Clegg and R. Hardman, Eur. Patent 667,846 (1998), assigned to EVC Technology AG.

    Google Scholar 

  149. I.M. Clegg and R. Hardman, Eur. Patent 667,847 (1998), assigned to EVC Technology AG.

    Google Scholar 

  150. M.A. Toft, J.F. Brazdil and L.C. Glaeser, US Patent 4,784,979 (1988), assigned to The Standard Oil Co.

    Google Scholar 

  151. J.P. Bartek and A.T. Guttmann, US Patent 4,797,381 (1989), assigned to The Standard Oil. Co.

    Google Scholar 

  152. L.C. Glaeser, J.F. Brazdil and M.A. Toft, US Patent 4,837,191 (1989), assigned to The Standard Oil Co.

    Google Scholar 

  153. M.J. Seely, M.S. Friedrich and D.D. Suresh, US Patent 4,978,764 (1990), assigned to The Standard Oil Co.

    Google Scholar 

  154. C.S. Lynch, L.C. Glaeser, J.F. Bradzil and M.A. Toft, US Patent 5,094,989 (1992), assigned to The Standard Oil Co.

    Google Scholar 

  155. D.D. Suresh, M.J. Seeley, J.R. Nappier and M.S. Friedrich, US Patent 5,171,876 (1992), assigned to The Standard Oil Co.

    Google Scholar 

  156. J.F. Brazdil, L.C. Glaeser and M.A. Toft, US Patent 5,079,207 (1992), assigned to The Standard Oil Co.

    Google Scholar 

  157. J.P. Bartek, A.M. Ebner and J.R. Brazdil, US Patent 5,198,580 (1993), assigned to The Standard Oil Co.

    Google Scholar 

  158. J.F. Brazdil and F.A.P. Cavalcanti, US Patent 5,576,469 (1996), assigned to The Standard Oil Co.; US Patent 5, 498, 588 (1996).

    Google Scholar 

  159. M Hatano and A. Kayo, Eur. Patent 318,295 (1988), assigned to Mitsubishi Kasei Co.

    Google Scholar 

  160. T. Ushikubo, K. Oshima, T. Umezawa and K. Kiyono, Eur. Patent 512,846 (1992), assigned to Mitsubishi Kasei Co.

    Google Scholar 

  161. T. Ushikubo, K. Oshima, A. Kayo, T. Umezawa, K. Kiyono and I. Sawaki, Eur. Patent 529,853 (1992), assigned to Mitsubishi Chemical Co.

    Google Scholar 

  162. K. Hamada and S. Komada, US Patent 5,907,052 (1999), assigned to Asahi Kasei Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha.

    Google Scholar 

  163. S. Albonetti, G. Blanchard, P. Burattin, F. Cavani and F. Trifirô, Eur. Patent 723,934 (1996), assigned to Rhodia.

    Google Scholar 

  164. S. Albonetti, G. Blanchard, P. Burattin, F. Cavani and F. Trifirà, Eur. Patent 932,662 (1997), assigned to Rhodia.

    Google Scholar 

  165. G. Blanchard, P. Burattin, F. Cavani, S. Masetti and F. Trifirà, WO Patent 97/23,287 Al (1997), assigned to Rhodia.

    Google Scholar 

  166. Y. Mimura, K. Ohyachi and I. Matsuura, in Science and Technology in Catalysis 1998, Kodansha, Tokyo, 1999, p. 69.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  167. M. Bowker, P. Kerwin and H.-D. Eichhorn, UK Patent 2,302,291 (1997), assigned to BASF.

    Google Scholar 

  168. S. Albonetti, G. Blanchard, P. Burattin, T.J. Cassidy, S. Masetti and F. Trifirà, Catal. Lett., 45 (1997) 119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  169. S. Albonetti, G. Blanchard, P. Burattin, F. Cavani, S. Masetti and F. Trifirà, Catal. Today, 42 (1998) 283.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. G. Centi and S. Perathoner, Catal. Rev-Sci. Eng., 40 (1998) 175.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. F. Cavani, and F. Trifirô

    Google Scholar 

  172. F.J. Berry, M.E. Brett and W.R. Patterson, J. Chem. Soc. Dalton, (1983) 9 and 13.

    Google Scholar 

  173. R.G. Teller, M.R. Antonio, J.F. Brazdil and R.K. Grasselli, J. Solid State Chem., 64 (1986) 249.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. T. Birchall and A.E. Sleight, Inorg. Chem., 15 (1976) 868.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. G. Centi and F. Trifirô, Catal. Rev.-Sci. Eng., 28 (1986) 165.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. S. Hansen, K. Stahl, R. Nilsson and A. Andersson, J. Solid State Chem., 102 (1993) 340.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. F.J. Berry, M.E. Brett and W.R. Patterson, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Comm., (1982) 695.

    Google Scholar 

  178. A. Landa-Canovas, J. Nilsson, S. Hansen, K. Stahl, A. Andersson, J. Solid State Chem., 116 (1995) 369.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  179. G. Centi and S. Perathoner, Stud.. Surf. Sci. Catal., 91 (1995) 59.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. G. Centi and P. Mazzoli, Catal. Today, 28 (1996) 351.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. F.J. Berry, M.E. Brett, R.A. Marbrow and W.R. Patterson, J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans., (1984) 985.

    Google Scholar 

  182. F.J. Berry, J.G. Holden and M.H. Loretto, J. Chem. Soc., Farady Trans. I, 83 (1987) 615.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. F.J. Berry, J.G. Holden and M.H. Loretto, Solid State Comm, 59 (1986) 397

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. M.D. Allen and M. Bowker, Catal. Lett., 33 (1995) 269.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Z. Magagula and E. van Steen, Catal Today, 49 (1999) 155.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. M. Bowker, C.R. Bricknell and P. Kerwin, Appl. Catal., A: General, 136 (1996) 205. 186 S. Poulston, N.J. Price, C. Weeks, M.A. Allen, P. Parlett, M. Steinberg and M. Bowker, J. Catal., 178 (1998) 658.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  187. C.A. Cody, L. DiCarlo and R.K. Darlington, Inorg. Chem., 18 (6) (1979) 1572.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. F. Sala and F. Trifirô, J. Catal., 34 (1974) 68.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. M. Carbucicchio, G. Centi and F. Trifirô, J. Catal., 91 (1985) 85.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. A.T. Guttmann, R.K. Grasselli and J.F. Brazdil, US Patent 4,788,317 (1988), assigned to The Standard Oil Co.

    Google Scholar 

  191. G Blanchard and G. Ferre, US Patent 5,336,804 (1994), assigned to Rhodia.

    Google Scholar 

  192. R. Nilsson, T. Linblad and A. Andersson, J. Catal., 148 (1994) 501.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. G. Centi, S. Perathoner and F. Trifirô, Appl. Catal., A: General, 157 (1997) 143.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. V.D. Sokolovskii, A.A. Davydov and O.Yu. Ovsitser, Catal. Rev.-Sci. Eng., 37 (3) (1995) 425.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Z.G. Osipova and V.D. Sokolovskii, Kinet. Katal., 20 (1979) 910.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Y. Sasaki, H. utsumi, K. Miyaki, US Patent 5,139,988 (1992), assigned to Nitto Chem. Ind. Co.

    Google Scholar 

  197. R.H. Kahney, T.D. McMinn, US Patent 4,000,178 (1975), assigned to Monsanto Co.

    Google Scholar 

  198. S. Albonetti, G. Blanchard, P. Burattin, S. Masetti, F. Trifirô, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 110 (1997) 403.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. 199J.S. Kim and S.I. Woo, Appl. Catal., A: General, 110 (1994) 207.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. K. Oshihara, T. Hisano and W. Ueda, Topics Catal., 15 (2) (2001) 153.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. W. Ueda and K. Oshihara, Appl. Catal. A: General, 200 (2000) 135.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. R.K. Grasselli, J.D. Burrington, D.J. Buttrey, P. DeSanto, C.G. Lugmair and A.F. Volpe, Symposium on Multifunctionality of Active Centers in Oxidation Catalysts and their Detection, Irsee, Germany, june 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  203. S.A. Holmes, J. Al-Saeedi, V.V. Guliants, P. Boolchand, D. Georgiev, U. Hackler and E. Sobkow, Catal. Today, 67 (2001) 403.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. T. Ushikubo, K. Oshima, A. Kayo, T. Umezawa, K. Kiyono, I. Sawaki and H. Nakamura, US Patent 5,472,925 (1995) assigned to Mitsubishi Chemical Co.

    Google Scholar 

  205. M. Vaarkamp and T. Ushikubo, Appl. Catal., A: General, 174 (1998) 99.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. T. Ushikubo, K. Oshima, A. Kayou, M. Vaarkamp and M. Hatano, J. Catal., 169 (1997) 394.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. T. Ushikubo, K. Oshima, T. Numazawa, M. Vaarkamp and I. Sawaki, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 121 (1998) 339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  208. T. Ihara, A. Kayou, H. Kameo, H. Nakamura and C.J. Guo, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 121 (1998) 347.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  209. T. Ushikubo, H. Nakamura, Y. Koyasu and S. Wajiki, Eur. Patent 608, 838 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  210. T. Ushikubo, K. Oshima, A. Kayou and M Hatano, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal, 112 (1997) 473.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. T. Ushikubo, K. Oshima, T. Ihara and H. Amatsu, US Patent 5,534,650 (1996), assigned to Mitsubishi chemical Co.

    Google Scholar 

  212. T. Ushikubo, Y. Koyasu and H. Nakamura, Eur. Patent 767, 164 (1996).

    Google Scholar 

  213. R. Ramachandran, D.L. Maclean and D.P. Satchell, US Patent 4,849,538 (1989), assigned to The BOC Group.

    Google Scholar 

  214. R. Ramachandran and L. Dao, Eur. Patent 646,558 (1994), assigned to The BOC Group.

    Google Scholar 

  215. J.C. Bart and N. Giordano, J. Catal., 64 (1980) 356.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. M. Baerns, O. Buyevskaya, Catal. Today, 45 (1998) 13.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  217. M. Baerns, O. Buyevskaya, Erdoel Erdgas Kohle, 116 (2000) 25.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. S. Khoobiar and R.V. Porcelli, Eur. Patent 117,146 (1984), assigned to The Halcon SD Group.

    Google Scholar 

  219. S. Khoobiar, US Patent 4,535,188 (1985), assigned to Halcon SD Gr.

    Google Scholar 

  220. W. Hefner, O. Machhammer, H.P. Neumann, A. Tenten and W. Ruppel, H. Vogel, US Patent 5,705,684 (1998), assigned to BASF Aktiengesellschaft.

    Google Scholar 

  221. J.L. Brockwell, B.K. Warren, M.A. Young, W.G. Etzkorn and J.M. Maher, WO Patent 9736489 (1997), assigned to Union Carbide Chem Plastic.

    Google Scholar 

  222. G. Centi and F. Trifirô, in Catalytic Science and Technology, Vol. 1, Kodansha, Tokyo, (1991) 225.

    Google Scholar 

  223. M. Takahashi, X. Tu, T. Hirose and M. Ishii, US Patent 5,994,580 (1999), assigned to Toagosei Co.

    Google Scholar 

  224. M. Lin and M.W. Linsen, Eur. Patent 962,253 (1999), assigned to Rohm and Haas Co.

    Google Scholar 

  225. G. Blanchard and G. Ferre, Eur. Patent 609,122 (1994), assigned to Rhodia.

    Google Scholar 

  226. A. Kaddouri and C. Mazzocehia and E. Tempesti, Appl. Catal., A:General, 180 (1999) 271.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  227. J. Barrault, C. Batiot, L. Magaud and M. Ganne, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal, 110 (1997) 375.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. M. Ai, Catal. Today, 42 (1998) 297.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  229. M. Ai, J. Molec. Catal., A: Chemical, 114 (1996) 3.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  230. M. Ai. Catal. Today, 13 (1992) 679.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. W. Li and W. Ueda, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 110 (1997) 433.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  232. W. Li, K. Oshihara and W. Ueda, Appl. Catal., A: General, 182 (1999) 357.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  233. J.E. Lyons, A.E. Volpe, P.E. Ellis and S. Karmakar, US Patent 5,990,348 (1999), assigned to Sunoco, Rohm and Haas Co.

    Google Scholar 

  234. M. Misono, N. Mizuno, K. Inumaru, G. Koyano and X.H. Lu, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 110 (1997) 35.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  235. N. Mizuno, W. Han and T. Kudo, J. Catal., 178 (1998) 391.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  236. R.V. Porcelli and B. Juran, Hydroc. Process., march 1986, p. 37.

    Google Scholar 

  237. W. Jentzsch, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Eng., 29 (1990) 1228.

    Google Scholar 

  238. S. Khoobiar, US Patent 4,532,365 (1985), assigned to Halcon SD Gr.

    Google Scholar 

  239. N. Mizuno, M. Tateishi and M. Iwamoto, Appl. Catal., A: General, 118 (1994) Ll.

    Google Scholar 

  240. S. Yamamatsu and T. Yamaguchi, Eur. Patent 425,666 (1989), assigned to Asahi Chem. Co.; Jap Patent 02, 042, 032 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  241. B. Ernst, T. Haeberle, H.J. Siegert and W. Gruber, DE Patent 42 40 085 Al (1994), assigned to Röhm GmbH Chemische Fabrik. US Patent 5,380,932 (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  242. I. Matsuura and Y. Aoki, Jap. Patent 05,331,085 (1996), assigned to Nippon Catalytic Chem. Ind., CA 121: 107989 (1996).

    Google Scholar 

  243. K. Nagai, Y. Nagaoka, H. Sato and M. Ohsu, Eur. Patent 418,657 (1990), assigned to Sumitomo Chem. Co.

    Google Scholar 

  244. K. Nagai, Y. Nagaoka and N. Ishii, EP 495,504 A2 (1992), assigned to Sumitomo Chem. Co.

    Google Scholar 

  245. T. Kuroda and M. Okita, Jap. Patent 04-128,247 (1991), assigned to Mitsubishi Rayon Co.

    Google Scholar 

  246. S. Paul, V. Le Courtois and D. Vanhove, Ind. Eng. Chem., Research, 36 (1997) 3391.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  247. F. Cavani, A. Lucchi, A. Tanguy and F. Trifirà, DGMK-Conference C4 Chemistry-Manufacture and Use of C4 Hydrocarbons, W. Keim, B. Lücke, J. Weitkamp (Eds.), Tagungsbericht 9705 Hamburg 1997, p. 173.

    Google Scholar 

  248. W. Li, W. Ueda, Catal. Lett., 46 (1997) 261.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  249. M. Langpape, J.M.M. Millet, U.S. Ozkan and M. Boudeulle, J. Catal., 181 (1999) 80.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  250. M. Langpape, J.M.M. Millet, U.S. Ozkan and P. Delichère, J. Catal., 182 (1999) 148.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  251. J.B. Moffat, Appl. Catal., A: General, 146 (1996) 65.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  252. S. Yamamatsu and T. Yamaguchi, US Patent 5,191,116 (1993) assigned to Asahi Kasei Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha.

    Google Scholar 

  253. F. Cavani, 4ème Conférence sur la Catalyse "Paul Sabbatier", Twelfth European Conference on Catalysis, 5-9 luglio 1999, Strasbourg, Francia, Abstracts p. 22.

    Google Scholar 

  254. F. Cavani, A. Tanguy, F. Trifirà and M. Koutyrev, J. Catal., 174 (1998) 231.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  255. T. Ushikubo, Jap. Patent 06,172,250 (1992), assigned to Mitsubishi Chem. Ind.

    Google Scholar 

  256. Jap. Patent 09,020,700 (1995), assigned to Sumitomo Chem.

    Google Scholar 

  257. K. Kawakami, S. Yamamastu and T Yamaguchi, Jap. Patent 03,176,438 (1991), assigned to Asahi Chem. Ind. Co.

    Google Scholar 

  258. H. Imai, M. Nakatsuka and A. Aoshima, Jap. Patent 62,132,832 (1987), assigned to Asahi Chem. Ind. Co.

    Google Scholar 

  259. Y. Iwasawa, K. Asakura and T. Inoue, US Patent 5,864,051 (1999), assigned to UOP.

    Google Scholar 

  260. I. Matsuura, H. Oda and K. Oshida, Catal. Today, 16 (1993) 547.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  261. I. Matsuura and Y. Aoki, US Patent 5,329,043 (1994), assigned to Nippon Shokubai Co.

    Google Scholar 

  262. F. Cavani and F. Trifirà, Appl. Catal. A: General, 157 (1997) 195.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  263. R.M. Contractor, US Patent 4,668,802 (1987), assigned to DuPont.

    Google Scholar 

  264. R.M. Contractor, in Circulating Fluidized bed Technology III, ( P. Basu, M. Horio and M. Hasatani, Eds.), Pergamon, Toronto (1990), p. 39.

    Google Scholar 

  265. S.C. Arnold, G.D. Suciu, L. Verde and A. Neri, Hydroc. Process., 64 (9) (1985) 123

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  266. G.D. Suciu, G. Stefani and C. Fumagalli, US Patent 4,511,670 (1985), assigned to Lummus Crest Inc. and Alusuisse Italia SpA.

    Google Scholar 

  267. G.D. Suciu, G. Stefani and C. Fumagalli, US Patent 4,594,433 (1986), assigned to Lummus Crest Inc. and Alusuisse Italia SpA.

    Google Scholar 

  268. H. Taheri, US Patent 5,117,007 (1992), assigned to Amoco Co.

    Google Scholar 

  269. M.S. Haddad, B.L. Meyers and W.S. Eryman, US Patent 4,996,179 (1991), assigned to Amoco Co.

    Google Scholar 

  270. M.S. Haddad and W.S. Eryman, US Patent 5,134,106 (1992), assigned to Amoco Co.

    Google Scholar 

  271. H. Taheri, US Patent 5,011,945 (1991), assigned to Amoco Co.

    Google Scholar 

  272. Chem. Eng. News, november 4th (1991) 34

    Google Scholar 

  273. N.J. Bremer, D.E. Dria and A.M. Weber, US Patent 4,448,893 (1984), assigned to Standard Oil Co.

    Google Scholar 

  274. B.J. Barone, US Patent 5,158,923 (1992), assigned to Scientific Design Co. Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  275. S. Ushio, Chem. Eng., 20 (1971) 107.

    Google Scholar 

  276. M. Hatano, M. Masayoshi, K. Shima and M. Ito, US Patent 5,128,299 (1992), assigned to Mitsubishi Kasei Co.

    Google Scholar 

  277. T. Kiyoura, J. Takashi, Y. Kogure and K. Kanaya, Eur. Patent 384,749 (1990), assigned to Mitsui Toatsu Chem. Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  278. J. Takashi, T. Kiyoura, Y. Kogure and K. Kanaya, US Patent 5,155,235 (1992), assigned to Mitsui Toatsu Chem. Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  279. M.J. Mummey, Eur. Patent 326,536 81989), assigned to Monsanto Co.

    Google Scholar 

  280. J.R. Ebner and W.J. Andrews, US Patent 5,137,860 (1992), assigned to Monsanto Co.

    Google Scholar 

  281. J.R. Ebner and R.A. Koppel, US Patent 5,168,090 (1992), assigned to Monsanto Co.

    Google Scholar 

  282. G.K. Kwentus and M. Suda, US Patent 4,501,907 (1985), assigned to Monsanto Co.

    Google Scholar 

  283. F. Cavani and F. Trifirà, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 91 (1995) 1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  284. F. Cavani and F. Trifirô, Chemtech, 24 (1994) 18.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  285. G. Centi, F. Trifirô, J.R. Ebner and V. Franchetti, Chem. Rev., 88 (1988) 55.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  286. G. Hutchings, Appl. Catal., 72 (1991) 1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  287. Catal. Today, Special Issue on Vanadyl Pyrophosphate, G. Centi (Ed.), 16 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  288. M. Abon and J.-C. Volta, Appl. Catal., 157 (1997) 173.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  289. G.J. Hutchings, C.J. Kiely, M.T. Sananes-Schulz, A. Burrows, J.C. Volta, Catal. Today, 40 (1998) 273.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  290. S. Albonetti, F. Cavani, F. Trifirô, P. Venturoli, G. Calestani, M. Lopez Granados and J.L.G. Fierro, J. Catal., 160 (1996) 52.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  291. V.V. Guliants, J.B. Benziger, S. Sundaresan, I.E. Wachs, J.-M. Jehng and J.E. Roberts, Catal. Today, 28 (1996) 275.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  292. V.V. Guliants, J.B. Benziger, S. Sundaresan, N. Yao and I.E. Wachs, Catal. Lett., 32 (1995) 379.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  293. J.-C. Volta, Catal. Today, 32 (1996) 29.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  294. M. Abon, K.E. Bere, A. Tuel and P. Delichere, J. Catal., 156 (1995) 28.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  295. Y. Zhang, R.P.A. Sneeden and J.C. Volta, Catal. Today, 16 (1993) 39.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  296. M.T. Sananes-Schulz, F. Ben Abdelouahab, G.J. Hutchings and J.C. Volta, J. Catal., 163 (1996) 346.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  297. C.J. Kiely, A. Burrows, S. Sajip, G.J. Hutchings, M.T. Sananes, A. Tuel and J.-C. Volta, J. Catal., 162 (1996) 31.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  298. Y. Schuurman, J.T. Gleaves, J.R. Ebner and M.J. Mummey, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal.,, 82 (1994) 203.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  299. Y. Schuurman and J.T. Gleaves, Catal. Today, 33 (1997) 25.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  300. C. Cabello, F. Cavani, S. Ligi and F. Trifirô, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 119 (1998) 925.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  301. P.A. Agaskar, L. DeCaul and R.K. Grasselli, Catal. Lett., 23 (1994) 339.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  302. V.V. Guliants, J.B. Benziger and S. Sundaresan, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 101 (1996) 991.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  303. B. Kubias, F. Richter, H. Papp, A. Krepel and A. Kretschmer, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 110 (1997) 461.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  304. Z.Y. Xue and G.L. Schrader, J. Phys. Chem., B, 103 (1999) 9459.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  305. E.W. Arnold III and S. Sundaresan, Appl. Catal., 41 (1988) 225.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  306. G. Calestani, F. Cavani, A. Duran, G. Mazzoni, G. Stefani, F. Trifirà and P. Venturoli, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 92 (1995) 179.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  307. J.R. Ebner and M.R. Thompson, Catal. Today, 16 (1993) 51.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  308. F. Cavani, G. Centi, A. Riva and F. Trifirà, Catal. Today, 1 (1987) 17.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  309. F. Cavani, G. Centi, F. Trifirô and R.K. Grasselli, Catal. Today, 3 (1988) 185.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  310. J. Haber, R. Tokarz and M. Witko, in Heterogeneous Hydrocarbon Oxidation, B.K. Warren and S.T. Oyama (Eds.), ACS Symp. Series 638, Washington, 1996, p. 249.

    Google Scholar 

  311. B. Kubias, U. Rodemerck, H.-W. Zanthoff and M. Meisel, Catal. Today, 32 (1996) 243.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  312. F. Cavani, A. Colombo, F. Giuntoli, E. Gobbi, F. Trifirà and P. Vazquez, Catal. Today, 32 (1996) 125.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  313. G. Mazzoni, G. Stefani and F. Cavani, Eur. Patent 804,963 Al (1997), assigned to Lonza SpA.

    Google Scholar 

  314. N. Duvauchelle, E. Kesteman, F. Oudet and E. Bordes, J. Solid State Chem., 137 (1998) 311.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  315. N. Duvauchelle and E. Bordes, Catal Lett., 57 (1999) 81.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  316. K. Alt-Lachgar, M. Abon and J.C. Volta, J. Catal., 171 (1997) 383.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  317. K. Alt-Lachgar, A. Tuel, J.M. Herrmann, J.M. Krafft, J.R. Martin, J.C. Volta and M. Abon, J. Catal., 177 (1998) 224.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  318. P.T. Nguyen, A.W. Sleight, N. Roberts, W.W. Warren, J. Solid state Chem., 122 (1996) 259.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  319. P.L. Gai and K. Kourtakis, Science, 267 (1995) 661.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  320. F. Cavani, S. Ligi, T. Monti, F. Pierelli, F. Trifirà, S. Albonetti and G. Mazzoni, Catal. Today, 61 (2000) 203.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  321. S. Ligi, F. Cavani, S. Albonetti, G. Mazzoni, WO 0072963 (2000), assigned to Lonza SpA.

    Google Scholar 

  322. S. Albonetti, F. Cavani, S. Ligi, F. Pierelli, F. Trifirà, F. Ghelfi and G. Mazzoni, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 143 (2002) 963.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  323. D.E. Resasco and G.L. Haller, in Catalysis Vol. 11, Royal Society of Chemitry, Cambridge, (1994), p. 379.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  324. A.D. Eastman, J.P. Guillory, C.F. Cook and J.B. Kimble, US Patent 4,835,127 (1989), assigned to Phillips Petroleum Co.

    Google Scholar 

  325. H. Mimoun, A. Robine, S. Bonnault and C.S. Cameron, Appl. Catal., 58 (1990) 269.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  326. J.H. Edwards, K.T. Do and R.J. Tyler, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 61 (1991) 489.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  327. R. Burch, S. Chalker and S.J. Hibble, Appl. Catal. A: General, 96 (1993) 289.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  328. R.L. Keiski, O. Desponds, Y.F. Chang and G.A. Somorjai, Appl. Catal A: General, 101 (1993) 317.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  329. S.J. Conway, D.J. Wang and J.H. Lunsford, Appl. Catal. A: General, 79 (1991) L1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  330. O.V. Buyevskaya and M.Baerns, Catal. Today, 42 (1998) 315.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  331. V.R. Choudary and V.H. Rane, J. Catal., 135 (1992) 310.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  332. S.T. Oyama and G.A. Somorjai, J. Phys. Chem., 94 (1990) 5022.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  333. J. Le Bars, A. Auroux, J.C. Vedrine and M. Baerns, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 72 (1992) 181

    Article  Google Scholar 

  334. S. Bordoni, F. Castellani, F. Cavani, F. Trifirà and M.P. Kulkarni, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 82 (1994) 93.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  335. Y. Murakami, K. Otsuka, Y. Wada and A. Morikawa, Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan, 63 (1990) 340.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  336. O.J. Velle, A. Anderson and K.J. Jens, Catal. Today, 6 (1990) 567.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  337. M. Loukah, G. Coudurier and J. Vedrine, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 72 (1992) 191.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  338. J. Le Bars, A. Auroux, S. Trautmann, M. Baerns, in Proceedings DGMK Conference on Selective Oxidation in Petrochemistry, DGMK, Hamburg, 1992, p. 59.

    Google Scholar 

  339. G. Colorio, J.C. Vedrine, A. Auroux and B. Bonnetot, Appl. Catal., A: General, 137 (1996) 55.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  340. L. Ji and J. Liu, Chem. Comm., (1996) 1203.

    Google Scholar 

  341. V.R. Choudhary, B.S. Uphade and S.A.R. Mulla, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Eng., 34 (1996) 665.

    Google Scholar 

  342. S.S. Bharadwaj and L.D. Schmidt, J. Catal., 155 (1995) 403.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  343. P.M. Michalakos, M.C. Kung, I Jahan and H.H. Kung, J. Catal., 140 (1993) 226.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  344. S.S. Bharadwaj, C. Yokoyama and L.D. Schmidt, Appl. Catal., A: General, 140 (1996) 73.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  345. A. Corma, J. Lopez Nieto, N. Paredes, M. Perez, Y. Shen, H. Cao and S.L. Suib, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 72 (1992) 213.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  346. A. Corma, J.M. Lopez Nieto, N. Paredes, A. Dejoz and I. Vazquez, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 82 (1994) 113.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  347. P. Conception, J.M. Lopez Nieto and J. Perez Pariente, Catal. Lett., 19 (1993) 333

    Article  Google Scholar 

  348. J.G. Eon, R. Olier and J.C. Volta, J. Catal., 145 (1994) 318.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  349. R.H.H. Smits, K. Seshan, H. Leemreize and J.R.H. Ross, Catal. Today, 16 (1993) 513.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  350. R.H.H. Smits, K. Seshan and J.R.H. Ross, in Catalytic Selective Oxidation, S.T. Oyama and J.W. Hightower (Eds.), ACS Symp. Series 523 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  351. R.H.H. Smits, K. Seshan and J.R.H. Ross, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Comm., (1991) 558.

    Google Scholar 

  352. O.S. Owen and H.H. Kung, J. Molec. Catal., 79 (1993) 265.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  353. M.C. Kung and H.H. Kung, J. Catal., 134 (1992) 668.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  354. M.D. Chaar, D. Patel, M.C. Kung and H.H. Kung, J. Catal., 105 (1987) 483.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  355. K.T. Nguyen and H.H. Kung, J. Catal., 122 (1990) 415.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  356. D.S.H. Sam, V. Soenen and J.C. Volta, J. Catal, 123 (1990) 417.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  357. X. Gao, P. Ruiz, Q. Xin, X. Guo and B. Delmon, Catal. Lett., 23 (1994) 321.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  358. A. Bruckner, P. Rybarczyk, H. Kosslick, G.-U. Wolf and M. Baerns, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 142 (2002) 1141.

    Google Scholar 

  359. 359G. Centi, S. Perathoner, F. Trifirb, A. Aboukais, F.C. Aissi and M. Guelton, J. Phys. Chem., 96 (1992) 2617.

    Google Scholar 

  360. C. Mazzocchia, C. Aboumrad, C. Daigne, E. Tempesti, J.M. Herrmann and G. Thomas, Catal. Lett., 10 (1991) 181.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  361. B. Khazai, G.E. Vrieland and C.B. Murchison, Eur. Patent 409,355 Al (1991), assigned to Dow Chem. Co.

    Google Scholar 

  362. Y. Takita, K. Yamashita and K. Moritaka, Chem. Lett., (1989) 1903.

    Google Scholar 

  363. E. Matsunami and N. Kishimoto, Eur. Patent 963,788 (1999), assigned to Nippon Catalytic Chem. Ind.

    Google Scholar 

  364. R.X. Valenzuela, J.L.G. Fierro, V. Cortés Corberan and E.A. Mamedov, Catal. Lett., 40 (1996) 223.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  365. J.N. Michaels, D.L. Stern and R.K. Grasselli, Catal. Lett., 42 (1996) 135 and 139.

    Google Scholar 

  366. D.L. Stern, J.N. Michaels, L. DeCaul and R.K. Grasselli, Appl. Catal., A: General, 153 (1997) 21.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  367. D.L. Stern and R.K. Grasselli, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 110 (1997) 357.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  368. J. Soler, J.M.Lopez Nieto, J. Herguido, M. Menendez and J. Santamaria, Ind. Eng. Chem., Research 38 (1999) 90.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  369. J.M. Lopez Nieto, J. Soler, J. Herguido, M. Menendez and J. Santamaria, J. Catal., 185 (1999) 324.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  370. T. Imai, US Patent 4,435,607 (1984), assigned to UOP.

    Google Scholar 

  371. T. Imai and R.J. Schmidt, US Patent 4,886,928 (1989), assigned to UOP.

    Google Scholar 

  372. R.R. Herber and G.J. Thompson, US Patent 4,806,624 (1989), assigned to UOP.

    Google Scholar 

  373. L.E. Drehman and D.W. Walker, US Patent 3,670,044 81972), assigned to Phillips Petroleum Co.

    Google Scholar 

  374. T. Imai and D.Y. Jan, US Patent 4,788,371 (1988), assigned to UOP.

    Google Scholar 

  375. J.G. Tsikoyiannis, D.L. Stern and R.K. Grasselli, J. Catal., 184 (1999) 77.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  376. P.A. Agaskar, R.K. Grasselli, J.N. Michaels, P.T. Reischman, D.L. Stern and J.G. Tsikoyiannis, US Patent 5,530,171 (1996), assigned to Mobil Oil Co.

    Google Scholar 

  377. P.A. Agaskar, J.G. Tsikoyiannis, D.L. Stern, R.K. Grasselli, J.N. Michaels and P.T. Reischman, and, US Patent 5,563,314 (1996), assigned to Mobil Oil Co.

    Google Scholar 

  378. V.R. Choudary, V.H. Rane and A.M. Rajput, AIChE J., 44 (1998) 2293.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  379. V.R. Choudary and S.A.R. Mulla, Ind. Eng. Chem., Research, 36 (1997) 3520.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  380. F. Cavani, M. Koutyrev and F. Trifirà Catal. Today, 28 (1996) 319.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  381. Y. Takita, K. Kurosaki, Y. Mizuhara, and T. Ishihara, Chem Lett. (1993), 335.

    Google Scholar 

  382. M.A. Uddin, T. Komatsu and T. Yashima, J. Catal., 150 (1994) 441.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  383. W. Zhang, D.L. Tang, X.P. Zhou, H.L. Wan and K.R. Tsai, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. (1994) 771.

    Google Scholar 

  384. F. Cavani, C. Comuzzi, G. Dolcetti, R.G. Finke, A. Lucchi, F. Trifirô and A. Trovarelli, in Heterogeneous Hydrocarbon Oxidation, B.K. Warren and S.T. Oyama (Eds.), ACS Symp. Series 638, Washington, 1996, p. 140.

    Google Scholar 

  385. C. Comuzzi, A. Primavera, A. Trovarelli, G. Bini and F. Cavani, Topics in Catal., 9 (1999) 251.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  386. C. Comuzzi, G. Dolcetti, A. Trovarelli, F. Cavani, J. Llorca and R.G. Finke, Catal. Lett., 36 (1996) 75.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  387. F. Cavani, C. Comuzzi, G. Dolcetti, E. Etienne, R.G. Finke, G. Selleri, F. Trifirô and A. Trovarelli, J. Catal., 160 (1996) 317.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  388. O.V. Buyevskaya, M. Kubik and M. Baems, in Heterogeneous Hydrocarbon Oxidation, B.K. Warren and S.T. Oyama (Eds.), ACS Symp. Series 638, Washington (1996), p. 155.

    Google Scholar 

  389. K. Otsuka, Y. Uragami, T. Komatsu and M. Hatano, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 61 (1991) 15.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  390. R. Grabowski, B. Grzybowska, J. Sloczynski and K. Wcislo, Appl. Catal., A: General, 144 (1996) 33

    Article  Google Scholar 

Recent references

  1. J.M. Thomas, Topics Catal., 15 (2001) 85

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. R.K. Grasselli, Topics Catal., 15 (2001) 93

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. G. Emig and M.A. Liauw, Topics Catal., 21 (2002) 11

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. R. K. Grasselli, Topics Catal., 21 (2002) 79

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. M. Misono, Topics Catal., 21 (2002) 89

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. J.C. Vedrine, Topics Catal., 21 (2002) 97

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. L.M. Madeira, M.F. Portela, Catal. Rev.- Sci. Eng., 44 (2002) 247

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. J.M.M. Millet, H. Roussel, A. Pigamo, J.L. Dubois, J.C. Dumas, Appl. Catal., A: General, in press 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  9. M. Banares, Catal. Today, 51 (1999) 319

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2004 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Cavani, F., Trifirò, F. (2004). Partial Oxidation of C2 to C4 Paraffins. In: Baerns, M. (eds) Basic Principles in Applied Catalysis. Springer Series in Chemical Physics, vol 75. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05981-4_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05981-4_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-07310-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-05981-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics