Abstract
The Big Bang, a titanic explosion, took place some 12 billion years ago, spawning the enormity of the universe from a single point in space-time. Figure 9.1 shows the evolution of the universe. Dense interstellar clouds are the birth places of stars of all masses and their planetary systems. Interstellar molecules and dust become the building blocks for protostellar disks, from which planets, comets, asteroids, and other macroscopic bodies eventually form (Ehrenfreund and Charnley 2000a). It has been recognized that dust is ubiquitous in the Galaxy. The presence of dust is most obvious in dark clouds, in which dust absorbs and scatters the light of background stars so that the dust clouds are revealed by the apparent absence of such stars. Figure 9.2 displays the well-known horsehead nebula, part of a much larger dust cloud. Starlight illuminates the nebula’s background, causing hydrogen there to fluoresce. Thus, the “head” is silhouetted.
Evolution of the universe
The horsehead nebula
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Hiraoka, K. (2004). Production of Interstellar Molecules and Amorphous Semiconductors by Atom Tunneling Reaction. In: Miyazaki, T. (eds) Atom Tunneling Phenomena in Physics, Chemistry and Biology. Springer Series on Atomic, Optical, and Plasma Physics, vol 36. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05900-5_9
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