Skip to main content

Band Engineering of the Polarization and Gain Properties in VCSELs

  • Chapter
Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser Devices

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Photonics ((PHOTONICS,volume 6))

Abstract

Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) are promising for use in optical communication, optical interconnection, optical parallel processing, etc. However, in contrast to edge-emitting lasers, VCSELs have two linear orthogonal polarization states that can share the output power [1]. When the polarization direction changes with an increasing injection current, a large partitioning noise is produced [2]. Thus, it is vital to control the polarization to enable use of VCSELs in polarization-sensitive systems and high-speed data transmission systems with low bit-error rates.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. K. D. Choquette, R. P. Schneider, Jr., K. L. Lear, R. E. Leibenguth: IEEE J. Select. Topics in Quantum Electron. 1, 661–666 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. D. V. Kuksenkov, H. Temkin, S. Swirhun: Appl. Phys. Lett. 67, 2141–2143 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  3. M. Shimizu, T. Mukaihara, F. Koyama, K. Iga: Electron. Lett. 27, 1067–1069 (1991)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. K. D. Choquette, R. E. Leibenguth: IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 6, 40–42 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. T. Yoshikawa, H. Kosaka, K. Kurihara, M. Kajita, Y. Sugimoto, K. Kasahara: Appl. Phys. Lett. 66, 908910 (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  6. H. Y. Chu, B.-S. Yoo, M. S. Park, H. -H. Park: IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 9, 1066–1068 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. T. Yoshikawa, T. Kawakami, H. Saito, H. Kosaka, M. Kajita, K. Kurihara, Y. Sugimoto, K. Kasahara: IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 34, 10091015 (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  8. K. -H. Ha, Y. -H. Lee, H. -K. Shin, K.-H. Lee, S.-M. Whang: Electron. Lett. 34, 1401–1402 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. T. Mukaihara, N. Ohnoki, Y. Hayashi, N. Hatori, F. Koyama, K. Iga: IEEE J. Select. Topics in Quantum Electron. 1, 667–673 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. T. Mukaihara, F. Koyama, K. Iga: IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 5, 133135 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  11. T. Ohtoshi, T. Kuroda, A. Niwa, S. Tsuji: Appl. Phys. Lett. 65, 1886–1887 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. A. Niwa, T. Ohtoshi, T. Kuroda: IEEE J. Select. Topics in Quantum Electron. 1, 211–217 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. J. M. Luttinger, W. Kohn: Phys. Rev. 97, 869–883 (1955)

    Article  ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  14. S. L. Chuang: Phys. Rev. B, 43, 9649–9661 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  15. J. M. Hinckley, J. Singh: Phys. Rev. B 42, 3546–3566 (1990)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  16. R. H. Henderson, E. Towe: J. Appl. Phys. 78, 2447–2455 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  17. M. Yamada: IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 19, 1365–1380 (1983)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  18. M. Asada, Y. Suematsu: IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 21, 434–442 (1985)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  19. M. Yamanishi, Y. Lee: IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 23, 367–370 (1987)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  20. T. Ohtoshi, M. Yamanishi: IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 27, 46–53 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  21. T. Ohtoshi, A. Niwa, T. Kuroda: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 35, L1566–L1568 (1996)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  22. T. Ohtoshi, A. Niwa, T. Kuroda: J. Appl. Phys. 82, 1518–1520 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  23. S. Nakamura, G. Fasol: The Blue Laser Diode ( Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1997 )

    Google Scholar 

  24. G. L. Bir, G.E. Pikus: Symmetry and Strain-Induced Effects in Semiconductors, Chap. 5 ( Wiley, New York, 1974 )

    Google Scholar 

  25. M. Suzuki, T. Uenoyama, A. Yanase: Phys. Rev. B 52, 8132–8139 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  26. A. Niwa, T. Ohtoshi, T. Kuroda: Appl. Phys. Lett. 70, 2159–2161 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. S. Chichibu, A. Shikanai, T. Azuhara, T. Sota, A. Kuramata, K. Horino, S. Nakamura: Appl. Phys. Lett. 68, 3766–3768 (1996)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  28. R. Dingle, D.D. Sell, S.E. Stokowski, M. Ilegems: Phys. Rev. B 4, 1211–1218 (1971)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  29. V.A. Savastenko, A.U. Sheleg: Phys. Status Solidi (a) 48, K135–K139 (1978)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  30. T. Ohtoshi, A. Niwa, T. Kuroda: IEEE J. Select. Topics in Quantum Electron. 4, 527–530 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. C. Y. Chao, S. L. Chuang: Phys. Rev. B 46, 4110–4122 (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  32. S. L. Chuang: Physics of Optoelectronic Devices, Chap. 4 ( Wiley, New York, 1995 )

    Google Scholar 

  33. M. Suzuki, T. Uenoyama: Appl. Phys. Lett. 69, 3378–3380 (1996)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  34. R. M. Martin: Phys. Rev. B 6, 4546–4553 (1972)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  35. G. R. Flores, H. N. Contreras, A. L. Martinez, R. C. Powell, J. E. Greene: Phys. Rev. B 50, 8433–8438 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  36. T. Hayakawa, M. Kondow, T. Suyama, K. Takahashi, S. Yamamoto, T. Hijikata: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 26, L302 (1987)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  37. T. Hayakawa, T. Suyama, K. Takahashi, M. Kondow, S. Yamamoto, T. Hijikata: Appl. Phys. Lett. 52, 339–341 (1988)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  38. T. Hayakawa, T. Suyama, K. Takahashi, M. Kondow, S. Yamamoto, T. Hijikata: J. Appl. Phys. 64, 297–302 (1988)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  39. W. Batty, U. Ekenberg, A. Ghiti, E.P. O’Reilly: Semicond. Sci. Technol. 4, 904–909 (1989)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  40. T. Takahashi, J.N. Schulman, Y. Arakawa: Appl. Phys. Lett. 58, 881–883 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  41. J. -B. Xia: Phys. Rev. B 43, 9856–9864 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  42. T. Many: Superlattices and Microstructures 11, 31–40 (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  43. K. Iga, H. Soda, T. Terakado, S. Shimizu: Trans. IECE of Japan E 68, 9197 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  44. M. Shimizu, F. Koyama, K. Iga: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 27, 1774–1775 (1988)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  45. J. Martin-Reonald, F. Prati, M.S. Miguel, N.B. Abraham: IEEE J. Quantum. Electron. 33, 765–783 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  46. C.J. Chang-Hasnain, J.P. Harbison, G. Hasnain, A.C. Von Lehmen, L.T. Florez, N.G. Stoffel: IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 27, 1402–1409 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  47. T. Mukaihara, N. Hayashi, N. Hatori, F. Koyama, K. Iga: IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 7, 1113–1115 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  48. A. Chavez-Pirson, H. Ando, H. Saito, H. Kanbe: Appl. Phys. Lett. 62, 3082– 3084 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  49. N. Hatori, T. Mukaihara, Y. Hayashi, N. Ohnoki, F. Koyama, K. Iga: Ext. Abstr. Int. Conf. Solid State Devices and Materials 1995 ( Business Center for Academic Societies Japan, Tokyo, 1995 ) p. 794

    Google Scholar 

  50. H. Saito, K. Nishi, S. Sugou, Y. Sugimoto: Ext. Abstr. (44th Spring Meet, 1997); Japan Society of Applied Physics and Related Societies, 30a-NG-4

    Google Scholar 

  51. T. Numai, K. Kurihara, K. Kuhn, H. Kosaka, I. Ogura, M. Kajita, H. Saito, K. Kasahara: IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 31, 636–642 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  52. D. Sun, E. Towe, P.H. Ostdiek, J.W. Grantham, G.J. Vansuch: IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron. 1, 674–680 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. M. Takahashi, P. Vaccaro, K. Fujita, T. Watanabe, T. Mukaihara, F. Koyama, K. Iga: IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 8, 737–739 (1996)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  54. Y. Kaneko, S. Nakagawa, T. Takeuchi, D.E. Mars, N. Yamada, N. Mikoshiba, Electron. Lett. 31, 805–806 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  55. K. Tateno, Y. Ohiso, C. Amano, A. Wakatsuki, T. Kurokawa: Appl. Phys. Lett. 70, 3395–3397 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  56. A. Mizutani, N. Hatori, N. Nishiyama, F. Koyama, K. Iga: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 37, 1408–1412 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  57. K. Iga, F. Koyama, S. Kinosita: IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 24, 1845–1854 (1988)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  58. D. L. Huffaker, D. G. Deppe, K. Kumar, T.J. Rogers: Appl. Phys. Lett. 58, 97–99 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  59. D. L. Huffaker, J. Shin, D. G. Deppe: Electron. Lett. 30, 1946–1947 (1994)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Y. Hayashi, T. Mukaihara, N. Hatori, N. Ohnoki, A. Matsutani, F. Koyama, K. Iga: IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 7, 1234–1236 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  61. G. M. Yang, M. H. Macdougal, P. D. Dapkus: Electron. Lett. 31, 886–888 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. T.-H. Oh, D.L. Huffaker, D.G. Deppe: Appl. Phys. Lett. 69, 3152–3154 (1996)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  63. N. Nishiyama, A. Mizutani, N. Hatori, F. Koyama, K. Iga: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 37, L640–L642 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  64. Y. Kajikawa, M. Hata, T. Isu, Y. Katayama: Surf. Sci. 267, 501–504 (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  65. Y. Kajikawa, O. Brandt, K. Kanamoto, N. Tsukada: J. Cryst. Growth 150, 431–435 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  66. R. Nötzel, M. Notomi, H. Kamada, T. Furuta, T. Yanagawa, K.H. Ploog: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 33, 900–904 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  67. M. Takahashi, N. Egami, A, Mizutani, A. Matsutani, F. Koyama, K. Iga, T. Nakanishi, M. Nakayama: OSA TOPS (Trends in Optics and Photonics) 15, 3–9 (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  68. K. Tateno, Y. Ohiso, C. Amano, A. Wakatsuki, T. Kurokawa: Ext. Abstr. 1997 Optoelectron. and Communications Conf. (OECC ‘87) ( Seoul, Korea, 1997 ) pp. 192–193

    Google Scholar 

  69. A. Mizutani, N. Hatori, N. Nishiyama, F. Koyama, K. Iga: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 37, 14081412 (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  70. R. H. Henderson, D. Sun, E. Towe: Surf. Sci. 327, L521–L525 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Y. Kajikawa, M. Hata, T. Isu: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 30, 1944–1945 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  72. R. H. Henderson, E. Towe: J. Appl. Phys. 78, 2447–2455 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  73. M. Takahashi, P. Vaccaro, T. Watanabe, T. Mukaihara, F. Koyama, K. Iga: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 35, 6102–6107 (1996)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  74. B.V. Shanabrook, O.J. Glembock, W.T. Beard: Phys. Rev. B 35, 2540 (1987)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  75. G. Duggan, K. J. Moore, A. Raukema, G.T. Jaarsma, K. Woodbridge: Phys. Rev. B 45, 4494 (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  76. R. A. Hogg, T. A. Fisher, A.R.K. Willcox, D.M. Whittaker, M.S. Skolnick, D.J. Mowbray: Phys. Rev. B 48, 8491 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  77. W. I. Wang, E. E. Mendez, T.S. Kuan, L. Esaki: Appl. Phys. Lett. 47, 826 (1985)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  78. M. Takahashi, M. Hirai, K. Fujita, N. Egami, K. Iga: J. Appl. Phys. 82, 4551– 4557 (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  79. M. Shimizu, F. Koyama, K. Iga: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 27, 1774–1775 (1988)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  80. F. Koyama, K. Morito, K. Iga: IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 27, 1410–1416 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  81. H. Soda, Y. Motegi, K. Iga: IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE-19, 1035–1041 (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  82. H. Kawaguchi, T. Irie, M. Murakami: IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 31, 447–455 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  83. D. B. Young, J. W. Scott, F. H. Peters, M. G. Peters, M. L. Majewski, B. J. Thibeault, S. W. Corzine, L. A. Coldren: IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 29, 2013– 2022 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  84. M. Takahashi, P. Vaccaro, N. Egami, A. Mizutani, A. Matsutani, F. Koyama, K. Iga: Electron. Lett. 34, 276–277 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. M. Arai, N. Nishiyama, S. Sinada, A. Matsutani, F. Koyama, K. Iga: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 39, L858–L860 (2000)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  86. N. Nishiyama, M. Arai, S. Sinada, M. Azuchi, A. Matsutani, T. Miyamoto, F. Koyama, K. Iga: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 40, L437–L439 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2003 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ohtoshi, T., Takahashi, M. (2003). Band Engineering of the Polarization and Gain Properties in VCSELs. In: Li, H.E., Iga, K. (eds) Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser Devices. Springer Series in Photonics, vol 6. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05263-1_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05263-1_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-08743-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-05263-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics