Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Cancers of the Head and Neck

  • Chapter
Book cover Radiation Oncology for Cure and Palliation

Part of the book series: Medical Radiology ((Med Radiol Radiat Oncol))

  • 168 Accesses

Abstract

Reports of head and neck cancers include malignant tumors arising in all structures cephalad to the clavicles except for the brain, spinal cord, base of the skull and usually the skin. In 2001, it was estimated that there were about 30,100 new diagnoses of cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx, with a consequent 7,800 related deaths [1]. However, any meaningful analysis requires a separation of specific anatomic structures because of variations in tumor types, function, morbidities and even cosmesis. This discussion will include cancers arising in the oral cavity, oropharynx, nasopharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, salivary and thyroid glands. Because of the diversity of tumors with a range of biologic behavior, it is essential that diagnosis, management and evaluation involve an integrated group of surgeons, radiation oncologists, medical oncologists, pathologists, radiologists, oral surgeons and specially trained nurses.

“A wise man should consider that health is the greatest of human blessings.”

Hippocrates

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. American Cancer Society (2001) Cancer facts and figures. American Cancer Society, New York

    Google Scholar 

  2. Slaughter DP, Southwick HW, Smejkal W (1953) “Field cancerization” in oral stratified squamous epithelium: clinical implications of multicentric origin. Cancer 6: 963–968

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Voker EE, Weichselbaum RR, Lippman SM et al (1993) Head and neck cancer. N Engl J Med 328: 184–193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Moore KL (1992) Clinically oriented anatomy, 3rd edn. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 733–743

    Google Scholar 

  5. Million RR, Cassisi NJ (1984) Oral cavity. In: Million RR, Cassisi NJ (eds) Management of head and neck cancer: a multidisciplinary approach. Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp 239–297

    Google Scholar 

  6. Emami B (1998) Oral cavity. In: Perez CA, Brady LW (eds) Principles and practice of radiation oncology, 3rd edn. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, pp 981–1002

    Google Scholar 

  7. Schantz SP, Harrison LB, Forastiere AA (1997) Tumors of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, oral cavity and oropharynx. In: DeVita VT Jr, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA (eds) Cancer: principles and practice of oncology, 5th edn. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, pp 741–801

    Google Scholar 

  8. McLaughlin MP, Mendenhall WM, Million RR, Foote RL (2000) Oral cavity cancers. In: Gunderson LL, Tepper JE (eds) Clinical radiation oncology, 1st edn. Churchill Livingstone, New York, pp 428–453

    Google Scholar 

  9. Rouviere H (1938) Anatomy of the human lymphatic system. Edwards Brothers, Ann Arbor, MI, p 44

    Google Scholar 

  10. MacKay EN, Sellers AH (1964) A statistical review of carcinoma of the lip. Can Med Assoc J 90: 670–672

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. MacComb WS, Fletcher GH, Healey JEJ (1967) Intraoral cavity. In: MacComb WS, Fletcher GH (eds) Cancer of the head and neck. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 89–151

    Google Scholar 

  12. Byers RM, Newman R, Russell N, Yue A (1981) Results of treatment for squamous carcinoma of the lower gum. Cancer 47: 2236–2238

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Campos JL, Lampe I, Fayos JV (1971) Radiotherapy of carcinoma of the floor of the mouth. Radiology 99: 677–682

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Lindberg RD (1972) Distribution of cervical lymph node metastases from squamous cell carcinoma of the upper respiratory and digestive tracts. Cancer 29: 1446–1449

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Fletcher GH (1972) Elective irradiation of subclinical disease in cancers of the head and neck. Cancer 29: 1450–1454

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Byers RM, Wolf PF, Ballantyne AJ (1998) Rationale for elective modified neck dissection. Head and neck surgery. Wiley, New York, p 162

    Google Scholar 

  17. American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) (1998) Staging handbook, 5th edn. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, pp 29–34

    Google Scholar 

  18. Ang KK (2000) Head and neck tumors: overview. In: Gunderson LL, Tepper JE (eds) Clinical radiation oncology, 1st edn. Churchill Livingstone, New York, pp 424–428

    Google Scholar 

  19. Lampe I (1957) Radiation vs radical surgical resection of tumors of mouth, lips and tongue. Postgrad Med 22: 593–601

    Google Scholar 

  20. Petrovich Z, Parker RG, Luxton G et al (1987) Carcinoma of the lip and selected sites of head and neck skin. A clinical study of 896 patients. Radiother Oncol 8: 11–17

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Jorgensen K, Elbroud O, Anderson AP (1973) Carcinoma of the lip. A series of 869 patients. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 75: 312–313

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Baker SR, Krause CJ (1980) Carcinoma of the lip. Laryngoscope 90: 19–27

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Mohs FE, Snow SN (1985) Microscopically controlled surgical treatment for squamous cell carcinoma of the lower lip. Surg Gynecol Obstet 160: 37–41

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Nair, MK, Sankaranarayanan R, Padmanavhan TK, Madhir CS (1988) Oral verrucous carcinoma: treatment with RT. Cancer 61: 458–461

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Calcaterra TC, Juillard GJ, Blackwell KE (2001) Oral cavity and oropharynx. In: Haskell CM (ed) Cancer treatment, 5th edn. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 1004–1010

    Google Scholar 

  26. Byers RM, Anderson B, Schwartz EA et al (1984) Treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the retromolar trigone. Am J Clin Oncol 7: 647–652

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Lo K, Fletcher GH, Byers RM et al (1987) Results of irradiation in squamous cell carcinomas of the anterior faucial pillar–retromolar trigone. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 13: 969–974

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Mendenhall W, Van Cise W, Bova F, Million R (1981) Analy sis of time-dose factors in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue and floor of the mouth treated with radiation therapy alone. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 7: 1005–1011

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Shaha AR, Spiro RH, Shah JP, Strong EW (1984) Squamous cell carcinoma of the floor of the mouth. Am J Surg 148: 455–459

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Guillamondegi OM, Oliver B, Hayden R (1980) Cancer of the anterior floor of the mouth: selective choice of treatment and analysis of failures. Am J Surg 140: 560–562

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Mazeron J, Grimard L, Raynal M et al (1990) Iridium-192 curietherapy for T1 and T2 epidermoid carcinomas of the floor of the mouth. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 18: 1299–1306

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Fu K, Lichter A, Galante M (1976) Carcinoma of the floor of the mouth: an analysis of treatment results and the sites and causes of failures. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1: 829–837

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Jacobs JR, Ahmad K, Casiano R et al (1993) Implications of positive surgical margins. Laryngoscope 103:64–68 II clinical study. Laryngoscope 108:1277–1283

    Google Scholar 

  34. Kramer S, Gelber R, Snow J et al (1987) Combined radiation therapy and surgery in the management of advanced head and neck cancer: the final report of study 73–03 of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group. Head Neck Surg 10: 19–30

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Zelefsky M, Harrison L, Fass D et al (1990) Postoperative radiotherapy of oral cavity cancers: impact of anatomic subsite on treatment outcome. Head Neck Surg 12: 470–475

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Berger A, Henderson M, Nadoolman W et al (1995) Oral capsaicin provides temporary relief for oral mucositis pain secondary to chemotherapy/radiation therapy. J Pain Symptom Manage 10: 243–248

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Chao KS, Emami B, Akhileswaran R et al (1996) The impact of surgical margin status and use of an interstitial implant on T1, T2 oral tongue cancers after surgery. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 36: 1039–1043

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Mendenhall WM, Million RR, Cassisi N (1980) Elective neck irradiation in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Head Neck Surg 3: 15–20

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Bourkis J, Pignon JP, Designe L et al (1998) Meta-analysis of chemotherapy in head and neck cancer (MACH-NC). Locoregional treatment vs same treatment + chemotherapy (abstract 1486). Proc ASCO 17: 386a

    Google Scholar 

  40. Catumel G (1996) Head and neck cancer. Guidelines for chemotherapy. Drugs 51: 73–88

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Al-Sarraf M, Hussein M (1995) Head and neck cancer: present status and future prospects of adjuvant chemotherapy. Cancer Invest 13: 41–53

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Gage AA (1992) Cryosurgery in the treatment of cancer. Surg Gynecol Obstet 174: 73–92

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Paiva MB, Blackwell BE, Saxton RE et al (1998) Palliative laser therapy for recurrent head and neck cancer: a phase American Cancer Society (2001) Cancer facts and figures. American Cancer Society, New York, p 5

    Google Scholar 

  44. Million RR, Cassisi NJ (1984) Oropharynx. In: Million RR, Cassisi NJ (eds) Management of head and neck cancer. A multi-disciplinary approach. Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp 299–314

    Google Scholar 

  45. Schantz SP, Harrison LB, Forastiere AA (1993) Tumors of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, oral cavity and oropharynx. In: De Vita VT Jr, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA (eds) Cancer, principles and practice, 5th edn. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, pp 782–801

    Google Scholar 

  46. Million RR, Cassisi NJ (1984) Oropharynx. In: Million RR, Cassisi NJ (eds) Management of head and neck cancer. A multi-disciplinary approach. Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp 299–314

    Google Scholar 

  47. Moore KL (1992) Clinically oriented anatomy, 3rd edn. Williams and Williams, Baltimore, pp 745–751

    Google Scholar 

  48. Lindberg RD (1972) Distribution of cervical lymph node metastases from squamous cell carcinoma of the upper respiratory and digestive tracts. Cancer 29: 1446–1450

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. American Joint Committee on Cancer (1998) AJCC Cancer Staging Handbook In: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, 5th edn. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, pp 35–43

    Google Scholar 

  50. Simpson JR, Marder JE (1997) Base of the tongue. In: Perez CA, Brady LW (eds) Principles and practice of radiation oncology, 3rd edn. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, pp 1033–1046

    Google Scholar 

  51. Mancuso AA, Hanafee WN (1982) Nasopharynx, oropharynx, parapharyngeal space, and floor of the mouth: normal anatomy and methodology. In: Mancuso AA, Hanafee WN (eds) Computed tomography of the head and neck. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, p 112

    Google Scholar 

  52. Spanos WJ, Shukovsky LJ, Fletcher et al (1976) Time, dose and tumor volume relationships in irradiation of squamous cell carcinomas of the base of the tongue. Cancer 37: 2591–2599

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Foote RL, Parsons JT, Mendenhall WM et al (1990) Is interstitial implantation essential for the successful radiotherapeutic treatment of base of tongue carcinoma? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 18: 1293–1298

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Wang CC (1997) Radiation therapy for head and neck neoplasms, 3rd edn. Wiley, New York, pp 187–203

    Google Scholar 

  55. Perquin B, Chassagne DJ, Chahbazian CM et al (1978) Brachytherapy. Warren Green, St Louis, p 113

    Google Scholar 

  56. Puthawala AA, Syed N, Eads DL et al (1988) Limited external beam and interstitial 192Ir irradiation in the treatment of carcinoma of the base of the tongue: a ten year experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 14: 839–848

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Goffinet DR, Lee WE, Wells J (1985) 192Ir pharyngoepiglottic fold interstitial implants. The key to successful treatment of base of tongue carcinomas by radiation therapy. Cancer 55: 941–948

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Harrison LB, Zelefsky MJ, Sessions RB et al (1992) Baseof-tongue cancer treated with external beam irradiation plus brachytherapy: oncologic and functional outcome. Radiology 184: 267–270

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Mak A, Morrison W, Garden A et al (1995) Base of tongue carcinoma treatment results using concomitant boost radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 33: 289–296

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Whicker JH, DeSanto LW, Devine UD (1972) Surgical treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the base of the tongue. Laryngoscope 82: 1853–1860

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Foote RL, Olsen KD, Davis DL et al (1993) Base of tongue carcinoma: patterns of failure and predictors of recurrence after surgery alone. Head Neck 15: 300–307

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Weber RS, Gidley P, Morrison WH et al (1990) Treatment selection for carcinoma of the base of the tongue. Am J Surg 160: 415–419

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Vikram B, Strong E, Shah J et al (1985) A non-looping aferloading technique for base of tongue implants: results of the first 20 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 11: 1853–1855

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Syed AMN, Feder BH, George FW III (1977) Persistent carcinoma of the oropharynx and oral cavity re-treated by after-loading interstitial 192Ir implant. Cancer 39: 2443–2450

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Housset M, Baillet F, Delanian S et al (1991) Split course interstitial brachytherapy with a source shift: the results of a new iridium implant technique versus single course implant for salvage irradiation of base of tongue cancers in 55 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 20: 965–971

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Emami B, Marks JE, Perez CA et al (1984) Interstitial thermoradiotherapy in the treatment of recurrent/residual malignant tumors. Am J Clin Oncol 7: 699–704

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Gage AA (1992) Cryosurgery in the treatment of cancer. Gynecol Obstet 174: 73–92

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Paiva MB, Blackwell KE, Saxton RE et al (1998) Palliative laser therapy for recurrent head and neck cancer: a phase II clinical study. Laryngoscope 108: 1277–1283

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Perez CA (1997) Tonsillar fossa and faucial arch. In: Perez CA, Brady LW (eds) Principles and practice of radiation oncology, 3rd edn. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, pp 1003–1032

    Google Scholar 

  70. Remmier D, Medina JE, Byers RM et al (1985) Treatment of choice for squamous carcinoma of the tonsillar fossa. Head Neck Surg 7: 206–211

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Morrison WH, Garden AS, Ang KK (2000) Oropharyngeal cancer. In: Gunderson LL, Tepper JE (eds) Clinical radiation oncology, 1st edn. Churchill Livingstone, New York, pp 454–471

    Google Scholar 

  72. Foote RL, Schild SE, Thompson WM et al (1994) Tonsil cancer. Cancer 73: 2638–2647

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Meoz-Mendez RT, Fletcher GH, Guillamondegui OM et al (1978) Analysis of the results of irradiation in the treatment of squamous cell carcinomas of the pharyngeal walls. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 4: 579–584

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Wong CS, Ang KK, Fletcher GH et al (1989) Definitive radiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsillar fossa. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 16: 657–662

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Jesse RH Jr, Fletcher GH (1963) Metastases in cervical lymph nodes from oropharyngeal carcinoma: treatment and results. Am J Roengenol 90: 990–996

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Tong D, Laramore G, Griffin T et al (1982) Carcinoma of the tonsil region. Cancer 49: 2009–2014

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Kajanti MJ, Holsti LR, Mantyla MM (1992) Postoperative radiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil. Factors influencing survival and time to recurrence. Acta Oncol 31: 49–52

    Google Scholar 

  78. Thompson WM, Foote RL, Olsen KD et al (1993) Postoperative irradiation for tonsillar carcinoma. Mayo Clin Proc 68: 665–669

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Amornmarn R, Prempree T, Jaiwatana J et al (1984) Radiation management of carcinoma of the tonsillar region. Cancer 54: 1293–1299

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Puthawala AA, Syed AMN, Eads DL et al (1985) Limited external irradiation and interstitial 192 iridium implant in the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsillar region. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 11: 1595–1602

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Leborgne JH, Leborgne F, Barlocci LA et al (1986) The place of brachytherapy in the treatment of carcinoma of the tonsil with lingual extension. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 12: 1787–1792

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Lindberg RD, Fletcher GH (1978) The role of irradiation in the management of head and neck cancer: analysis of results and causes of failure. Tumori 64: 313–325

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Fein DA, Lee WR, Amod WR et al (1996) Oropharyngeal carcinoma treated with radiotherapy: a 30-year experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 34: 289–296

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Keus RB, Pontvert D, Brunin F et al (1988) Results of irradiation in squamous cell carcinoma of the soft palate and uvula. Radiother Oncol 11: 311–317

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Amdur R, Mendenhall W, Parson J et al (1987) Carcinoma of the soft palate treated with irradiation: analysis of results and complications. Radiother Oncol 9: 185–194

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Mazeron J, Marinello G, Crook J et al (1987) Definitive radiation treatment for early stage carcinoma of the soft palate and uvula: the indications for iridium-192 implantation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 13: 1829–1837

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Guillamondegui OM, Meoz R, Jesse RH (1978) Surgical treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the pharyngeal walls. Am J Surg 136: 474–476

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Marks J, Freeman R, Lee F et al (1978) Pharyngeal wall cancer: an analysis of treatment results, complications and patterns of failure. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 4: 587–593

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Marks J, Smith P, Sessions D (1985) Pharyngeal wall cancer: Reappraisal after comparison of treatment methods. Arch Otol 111: 79–85

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Fein D, Mendenhall W, Parsons J et al (1993) Pharyngeal wall carcinoma treated with radiotherapy: impact of technique and fractionation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 26: 751–757

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Chu AM, Cutler SJ,Young JL (1975) Third National Cancer Survey: incidence data. Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 41: 1–454

    Google Scholar 

  92. Yu MC (1991) Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: epidemiology and dietary factors. IARC Sci Publ 105: 39–47

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Buell P (1965) Nasopharyngeal cancer in Chinese in California. Br J Cancer 19: 459–470

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Lanier A, Bender T, Talbot M et al (1980) Nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Alaskan Eskimos, Indians and Aleuts: a review of cases and study of Epstein-Barr virus, and environmental risk factors. Cancer 46: 2100–2107

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Cooper MA, Hallgrimsson J (1981) Tumors in Iceland. IV Tumors of the upper respiratory tract and ear: a histological classification and some etiological and epidemiological considerations. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand (A) 89: 377–387

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Old LJ, Boyse EA, Oettgen HF et al (1966) Precipitating antibody in human serum to an antigen present in cultured Burkitt’s lymphoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 56: 1699–1708

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Fahraeus R, Fu HL, Ernberg I et al (1988) Expression of Epstein-Barr virus-encoded proteins in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Int J Cancer 42: 329–338

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Chan SH, Day HE, Kunaratnam N et al (1983) HLA and nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Chinese–a further study. Int J Cancer 32: 171–176

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Simons MJ, Wee GB, Goh EH et al (1976) Immunogenetic aspects of nasopharyngeal carcinoma IV. Increased risk in Chinese of nasopharyngeal carcinoma associated with a Chinese-related HCA profile (H2, Singapore 2). J Natl Cancer Inst 57: 977–980

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Nam JM, McLaughlin JK, Blot WJ (1992) Cigarette smoking, alcohol, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. A case-control study among U.S. whites. J Natl Cancer Inst 84: 619–622

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Henderson BE, Louie E, Soo Hoo Jing J et al (1976) Risk factors associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. N Engl J Med 295: 1101–1106

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Schantz SP, Harrison LB, Forastiere AA (1997) Tumors of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, oral cavity and oropharynx. In: DeVita VT Jr, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA (eds) Cancer: principles and practice of oncology, 5th edn. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, pp 765–771

    Google Scholar 

  103. Buschke F, Parker RG (1972) Malignant tumors of the nasopharynx. In: Radiation therapy in cancer management. Grune and Stratton, New York, pp 137–146

    Google Scholar 

  104. Clemente CD (1975) Anatomy: a regional atlas of the human body. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  105. Batsakis JG, Solomon AR, Rice DH (1981) The pathology of head and neck tumors: carcinoma of the nasopharynx II. Head Neck Surg 3: 511–524

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Vasef MA, Ferlito A, Weiss LM (1997) Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, with emphasis on its relationship to Epstein-Barr virus. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 106: 348–356

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Shanmugaratam K, Chan SH, de-The G et al (1979) Histopathology of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: correlations with epidemiology, survival rates and other biological characteristics. Cancer 44: 1029–1044

    Article  Google Scholar 

  108. Schmincke A (1921) Über lymphoepitheliale Geschevulste. Beitr Pathol Anat 68: 161–170

    Google Scholar 

  109. Regaud CL (1947) Lympho-epithéliome de l’hypopharynx traité par rontgenthérapie, Bull et mem de la Soc Franc d’oto-rhino laryng. Congress May, 1921. Quoted in: Ackerman LV, del Regato JA (eds) Cancer: diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. Mosby, St Louis

    Google Scholar 

  110. Chen KY, Fletcher GH (1971) Malignant tumors of the nasopharynx Radiology 99: 165–171

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Hoppe RT, Williams J, Warnke R et al (1978) Carcinoma of the nasopharynx: the significance of histology. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 4: 199–205

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Roth SL, Krueger GFR, Bertram G et al (1990) Carcinoma of the nasopharynx: the significance of lymphocytic infiltration. Acta Oncol 29: 897–901

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Bauer W (1974) Varieties of squamous carcinoma. Biologic behavior. Front Radiat Thera Oncol 9: 164–186

    Google Scholar 

  114. Conley J, Dingman DL (1974) Adenoid cystic carcinoma in the head and neck. Arch Otol 100: 81–90

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Fletcher GH, Million RR (1965) Malignant tumors of the nasopharynx. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 93: 44–55

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Million RR (1984) Nasopharynx. In: Million RR, Cassisi NJ (eds) Management of head and neck cancer. A multidisciplinary approach. Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp 445–466

    Google Scholar 

  117. Lindberg RD (1972) Distribution of cervical lymph node metastases from squamous cell carcinoma of the upper respiratory and digestive tracts. Cancer 29: 1446–1449

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Mesic JB, Fletcher GH, Goepfert H (1981) Megavoltage irradiation of epithelial tumors of the nasopharynx. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 7: 447–453

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Petrovich Z, Cox JD, Middleton R et al (1985) Advanced carcinoma of the nasopharynx. Radiother Oncol 4: 15–20

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Sham JST, Wei WI, Nicholls J et al (1992) Extent of nasopharyngeal carcinoma inside the nasopharynx: lack of prognostic value on local control. Cancer 69: 854–859

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Qin D, Hu Y, Yan J et al (1988) Analysis of 1379 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated with radiation. Cancer 61: 1117–1124

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Tang SGJ, Lin FJ, Chen MS et al (1990) Prognostic factors of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a multivariate analysis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 19: 1143–1149

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Perez CA (1997) Nasopharynx. In: Perez CA, Brady LW (eds) Principles and practice of radiation oncology, 3rd edn. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, pp 897–939

    Google Scholar 

  124. Chua DTT, Sham JST, Kwong DLW et al (1996) Prognostic value of paranasopharyngeal extension of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. A significant factor in local control and distant metastases. Cancer 78: 202–210

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Chu AM, Flynn MB, Achino E et al (1984) Irradiation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: correlations with treatment factors and stage. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 10: 2241–2249

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Sham JST, Cheung YK, Choy D et al (1991) Cranial nerve involvement and base of skull erosion in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer 68: 422–426

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Meyer JE, Wang CC (1971) Carcinoma of the nasopharynx: factors influencing results of therapy. Radiology 100: 385–388

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Perez CA, Ackerman IV, Mill WB et al (1969) Cancer of the nasopharynx: factors influencing prognosis. Cancer 24: 1–17

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Sham JST, Choy D (1990) Prognostic factors of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a review of 759 patients. Br J Radiol 63: 51–58

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Dickson RI, Flores AD (1985) Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: an evaluation of 134 patients treated between 1971–1980. Laryngoscope 95: 276–283

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging Handbook (1998) Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, pp 38–41

    Google Scholar 

  132. Ho JHC (1978) Stage classification of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. In: de-The G, Ito Y (eds) Nasopharyngeal carcinoma etiology and control (IARC science publication no 20). IARC, Lyon, pp 99–113

    Google Scholar 

  133. Huaqing M, Minghuang H, Jun M et al (1994) A new staging system for nasopharyngeal carcinoma in China. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 30: 1037–1042

    Article  Google Scholar 

  134. Fletcher GH, Million RR (1980) Nasopharynx. In: Fletcher GH (ed) Textbook of radiotherapy, 3rd edn. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, pp 364–383

    Google Scholar 

  135. Union Internationale Contre le Cancer (1968) TNM classification of malignant tumours. UICC, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  136. Neel HB III, Taylor WF (1989) New staging system for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Long-term outcome. Arch Otonlaryngol Head Neck Surg 115: 1293–1303

    Google Scholar 

  137. Teo PML, Tsao SY, Ho JHC et al (1991) A proposed modification of the Ho stage-classification for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Radiother Oncol 21: 11–23

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Olmi P, Cellai E, Chiavacci A et al (1990) Computed tomography in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. I. T-stage conversion with CT staging. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 19: 1171–1175

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Godtfredsen E (1944) Ophthalmologic and neurologic symptoms of malignant nasopharyngeal tumours. Acta Psychiatr Neurol 34 [Suppl]: 1–323

    Google Scholar 

  140. Moss WT (1994) The nasopharynx. In: Cox JD (ed) Moss’ Radiation oncology: rationale, technique, results, 7th edn. Mosby, St Louis, pp 149–168

    Google Scholar 

  141. Sanguineti G, Geara FB, Garden AS et al (1997) Carcinoma of the nasopharynx treated by radiotherapy alone: determinants of local and regional control. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 37: 985–996

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Perez CA, Devineni VR, Marcial-Vega V et al (1992) Carcinoma of the nasopharynx: factors affecting prognosis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 23: 271–280

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Lee AWM, Poon YF, Foo W et al (1992) Retrospective analysis of 5037 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated during 1976–1985: overall survival and pattern of failure. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 23: 261–270

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Micheau C, Bousseu H, Klijanienko J et al (1987) Bone marrow biopsies in patients with undifferentiated carcinoma of the nasopharyngeal type. Cancer 60: 2459–2464

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Olmi P, Fallai C, Colagrande S, Giannardi G (1995) Staging and follow-up of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: magnetic resonance imaging versus computerized tomography. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 32: 795–800

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Yu Z, Xu G, Huang Y et al (1985) Value of computed tomography in staging the primary lesion (T-staging) of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC): an analysis of 54 patients with special reference to the parapharyngeal space. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 11: 2143–2147

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Ho JHC, Chan M, Tsao SY et al (1988) Treatment of residual and recurrent cervical metastases from nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Ann Acad Med 17: 22–24

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Marks JE (1998) Cancers of the head and neck. In: Khan FM, Potish RA (eds) Treatment planning in radiation oncology. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 435–437

    Google Scholar 

  149. Lee AWM, Law SCK, Ng SH et al (1992) Retrospective analysis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated during 1976–1985: late complications following megavoltage irradiation. Br J Radiol 65: 918–928

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Marks JE, Bedwinek JM, Lee F et al (1982) Dose-response analysis for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer 50: 1042–1050

    Google Scholar 

  151. Leung SF, Kreel L, Tsao SY (1992) Asymptomatic temporal lobe injury after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: incidence and determinants. Br J Radiol 65: 710–714

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Midena E, Segato T, Piermarocchi S et al (1987) Retinopathy following radiation therapy of paranasal sinus and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Retina 7: 142–147

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Sham J, Choy D, Kwong PWK et al (1994) Radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: shielding the pituitary may improve the therapeutic ratio: Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 29: 699–704

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Johansen LV, Mestre M, Overgaard J (1992) Carcinoma of the nasopharynx: analysis of treatment results in 167 consecutively admitted patients. Head Neck 14: 200–207

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Al-Sarraf M, Le Blanc M, Giri PG et al (1998) Chemotherapy versus radiotherapy in patients with advanced nasopharyngeal cancer: phase III randomized Intergroup Study 0099. J Clin Oncol 16: 1310–1317

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. International Nasopharynx Cancer Study Group (1996) Preliminary results of a randomized trial comparing neoadjuvant chemotherapy (cisplatin, epirubicin, bleomycin) plus radiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone in stage IV (+N2, M0) undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a positive effect on progression-free survival. VUMCA I trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 35: 463–469

    Article  Google Scholar 

  157. Geara FB, Glisson BS, Sanquineti G et al (1997) Induction chemotherapy following by radiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone in patients with advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: results of a matched cohort study. Cancer 79: 1279–1286

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Fu KK, Newman H, Phillips TL (1975) Treatment of locally recurrent carcinoma of the nasopharynx. Radiology 117: 425–431

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. McNeese MD, Fletcher GH (1981) Retreatment of recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Radiology 138: 191–193

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Harrison LB, Weissberg JB (1987) A technique for interstitial nasopharyngeal brachytherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 13: 451–453

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Choo R, Tannock I (1991) Chemotherapy for recurrent or metastatic carcinoma of the nasopharynx. A review of the Princess Margaret Hospital experience. Cancer 68: 2120–2124

    Google Scholar 

  162. Fandi A, Altun M, Azli N et al (1994) Nasopharyngeal cancer: epidemiology, staging and treatment. Semin Oncol 21: 382–397

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. American Cancer Society (2001) Cancer facts and figures. American Cancer Society, New York

    Google Scholar 

  164. Garden AS, Morrison WH, Ang KK (2000) Laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer. In: Gunderson LL, Tepper JE (eds) Clinical radiation oncology,1st edn. Churchill Livingstone, New York, pp 485–503

    Google Scholar 

  165. Emami B, Spector JG (1998) Hypopharynx. In: Perez CA, Brady LW (eds) Principles and practice of radiation oncology, 3rd edn. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, pp 1047–1068

    Google Scholar 

  166. Carpenter R III, De Santo L (1977) Cancer of the hypopharynx. Surg Clin North Am 57: 723–735

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Sessions RB, Harrison LB, Forastiere AA (2001) Tumors of the larynx and hypopharynx. In: DeVita VT Jr, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA (eds) Cancer: principles and practice of oncology, 6th edn. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 861–886

    Google Scholar 

  168. Brugere J, Guenel P, Leclere A (1986) Differentiated effects of tobacco and alcohol in cancer of the larynx, pharynx and mouth. Cancer 57: 391–395

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Wynder E, Hultberg S, Jacobson F, Bross I (1957) Environmental factors in cancer of the upper alimentary tract. Cancer 10: 470–475

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Vandenbrouck C, Sancho H, Lefur R (1977) Results of a randomized clinical trial of preoperative irradiation versus postoperative irradiation in the treatment of tumors of the hypopharynx. Cancer 39: 1445–1449

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Buschke F, Parker RG (1972) Radiation therapy in cancer management. Grune and Stratton, New York, pp 154–157

    Google Scholar 

  172. Million RR, Cassisi NJ (1984) Hypopharynx: pharyngeal walls, piriform sinus, and postcricoid pharynx. In: Million RR, Cassisi NJ (eds) Management of head and neck cancer. Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp 373–391

    Google Scholar 

  173. Spector GJ, Sessions DG, Emami B et al (1995) Squamous cell carcinoma of the pyriform sinus: a nonrandomized comparison of therapeutic modalities and long-term results. Laryngoscope 105: 397–406

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Spector G, Sessions D, Emami B et al (1995) Carcinoma of the aryepiglottic fold: therapeutic results and long-term follow-up. Laryngoscope 105: 734–746

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Jacobson F (1951) Carcinoma of the hypopharynx: a clinical study of 322 cases treated at the Radiumhemmet from 1939–1947. Acta Radiatiol 35: 1–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  176. Emami B, Marks JE, Senunus L et al (1994) Carcinoma 24. of the pharyngeal wall. Proceedings of the Second World Congress on Laryngeal Cancer, Amsterdam, The Neth- 25. erlands

    Google Scholar 

  177. Lindberg R (1972) Distribution of cervical lymph node metastases from squamous cell carcinoma of the upper 26. respiratory and digestive tracts. Cancer 29: 1446–1448

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Davidson BJ, Kulkarny V, Delacure MD et al (1993) Posterior triangle metastases of squamous cell carcinoma of the 27. upper aerodigestive tract. Am J Surg 166: 395–398

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Weber RS, Marvel J, Smith P et al (1993) Paratracheal node dissection for carcinoma of the larynx, hypopharynx and cervical esophagus. Otol Head Neck Surg 108: 11–17 28.

    Google Scholar 

  180. McGavarvan M, Bauer W, Spjut H (1963) Carcinoma of the pyriform sinus. Arch Otolaryngol 78: 826–830

    Article  Google Scholar 

  181. Guillamondegui O, Meoz-Mendez R, Jesse R (1978) Surgical 29. treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the pharyngeal walls. Am J Surg 136: 474–476

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Merino OR, Lindberg RD, Fletcher GH (1977) An analysis 30. of distant metastases from squamous cell carcinoma of the upper respiratory and digestive tracts. Cancer 40: 145–151

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Marks JE, Smith PG, Sessions DG (1985) Pharyngeal wall 31. cancer: a reappraisal after comparison of treatment methods. Acta Otol 111: 79–85

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Tinger A, Emami B, Thomure J et al (1988) Oral cavity and 32. oropharyngeal cancer in patients less than 40 years old. Presented at the 37th annual meeting of the American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology. Miami 33. Beach, FL, 8–11 Oct

    Google Scholar 

  185. American Joint Committee on Cancer (1998) AJCC cancer staging handbook. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, pp 38–39

    Google Scholar 

  186. Keane T (1982) Carcinoma of the hypopharynx. J Otolaryngol 11: 227–231

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Mendenhall WM, Parsons JT, Cassisi NJ et al (1987) Squamous cell carcinoma of the pyriform sinus treated with radical radiation therapy. Radiother Oncol 9: 201–208

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Mendenhall WM, Parsons JT, Devine J (1987) Squamous cell carcinoma of the pyriform sinus treated with surgery and/or radiotherapy. Head Neck Surg 10: 88–92

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Meoz-Mendez R, Fletcher GH, Guillamondegui O, Peters L (1978) Analysis of the results of irradiation in the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the pharyngeal walls. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 4: 579–585

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Calcaterra TC, Juillard GJF, Blackwell KE (2001) Larynx and hypopharynx. In: Haskell CM (ed) Cancer treatment, 5th edn. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 1022–1030

    Google Scholar 

  191. Son YH, Kacinski BM (1987) Therapeutic concepts of brachytherapy/mega voltage in sequence for pharyngeal wall cancers. Cancer 59: 1268–1273

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Harrison D, Thompson A (1986) Pharyngolaryngoesophagectomy and pharyngeal anastomosis for cancer of the hypopharynx. Head Neck Surg 8: 418–428

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Farrington WT, Weighall JS, Jones PH (1986) Postcricoid carcinoma (a 10-year retrospective study). J Laryngol Otol 100: 79–84

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Pearson JG (1966) Radiotherapy of carcinoma of the esophagus and postcricoid region in Southeast Scotland. Clin Radiol 17: 242–257

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Lefebvre JL, Chevalier D, Luboniski B et al (1996) Larynx preservation in pyriform sinus cancer. Preliminary results of a European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer phase III trial. EORTC Head and Neck Cancer Cooperative Group. J Natl Cancer Inst 88: 890–899

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. American Cancer Society (2001) Cancer facts and figures 2001. American Cancer Society, New York, p 5

    Google Scholar 

  197. Cann C, Fried M, Rothman K (1985) Epidemiology of squamous cell cancer of the head and neck. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 18: 367–388

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Lowry W (1975) Alcoholism in cancer of the head and neck. Laryngoscope 85: 1275–1280

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Sessions RB, Harrison LB, Forastiere AA (2001) Tumors of the larynx and hypopharynx. In: DeVita VT Jr, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA (eds) Cancer, principles and practice of oncology, 6th edn. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 861–886

    Google Scholar 

  200. Wynder EL (1978) The epidemiology of cancers of the upper alimentary and upper respiratory tracts. Laryngoscope 88 [Suppl 81: 50–51

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Fraumeni JF Jr (1978) Geographic distribution of head and neck cancers in the United Sates. Laryngoscope 88 [Suppl 8]: 40–44

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  202. Spitz M, Fvegers J, Goepfert H et al (1988) Squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract. Cancer 61: 203–208

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Morgan R, Shettigara P (1976) Occupational asbestos exposure, smoking, and laryngeal carcinoma. Ann N Y Acad Sci 271: 308–310

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. Segi M (1982) Age-adjusted death rates for cancer for selected sites in 46 countries in 1977. Segi Institute for Cancer Epidemiology, Tokyo, p 13

    Google Scholar 

  205. Austen D (1982) Larynx. In: Schottenfeld P, Aumenti J (eds) Cancer epidemiology and prevention. Saunders, Philadelphia, p 554

    Google Scholar 

  206. Million RR, Cassisi NJ (1984) Larynx. In: Million RR, Cassisi NJ (eds) Management of head and neck cancer. A multidisciplinary approach. Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp 315–364

    Google Scholar 

  207. Buschke F, Parker RG (1972) Carcinoma of the larynx, chap 8. In: Buschke F, Parker RG (eds) Cancer of the head and neck in radiation therapy in cancer management. Grune and Stratton, New York, pp 157–173

    Google Scholar 

  208. Mendenhall WM, Parsons JT, Mancuso AA, Stringer SP, Cassisi NJ (1997) Larynx. In: Perez CA, Brady LW (eds) Principles and practice of radiation oncology, 3rd edn. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, pp 1069–1093

    Google Scholar 

  209. Batsakis J (1979) Tumors of the head and neck: clinical and pathological considerations, 2nd edn. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, p 200

    Google Scholar 

  210. Lindberg R (1972) Distribution of cervical lymph node metastases from squamous cell carcinomas of the upper respiratory and digestive tracts. Cancer 29: 1446–1449

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Fletcher GH (1972) Elective irradiation of subclinical disease in cancers of the head and neck. Cancer 29: 1450–1454

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Lederman M (1961) Place de la radiothérapie dans le traitement du cancer du larynx. Ann Radiol 4: 433–454

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. American Joint Committee on Cancer staging handbook, 5th edn (1998) Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, pp 45–49

    Google Scholar 

  214. Fu KK (1994) The endolarynx and hypopharynx. In: Cox JD (ed) Moss’ radiation oncology, 7th edn. Rationale, technique, results. Mosby, St Louis, pp 214–245

    Google Scholar 

  215. Parsons JT (1994) Time-dose-volume relationships in radiation therapy. In: Million RR, Cassisi NJ (eds) Management of head and neck cancer. A multidisciplinary approach. Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp 203–243

    Google Scholar 

  216. Mendenhall WM, Parsons JT, Million RR et al (1988) T1–T2 squamous cell squamous of the glottic larynx treated with radiation therapy. Relationship of dose-fractionation factors to local control and complications. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 15: 1267–1273

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  217. Fletcher GH, Goeppert H (1980) Larynx and pyriform sinus. In: Fletcher GH (ed) Textbook of radiotherapy, 3rd edn. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, pp 330–363

    Google Scholar 

  218. Fein DA, Mendenhall WM, Parsons JT, Million RR (1993) T1–T2 squamous cell carcinoma of the glottic larynx treated with radiotherapy. A multivariate analysis of variables potentially influencing local control. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 25: 605–611

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. Dagli A, Mahieu H, Festen J (1997) Quantitative analysis of voice quality in early glottic laryngeal carcinoma treated with radiotherapy. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 254: 78–80

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Stevenson JM, Juillard JF, Selch MT (1992) Stages 1 and 2 epidermoid carcinoma of the glottic larynx: involvement of the anterior commissure. Radiology 182: 797–799

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. Olofsson J, Lord IJ, Van Nostrand A (1973) Vocal cord fixation in laryngeal carcinoma. Acta Otolaryngol 75: 496–510

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. Mendenhall W, Parsons J, Mancuso A et al (1997) Definitive radiotherapy for T3 squamous cell carcinoma of the glottic larynx. J Clin Oncol 15: 2394–2402

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. Wang C (1987) Radiation therapy for laryngeal tumors. In: Thawley S, Panje W, Batsakis J, Lindberg R (eds) Comprehensive management of head and neck tumors. Saunders, Philadelphia, p 906

    Google Scholar 

  224. Kirchner J, Owen J (1977) Five hundred cancers of the larynx and pyriform sinus. Laryngoscope 87: 1288–1303

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. Som M (1975) Cordal cancer with extension to vocal process. Laryngoscope 85: 1298–1307

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  226. Harwood A, Hawkins V, Beale F (1979) Management of advanced glottic cancer: a 10-year review of the Toronto experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 5: 899–904

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  227. Jesse R (1975) The evaluation of treatment of patients with extensive squamous cancer of the vocal cords. Laryngoscope 85: 1424–1429

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. Kish J, Weaver A, Jacobs J et al (1987) Cisplatin and 5fluorouracil infusion in patients with recurrent and disseminated epidermoid cancer of the head and neck cancer. Cancer 60: 1178–1183

    Article  Google Scholar 

  229. Jacobs C, Goffinet DR, Goffinet L et al (1987) Chemotherapy as a substitute for surgery in the treatment of advanced resectable head and neck cancer. Cancer 60: 1178–1183

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  230. Pfister DG, Strong E, Harrison L et al (1991) Larynx preservation with combined chemotherapy and radiation therapy in advanced but resectable head and neck cancer. J Clin Oncol 9: 850–859

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. Hoffman HT, Karnell LH (1995) Laryngeal cancer. In: Steele GD, Jessup JM, Winchester DPP et al (eds) National cancer data base annual review of patient care. American Cancer Society, Atlanta, p 84

    Google Scholar 

  232. Shah JP (1994) Chemotherapy in head and neck cancer. An unfulfilled promise and a continued challenge. J Surg Oncol 55: 69–70

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  233. Department of Veteran Affairs Laryngeal Cancer Study Group (1991) Induction chemotherapy plus radiation compared with surgery plus radiation in patients with advanced laryngeal cancer. N Engl J Med 324: 1685–1690

    Article  Google Scholar 

  234. Hoffman HT, McCullock T, Gustin D, Karnell LH (1997) Organ preservation therapy for advanced laryngeal carcinoma. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 30: 113–130

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  235. Richard J, Sancho-Gamier H, Persey J et al (1998) Randomized trial of induction chemotherapy in larynx carcinoma. Oral Oncol 34: 224–228

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  236. Glicksman MS, Slotman G, Doolittle C et al (1994) Concurrent cis-platinum and radiation with or without surgery for advanced head and neck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 30: 1043–1050

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  237. Robbins KT, Storniolo MA, Kerber C et al (1994) Phase I study of highly selective supradose cisplatin infusions for advanced head and neck cancer. J Clin Oncol 168: 419–422

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  238. DeSanto LW (1987) Controversy in the management of laryngeal tumors: surgical perspective. In: Thawley SE, Pange E (eds) Comprehensive management of head and neck tumors. Saunders, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  239. Mendenhall W, Parsons J, Mancuso A et al (1996) Radiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the supraglottic larynx: an alternative to surgery. Head Neck 18: 24–35

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  240. Wang C, Nakfoor B, Spiro I, Martins P (1997) Role of accelbined therapy for the treatment of supraglottic carcinoma: supraglottic laryngectomy and radiotherapy. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 106: 151–158

    Google Scholar 

  241. Ogura J, Biller H (1969) Conservative surgery in cancer of the head and neck. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2: 641–645

    Google Scholar 

  242. Lee N, Goepfert H, Awendt C (1990) Supraglottic laryngectomy for intermediate stage cancer. UT MD Anderson Cancer Center experience with combined therapy. Laryngoscope 100: 831–836

    Google Scholar 

  243. Soo K, Shah J, Gopinath K et al (1988) Analysis of prognostic variables and results after supraglottic partial laryngectomy. Am J Surg 156: 301–305

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  244. Adamopoulos G, Yotakis I, Apostolopoulos K et al (1997) Supraglottic laryngectomy. J Laryngol Otol 111: 730–734

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  245. Steiniger J, Parnes S, Gardner G (1997) Morbidity of comerated fractionated irradiation for supraglottic carcinoma. Cancer J Sci Am 3: 88–91

    Google Scholar 

  246. Parsons J, Mendenhall W, Stringer S, Cassisi N (1998) T4 laryngeal carcinoma: radiotherapy alone with surgery reserved for salvage. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 40: 549–552

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  247. Boring CC, Squires TS, Tong T (1993) Cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin 43: 7–26

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  248. Ang KK, Garden AS, Morrison WH (2000) Sinonasal cancer. In: Gunderson LL, Tepper JE (eds) Clinical radiation oncology. Churchill Livingstone, New York, pp 504–518

    Google Scholar 

  249. Parker RG (1958) Carcinoma of the nasal fossa. Am J Roentgenol Rad Ther Nucl Med 80: 766–774

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  250. Million RR, Cassisi NJ, Hamlin DJ (1984) Nasal vestibule, nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. In: Million RR, Cassisi NJ (eds) Management of head and neck cancer: a multidisciplinary approach. Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp 407–444

    Google Scholar 

  251. Netter FH (1989) Atlas of human anatomy. Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey

    Google Scholar 

  252. Cantril S, Parker RG, Lund PK (1962) Malignant tumors of the maxillary sinus. Correlative study of clinical, anatomical, and pathologic aspects of supervoltage roentgen-therapy. Acta Radiol 58: 105–128

    Google Scholar 

  253. Ohngren LG (1933) Malignant tumours of the maxilloethmoidal region. Acta Otolaryngol [Suppl] 19: 1–4

    Google Scholar 

  254. Rouviere H (1938) Anatomy of the human lymphatic system. Brothers, Ann Arbor, MI, pp 66–70

    Google Scholar 

  255. Parsons JT, Mendenhall WM, Stringer SP, Cassisi NJ, Million RR (1997) Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. In: Perez CA, Brady LW (eds) Principles and practice of radiation oncology, 3rd edn. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, pp 941–959

    Google Scholar 

  256. Berger L, Luc R (1924) L’esthesioneuroepitheliome olfactif. Bull Cancer (Paris) 13: 410–421

    Google Scholar 

  257. Chao KSC, Kaplan C, Simpson JR et al (2001) Esthesioneuroblastoma: the impact of treatment modality. Head Neck 23: 749–757

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  258. Resto VA, Eisle DW, Forastiere A et al (2000) Esthesioneuroblastoma: the Johns Hopkins Experience. Head Neck 22: 550–558

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  259. American Joint Committee on Cancer (1998)AJCC Cancer Staging Handbook from the American Joint Committee on Cancer Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, pp 51–55

    Google Scholar 

  260. Parsons JT, Mendenhall WM, Mancuso AA et al (1988) Malignant tumors of the nasal cavity, ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 14: 11–12

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  261. Robin PE, Powell PJ (1980) Regional node involvement and distant metastasis in carcinoma of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. J Laryngol Otol 94: 301–309

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  262. Jiang GL, Ang KK, Peters LJ et al (1991) Maxillary sinus carcinomas: natural history and results of postoperative radiotherapy. Radiother Oncol 21: 193–200

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  263. Parker RG (1962) Tolerance of cartilage and bone in clinical radiation therapy, vol 2. In: Buscke F (ed) Progress in radiation therapy. Grune and Stratton, New York, pp 42–66

    Google Scholar 

  264. Chobe R, McNeese MD, Weber R et al (1988) Radiation therapy for carcinoma of the nasal vestibule. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 98: 67–71

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  265. Wong CS, Cummings BJ, Elhakim T et al (1986) External irradiation for squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal vestibule. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 12: 1943–1946

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  266. Mak HCA, van Andel JG, Woerkom-Eijkenbook WMH (1980) Radiation therapy of carcinoma of the nasal vestibule. Eur J Cancer 16: 81–85

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  267. Ang KK, Jiang GL, Frankenthaler RD et al (1992) Carcinoma of the nasal cavity. Radiother Oncol 24: 163–168

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  268. Spiro JD, Soo KC, Spiro RA (1996) Squamous carcinoma of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Am J Surg 158: 328–332

    Article  Google Scholar 

  269. Wong C, Cummings B (1988) The place of radiation therapy in the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal vestibule. Acta Oncol 27: 203–208

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  270. Elkon D, Hightower SI, Lim ML et al (1979) Esthesioneuroblastoma. Cancer 44: 1087–1094

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  271. Beale FA, Garrett PG (1983) Cancer of the paranasal sinus with particular reference to maxillary sinus cancer. J Otolaryngol 12: 377–382

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  272. Hordiji GJ, Brons EN (1985) Carcinoma of maxillary sinus: a retrospective study. Clin Otolaryngol 10: 285–288

    Article  Google Scholar 

  273. Amendola BE, Eisert D, Hazra TA, King ER (1981) Carcinoma of the maxillary antrum: surgery or radiation therapy? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 7: 743–746

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  274. Bataini J-P, Ennuyer H (1971) Advanced carcinoma of the maxillary sinus treated by cobalt teletherapy and electron beam irradiation. Br J Radiol 44: 590–598

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  275. Frich JC Jr (1982) Treatment of advanced squamous carcinoma of the maxillary sinus by irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 8: 1453–1459

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  276. St. Pierre S, Baker S (1983) Squamous cell carcinoma of the maxillary sinus: analysis of 66 cases. Head Neck Surg 5: 508–513

    Google Scholar 

  277. Collins JM (1984) Pharmacologic rationale for regional drug delivery. J Clin Oncol 2: 498–504

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  278. Schantz SP, Harrison LB, Forastiere AA (2001) Tumors of the nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, oral cavity and oropharynx,. In: DeVita VT Jr, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA (eds) Cancer. Principles and practice of oncology, 6th edn. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 797–860

    Google Scholar 

  279. Sato Y, Morita M, Takahashi H et al (1970) Combined surgery, radiotherapy and regional chemotherapy in carcinoma of the paranasal sinuses. Cancer 25: 571–579

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  280. LoRusso P, Tapazoglou E, Kish JA et al (1988) Chemotherapy for paranasal sinus carcinoma: a 10 year experience at Wayne State University. Cancer 62: 1–5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  281. Lee MM, Vokes EE, Rosen A et al (1999) Multimodality therapy in advanced paranasal sinus carcinoma: superior long-term results. Cancer J Sci Am 5: 219–223

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiation Oncology, UCLA School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 200 UCLA Medical Plaza, Suite B265, 90095-6951, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Robert G. Parker MD & Michael T. Selch MD

  2. Department of Radiation Oncology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 77030, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, USA

    Nora A. Janjan MD

Authors
  1. Robert G. Parker MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Nora A. Janjan MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Michael T. Selch MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2003 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Parker, R.G., Janjan, N.A., Selch, M.T. (2003). Cancers of the Head and Neck. In: Radiation Oncology for Cure and Palliation. Medical Radiology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05225-9_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05225-9_13

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-07466-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-05225-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation