Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Urogenital Dysfunction

  • Chapter
Imaging Pelvic Floor Disorders

Part of the book series: Medical Radiology ((Med Radiol Diagn Imaging))

Abstract

The purpose of this chapter is to provide the radiologist interested in pelvic floor imaging with a surgical perspective of pelvic floor dysfunction. Although individual surgeons may have different reasons for requesting imaging studies, the basic question to be answered remains the same: the preoperative identification of all surgically treatable prolapse and pelvic floor dysfunction. It is estimated that 11.1% of women will undergo a single operation for pelvic floor dysfunction in their lifetime. Nearly 30% of these patients will require a second operation (Olsen et al. 1997).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Altringer WE, Saclarides TJ, Dominguez JM, et al (1995) Four-contrast defecography: pelvic “floor-oscopy”. Dis Colon Rectum 38: 695–699

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baden WF, Walker T (1992a) Abdominal approach to superior vaginal defects. In: Baden WF, Walker T (eds) Surgical repair of vaginal defects. Lippincott, Philadelphia, p 119

    Google Scholar 

  • Baden WF, Walker T (1992b) Vaginal approach to superior vaginal defects. In: Baden WF, Walker T (eds) Surgical repair of vaginal defects. Lippincott, Philadelphia, p 161

    Google Scholar 

  • Ball TP Jr, Teichman MH, Sharkey FE, et al (1997) Terminal nerve distribution to the urethra and bladder neck: consideration in the management of stress urinary incontinence. J Urol 158: 827–829

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barber MD, Visco AG, Weidner C, et al (2000) Bilateral utero-sacral ligament vault suspension with site-specific endopelvic fascia defect repair for treatment of pelvic organ prolapse. Am J Obstet Gynecol 183: 1402–1410

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benson JT (1992) Rectocele, descending perineal syndrome, enterocele. In: Benson JT (ed) Female pelvic floor disorders: investigation and management. Norton, New York, p 384

    Google Scholar 

  • Benson JT, McClellan E (1993) The effect of vaginal dissection on the pudendal nerve. Obstet Gynecol 82: 387–389

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benson JT, Lucente V, McClellan E (1996) Vaginal versus abdominal reconstructive surgery for the treatment of pelvic support defects: a prospective randomized study with long-term outcome evaluation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 175: 1418–1422

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borirakchanyavat S, Aboseif SR, Carroll PR, et al (1997) Continence mechanism of the isolated female urethra: an anatomical study of the intrapelvic somatic nerves. J Urol 158: 822–826

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bump RC, Fantyl JA, Hurt WG (1988) The mechanism of urinary continence in women with severe uterovaginal prolapse: results of barrier studies. Obstet Gynecol 72: 291

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bump RC, Hurt WG, Theofrastus JP, et al (1996a) Randomized prospective comparison of needle colposuspension versus endopelvic fascia plication for potential stress incontinence prophylaxis in women undergoing vaginal reconstruction for stage III or IV pelvic organ prolapse. Am J Obstet Gynecol 175: 326

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bump RC, Mattiasson A, Bo K, et al (1996b) The standardization of terminology of female pelvic organ prolapsed and pelvic floor dysfunction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 175: 1467–1471

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell RM (1950) The anatomy and histology of the sacro-uterine ligaments. Am J Obstet Gynecol 59: 1–12

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chaudhuri SK (1979) The place of sling operations in treating genital prolapse in young women. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 16: 314–320

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper JL, Beck CL (1993) History of soft-tissue allografts in orthopedics. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev 1: 2–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cundiff GW, Harris RL, Coates K, et al (1997) Abdominal sacral colpoperineopexy: a new approach for correction of posterior compartment defects and perineal descent associated with vaginal prolapse. Am J Obstet Gynecol 177: 1345–1355

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dastur B, Gurubaxani G, Palnitkar SS (1967) Shirodkar sling operation in the treatment of genital prolapse. Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 74: 125–128

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davis GD (1996) Uterine prolapse after laparoscopic utero-sacral transection in nulliparous airborne trainees. A report of 3 cases. J Reprod Med 41: 279–282

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Lamballe J (1840) Mem de l’Acad Roy De Med VIII:697 DeLancey JOL (1992) Anatomic aspects of vaginal eversion after hysterectomy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 166: 1717–1728

    Google Scholar 

  • DeLancey JOL (1999) Structural anatomy of the posterior compartment as it relates to rectocele. Am J Obstet Gynecol 180: 815–823

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DeLancey JOL, Morley GW (1997) Total colpocleisis for vaginal eversion. Am J Obstet Gynecol 176: 1228–1235

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Durfee RB (1966) Suspension operations for treatment of pelvic organ prolapse. Clin Obstet Gynecol 9: 1047–1061

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farrell SA, Dempsey T, Geldenhuys L (2001) Histologic examination of “fascia” used in colporrhaphy. Obstet Gynecol 98: 794–798

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fenner D (1996) Diagnosis and assessment of sigmoidoceles. Am J Obstet Gynecol 175: 1438–1441

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer JR, Hale DS, Benson JT, et al (1997) Combined rectocele repair and abdominal sacral colpopexy. A new method for repair of Denonvillier’s fascia. Presented at the AUGS 18th Annual Scientific Meeting, Tucson, Arizona

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilliam DT (1900) Round-ligament ventrosuspension of the uterus: a new method. Am J Obstet 52: 1028

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilpin SA, Gosling JA, Smith ARB, et al (1989) The pathogenesis of genitourinary prolapse and stress incontinence of urine. A histological and histochemical study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 96: 15–23

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hale DS, Kelvin FM (1998) Dynamic cystoproctography vs. dynamic MRI vs. physical exam in patients with pelvic organ prolapse. Presented at the 20th Annual AUGS Scientific Meeting, Washington DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall AF, Theofrastus JP, Cundiff GW, et al (1996) Interobserver and intraobserver reliability of the proposed International Continence Society, Society of Gynecologic Surgeons and American Urogynecologic Society pelvic organ prolapse classification system. Am J Obstet Gynecol 175: 1467–1471

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heit M, Benson JT, Russell B, et al (1996) Levator ani muscle in women with genitourinary prolapse: indirect assessment of muscle by histopathology. Neurol Urodyn 15: 17–29

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hock D, Lombard R, Jehaes C, et al (1993) Colpocystodefecography. Dis Colon Rectum 36: 1015–1021

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoyte L, Schierlitz L, Zou K, et al (2001) Two-and 3-dimensional MRI comparison of levator ani structure, volume and integrity in women with stress incontinence and prolapse. Am J Obstet Gynecol 185: 11–19

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iglesia CB, Fenner D, Brubaker L (1997) The use of mesh in gynecologic surgery. Int Urogynecol J 8: 105–115

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Janssen LWM, van Dijke CF (1994) Selection criteria for anterior rectal wall repair in symptomatic rectocele and anterior rectal wall prolapse. Dis Colon Rectum 37: 1100–1107

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeffcoate TNA (1959) Posterior colpoperineorrhaphy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 77: 490–502

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jorge JM, Yang YK, Wexner SD (1994) Incidence and clinical significance of sigmoidoceles as determined by a new classification system. Dis Colon Rectum 37: 1112–1117

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Julian TM (1993) Response to Kovac SR, Cruikshank SH Successful pregnancies and vaginal deliveries after sacrospinous uterosacral fixation in five of nineteen patients. Am J Obstet Gynecol 168: 1778–1786

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Julian TM (1996) The efficacy of Marlex mesh in the repair of severe, recurrent vaginal prolapse of the anterior vaginal wall. Am J Obstet Gynecol 175: 1472–1475

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kahn MA, Stanton SI (1997) Posterior colporrhaphy: its effects on bowel and sexual function. Br J Obstet Gynecol 104: 82–86

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karlbom U, Wilhelm G, Nilsson S, et al (1996) Does surgical repair of a rectocele improve rectal emptying? Dis Colon Rectum 39: 1296–1302

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karram M, Goldwasser S, Kleeman S, et al (2001) High utero-sacral vault suspension with fascial reconstruction for vaginal repair of enterocele and vaginal vault prolapse. Am J Obstet Gynecol 185: 1339–1343

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman HS, Buller JL, Thompson JR, et al (2001) Dynamic pelvic magnetic resonance imaging and cystocolpoproctography after surgical management of pelvic floor disorders. Dis Colon Rectum 44: 1575–1584

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kelvin FM, Hale DS, Maglinte DDT, et al (1999) Female pelvic organ prolapse: diagnostic contribution of dynamic cystoproctography and comparison with physical exam. AJR Am J Roentgenol 173: 31–37

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kelvin FM, Maglinte DDT, Hale DS, et al (2000) Female pelvic organ prolapse: a comparison of triphasic dynamic MR imaging and triphasic fluoroscopic cystocolpoproctography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 174: 81–88

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khubchandani IT, Clancy JP, Riether RD, et al (1997) Endorectal repair of rectocele revisited. Br J Surg 84: 88–91

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kovac SR, Cruikshank SH (1993) Successful pregnancies and vaginal deliveries after sacrospinous uterosacral fixation in five of nineteen patients. Am J Obstet Gynecol 168: 1778–1786

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn RJP, Hollyock VE (1982) Observations on the anatomy of the rectovaginal pouch and septum. Obstet Gynecol 59: 445–447

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leffler KS, Thompson JR, Cundiff GW, et al (2001) Attachment of the rectovaginal septum to the pelvic sidewall. Am J Obstet Gynecol 185: 41–43

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maloney JC, Dunton CJ, Smith K (1990) Repair of vaginal vault prolapse with abdominal sacropexy. J Reprod Med 35: 6–10

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marks MM (1967) The rectal side of the rectocele. Dis Colon Rectum 10: 387–388

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsuoka H, Wexner S, Desia MB, et al (2001) A comparison between pelvic magnetic resonance imaging and videoproctography in patients with constipation. Dis Colon Rectum 44: 571–576

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCall ML (1957) Posterior culdoplasty: surgical correction of enterocele during vaginal hysterectomy: a preliminary report. Obstet Gynecol 10: 595

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mellgren A,Anzen B, Nilsson BY, et al (1995) Results of rectocele repair. A prospective study. Dis Colon Rectum 38: 7–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Mengert WF (1936) Mechanics of uterine support and position. Am J Obstet Gynecol 31: 775–782

    Google Scholar 

  • Milley PS, Nichols DH (1968) A correlative investigation of the human rectovaginal septum. Anat Rec 163: 443–452

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morley GW, DeLancey JO (1988) Sacrospinous ligament fixation for eversion of the vagina. Am J Obstet Gynecol 158: 872–881

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moschcowitz AV (1912) The pathogenesis, anatomy and cure of prolapse of the rectum. Surg Gynecol Obstet 15: 7

    Google Scholar 

  • Nassar GF (1967) Modified Williams-Richardson operation for uterine prolapse. Obstet Gynecol 30: 233–237

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nichols DH (1991) Fertility retention in the patient with genital prolapse. Am J Obstet Gynecol 164: 1155–1158

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nichols DH, Randall CL (1996) Enterocele. In: Nichols DH, Randall CL (eds) Vaginal surgery, 4th edn. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, p 348

    Google Scholar 

  • Norton PA, Baker JE, Sharp HC, et al (1995) Genitourinary prolapse and joint hypermobility in women. Obstet Gynecol 85: 225–228

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olsen A, Smith VJ, Bergstrom JO, et al (1997) Epidemiology of surgically managed pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinence. Obstet Gynecol 89: 501–506

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peters WA, Christenson ML (1995) Fixation of the vaginal apex to the coccygeus fascia during repair of vaginal vault eversion with enterocele. Am J Obstet Gynecol 172: 1894–1902

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pillai A (1994) Rectocele repair: defect approach, an early review. Proceedings of the 5th Annual Scientific Meeting of the American Urogynecologic Society, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    Google Scholar 

  • Pillai A, Benson JT (1996) Cystocele. In: Brubaker LT, Saclarides TJ (eds) The female pelvic floor: disorders of function and support. Davis, Philadelphia, p 269

    Google Scholar 

  • Randall CL, Nichols DH (1971) Surgical treatment of vaginal inversion. J Obstet Gynecol 38: 327–332

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson AC (1989) Pelvic support defects in women (urethrocele, cystocele, uterine prolapse, enterocele and rectocele). In: Skandalakis J, Gray S, Mansberger A Jr, Col-born G, Skandalakis L (eds) Hernia: surgical anatomy and technique. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 238–263

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson AC (1993) The rectovaginal septum revisited: its relationship to rectocele and its importance in rectocele repair. In: Pitkin RM, Scot JR, DeLancey JOL (eds) Clinical obstetrics and gynecology, vol 36/4. Lippincott, Philadelphia, p 977

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson AC, Lyon JB, Williams NL (1976) A new look at pelvic relaxation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 126: 568

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson AC, Edmonds PB, Williams NL (1981) Treatment of stress urinary incontinence due to paravaginal fasciai defect. Obstet Gynecol 57: 357–362

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sehapayak S (1985) Transrectal repair of rectocele: an extended armamentarium of colorectal surgeons, a report of 355 cases. Dis Colon Rectum 28: 422–433

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw WF (1933) The treatment of prolapses uteri, with special reference to the Manchester operation of colporrhaphy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 26: 667

    Google Scholar 

  • Shull BL, Baden WF (1989) A six-year experience with para-vaginal defect repair for stress urinary incontinence. Am J Obstet Gynecol 160: 1432–1440

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shull BL, Benn SJ, Kuehl TJ (1994) Surgical management of prolapse of the anterior vaginal segment: an analysis of support defects, operative morbidity, and anatomic outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 171: 1429–1439

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shull BL, Bachofen C, Coates KW, et al (2000) A transvaginal approach to repair of apical and other associated sites of pelvic organ prolapse with uterosacral ligaments. Am J Obstet Gynecol 183: 1365–1373

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh K, Reid WM, Berger LA (2001) Assessment and grading of pelvic organ prolapse by use of dynamic magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Obstet Gynecol 185: 71–77

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith ARB, Hosker GL, Warrell DW (1989) The role of partial denervation of the pelvic floor in the aetiology of genitourinary prolapse and stress incontinence of urine. A neuro-physiologic study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 96: 24–28

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith P, Heimer G, Norgen A, et al (1990) Steroid hormone receptors in pelvic muscles and ligament in women. Gynecol Obstet Invest 30: 27–30

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan ES, Leaverton GH, Hardwick CE (1968) Transrectal perineal repair: an adjunct to improved function after anorectal surgery. Dis Colon Rectum 11: 106–114

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sutton GP, Addison WA, Livengood CH III, et al (1981) Life-threatening hemorrhage complicating sacral colpopexy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 140: 836–837

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swift SE (2000) The distribution of pelvic organ support in a population of female subjects seen for routine gynecologic care. Am J Obstet Gynecol 183: 277–285

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sze EHM, Karram MM (1997) Transvaginal repair of vault prolapse: a review. Obstet Gynecol 89: 466–475

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sze EHM, Kohli N, Miklos J, et al (1999) A retrospective comparison of abdominal sacrocolpopexy with Burch colpo-suspension versus sacrospinous fixation with transvaginal needle suspension for the management of vault prolapse and coexisting stress incontinence. Int Urogynecol J 10: 390–393

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson JD (1992) Malposition of the uterus. In: Thompson JD, Rock JA (eds) TeLinde’s operative gynecology, 7th edn. Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp 846–849

    Google Scholar 

  • Thorns AG, Brodman ML, Dottino PR, et al (1995) Manchester procedure vs. vaginal hysterectomy for uterine prolapse: a comparison. J Reprod Med 40: 299–304

    Google Scholar 

  • Timmons MC, Addison WA, Addison SB, et al (1992) Abdominal sacral colpopexy in 163 women with post hysterectomy vaginal vault prolapse and enterocele: evolution of operative techniques. J Reprod Med 37: 323–327

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tulikangas PK,Walters MD, Brainard JA, et al (2001) Enterocele: is there a histologic defect? Obstet Gynecol 98: 634–637

    Google Scholar 

  • Uhlenhuth E, Nolley GW (1957) Vaginal fascia, a myth? J Obstet Gynecol 10: 349–358

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weber AM, Walters MD (1997) Anterior vaginal prolapse: review of anatomy and techniques of surgical repair. Obstet Gynecol 89: 311–318

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weber AM, Walters MD, Piedmonte MR, et al (2001) Anterior colporrhaphy: a randomized trial of three surgical techniques. Am J Obstet Gynecol 185: 1299–1306

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weidner AC, Cundiff GW, Harris RL, et al (1997) Sacral osteomyelitis: an unusual complication of abdominal sacral colpopexy. Obstet Gynecol 90: 689–691

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White GR (1909) Cystocele. A radical cure by suturing lateral sulci of vagina to white line of pelvic fascia. JAMA 21: 1701–1710

    Google Scholar 

  • Word BH, Montgomery HA, Baden WF, et al (1992) Vaginal approach to anterior paravaginal repair: alternative techniques. In: Baden WF, Walker T (eds) Surgical repair of vaginal defects. Lippincott, Philadelphia, p 201

    Google Scholar 

  • Young SB, Daman JJ, Bony LG (2001) Vaginal paravaginal repair. One-year outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 185: 1360–1367

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zaccharin RF (1977) A Chinese anatomy–the supporting tissues of the Chinese and Occidental female compared and contrasted. Aust NZ J Obstet Gynaecol 17: 1–11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zaccharin RF (1980) Pulsion enterocele: review of functional anatomy of the pelvic floor. Obstet Gynecol 55: 135–140

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaccharin RF (1985) Abdomino-perineal repair of large pulsion enterocele. In: Zaccharin RF (ed) Pelvic floor anatomy and the surgery of pulsion enterocele. Springer, Vienna New York, pp 135–155

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Zivkovic E Famussino K, Ralph G, et al (1996) Long-term effects of vaginal dissection on the innervation of the striated urethral sphincter. Obstet Gynecol 87: 257–260

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abrams P, Wein A (1999) The overactive bladder and incontinence: definitions and a plea for discussion. Neurourol Urodyn 18: 413–416

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abrams P, Blaivas J, Stanton S, et al (1988a) The standardisation of terminology of lower urinary tract function. Neurourol Urodyn 7: 403–406

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abrams P, Blaivas J, Stanton S, et al (1988b) The standardisation of lower urinary tract function. Scand J Urol Nephrol [Suppl] 114: 5–19

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amundsen C, Guralnick M, Webster G (2000) Variations in strategy for the treatment of urethral obstruction after a pubovaginal sling procedure. J Urol 164: 434–437

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anders K (2000) Bladder retraining. In: Stanton S, Monga A (eds) Clinical urogynaecology. Churchill Livingstone, London, pp 575–581

    Google Scholar 

  • Andersson KE (2000) Drug therapy for urinary incontinence. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 14: 291–313

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arya L, Myers D, Jackson N (2000) Dietary caffeine intake and the risk for detrusor instability: a case-control study. Obstet Gynecol 96: 85–89

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barbalias G, Liatsikos E, Barbalias D (1997) Use of slings made of indigenous and allogenic material (GoreTex) in type III urinary incontinence and comparison between them. Urology 31: 394–400

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bent AE (1997) Periurethral collagen injections. Oper Tech Gynecol Surg 2: 54

    Google Scholar 

  • Bent A, McLennan M (1998) Surgical management of urinary incontinence. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 25: 883–906

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bent A, Tutrone R, McLennan M, et al (2001a) Treatment of intrinsic sphincter deficiency using autologous ear chondrocytes as a bulking agent. Neurourol Urodyn 20: 157–165

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bent A, Foote J, Siegel S, et al (200 lb) Collagen implant for treating stress incontinence in women with urethral hyper-mobility. J Urol 166: 1354–1357

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergman A, Elia G (1995) Three surgical procedures for genuine stress urinary incontinence: five year follow-up of a prospective randomized study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 173: 66–71

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bezerra C, Bruschini H (2002) Suburethral sling operations for urinary incontinence in women (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library, Issue 3. Update Software, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Blaivas J (1999) Defining words: overactive bladder (editorial). Neurourol Urodyn 18: 417–418

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blaivas J, Heritz D, Romanzi L (1995) Early versus late repair of vesicovaginal fistulas: vaginal and abdominal approaches. J Urol 153: 1110–1112

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blaivas J, Appell R, Fantl J, et al (1997) Definition and classification of urinary incontinence: recommendations of the Urodynamic Society. Neurourol Urodyn 16: 149–151

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bowen L, Sand P, Ostergard D, et al (1989) Unsuccessful Burch retropubic urethropexy: a case-controlled urodynamic study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 160: 452–458

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brazzelli M, Shirran E, Vale L (2002) Absorbent products for containing urinary and/or fecal incontinence in adults. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs 29: 45–54

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown J, Grady D, Ouslander J, et al (1999) Prevalence of urinary incontinence and associated risk factors in postmenopausal women. Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group. Obstet Gynecol 94: 66–70

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown S, Govier F (2000) Cadaveric versus autologous fascia lata for the pubovaginal sling: surgical outcome and patient satisfaction. J Urol 164: 1633–1637

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bump R, Norton P (1998) Epidemiology and natural history of pelvic floor dysfunction. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 25: 723–746

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burch J (1961) Urethrovaginal fixation to Cooper’s ligament for correction of stress incontinence, cystocele, and prolapse. Am J Obstet Gynecol 81: 281–290

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burch J (1968) Cooper’s ligament urethrovesical suspension for stress incontinence. Nine years’ experience–results, complications, technique. Am J Obstet Gynecol 100: 764–774

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burgio K, Matthews K, Engel B (1991) Prevalence, incidence and correlates of urinary incontinence in healthy, middle-aged women. J Urol 146: 1255–1259

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burgio K, Locher J, Goode P, et al (1998) Behavioral vs drug treatment for urge urinary incontinence in older women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 280: 1995–2000

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chaikin D, Rosenthal J, Blaivas J (1998) Pubovaginal fascial sling for all types of stress incontinence: long-term analysis. J Urol 160: 1312–1316

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen AH, Horbach NS (1997) Abdominal retropubic urethropexy procedures. Oper Tech Gynecol Surg 2: 26

    Google Scholar 

  • Clemens J, DeLancey J, Faerber G, et al (2000) Urinary tract erosions after synthetic pubovaginal slings: diagnosis and management strategy. Urology 56: 589–594

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clemens J, Schuster T, Konnak J, et al (2001) Revision rates after artificial urinary sphincter implantation for incontinence after radical prostatectomy: actuarial analysis. J Urol 166: 1372–1375

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coiling J, Ouslander J, Hadley B, et al (1992) The effects of patterned urge-response toileting (PURT) on urinary incontinence among nursing home residents. J Am Geriatr Soc 40: 135–141

    Google Scholar 

  • Costa P, Mottet N, Rabut B, et al (2001) The use of an artificial urinary sphincter in women with type III urinary incontinence and a negative Marshall test. J Urol 165: 1172–1176

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Danso K, Martey J, Wall L, et al (1996) The epidemiology of genitourinary fistulae in Kumasi, Ghana, 1977–1992. Int Urogynecol J 7: 117–120

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diokno A, Brock B, Brown M, et al (1986) Prevalence of urinary incontinence and other urological symptoms in the noninstitutionalized elderly. J Urol 136: 1022–1025

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eustice S, Roe B, Paterson J (2002) Prompted voiding for the management of urinary incontinence in adults (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library, Issue 3. Update Software, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Fantl J, Newman D, Colling J, et al (1996) Urinary incontinence in adults: acute and chronic management. Clinical practice guideline. US Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, Rockville, pp 1–154

    Google Scholar 

  • Fitzgerald M, Brubaker L (2002) Urinary incontinence symptoms scores and urodynamic diagnoses. Neurourol Urodyn 21: 30–35

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flynn B, Yap W (2002) Pubovaginal sling using allograft fascia lata versus autograft fascia for all types of stress urinary incontinence: 2-year minimum followup. J Urol 167: 608–612

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fowler C (2000) Intravesical treatment of overactive bladder. Urology 55: 60–64

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glazener C, Cooper K (2002) Anterior vaginal repair for urinary incontinence in women (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library, Issue 3. Update Software, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Gleason D, Susset J, White C, et al (1999) Evaluation of a new once-daily formulation of oxybutynin for the treatment of urinary urge incontinence. Ditropan XL Study Group. Urology 54: 420–423

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Groutz A, Blaivas J, Hyman M, et al (2001) Pubovaginal sling surgery for simple stress urinary incontinence: an analysis by outcome score. J Urol 165: 1597–2000

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hadley E (1986) Bladder training and related therapies for urinary incontinence in older people. JAMA 256: 372–379

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hampel C, Weinhold D, Benken N, et al (1997) Prevalence and natural history of urinary incontinence. Eur Urol 32 [Suppl 2]: 3–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Hay-Smith E, Bo K, Berghmans L, et al (2002) Pelvic floor muscle training for urinary incontinence in women (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library, Issue 3. Update Software, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Horbach N (1997) Choosing the appropriate surgery for genuine stress urinary incontinence. Oper Tech Gynecol Surg 2: 1–4

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang Y, Lin A, Chen K, et al (2001) High failure rate using allograft fascia lata in pubovaginal sling surgery for female stress urinary incontinence. Urology 58: 943–946

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hunskaar S, Arnold E, Burgio K, et al (2000) Epidemiology and natural history of urinary incontinence. Int Urogynecol J 11: 301–319

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hurt W (2000) Genitourinary fistulae. In: Monga A (eds) Clinical urogynaecology. Churchill Livingstone, London, pp 247–257

    Google Scholar 

  • Ingelman-Sundberg A (1975) Urge incontinence in women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 54: 153–156

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson S, Weber A, Hull T, et al (1997) Fecal incontinence in women with urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse. Obstet Gynecol 89: 423–427

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jarvis G, Hall S, Stamp S, et al (1980) An assessment of urodynamic examination in the incontinent woman. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 87: 893–896

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jonas U, Fowler C, Chancellor M, et al (2001) Efficacy of sacral nerve stimulation for urinary retention: results 18 months after implantation. J Urol 165: 15–19

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kegel A (1948) Progressive resistance exercise in the functional restoration of the perineal muscles. Am J Obstet Gynecol 56: 238–248

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kegel A (1951) Physiologic therapy for urinary stress incontinence. JAMA 1951: 915

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kinn A, Zaar A (1998) Quality of life and urinary incontinence pad use in women. Int Urogynecol J 9: 83–87

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klarsov P, Kroyer K, Kromann B, et al (1991) Long-term results for female genuine stress floor training and surgery for female genuine stress incontinence. Int Urogynecol J 12: 132–135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lebret T, Lugagne P, Herve J, et al (2001) Evaluation of tension-free vaginal tape procedures. Its safety and efficacy in the treatment of female stress incontinence during the learning phase. Eur Urol 40: 543–547

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee E, Yoo K, Kim Y, et al (1998) Prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms in Korean men in a community-based study. Eur Urol 33: 17–21

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lemack G, Zimmern P (1999) Predictability of urodynamic findings based on the Urogenital Distress Inventory-6 questionnaire. Urology 54: 461–466

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lentz S (1995) Osteitis pubis: a review. Obstet Gynecol Sury 50: 310–315

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lose G, Fantl J, Victor A, et al (2001) Outcome measures for research in adult women with symptoms of lower urinary tract dysfunction. Standardization Committee of the International Continence Society. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 80: 981–985

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Madjar S, Tchetgen M, van Antwerp A, et al (2002) Urethral erosion of tension-free vaginal tape. Urology 59: 601

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Malmsten U, Milsom I, Molander U, et al (1997) Urinary incontinence and lower urinary tract symptoms: an epidemiologic study of men aged 45 to 99 years. J Urol 158: 1733–1737

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall H, Beevers D (1996) Alpha-adrenergic blocking drugs and female urinary incontinence: prevalence and reversibility. Br J Clin Pharmacol 42: 507–509

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall V, Marchetti A, Krantz K (1949) The correction of stress incontinence by simple vesicourethral suspension. Surg Gynecol Obstet 88: 509–518

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McClish D, Wyman J, Sale P, et al (1999) Use and costs of incontinence pads in female study volunteers. Continence Program for Women Research Group. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs 26: 210–213

    Google Scholar 

  • McGuire E (1981) Urodynamic findings in patients after failure of stress incontinence operations. Prog Clin Biol Res 78: 351–360

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McLennan M, Bent A (1998) Supine empty stress test as a predictor of low Valsalva leak point pressure. Neurourol Urodyn 17: 121–127

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meschia M, Pifarotti P, Bernasconi F, et al (2001) Tension-free Vaginal Tape: analysis of outcomes and complications in 404 stress incontinent women. Int Urogynecol J 12: S24 - S27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller J, Ashton-Miller J, DeLancey J (1998) A pelvic muscle precontraction can reduce cough-related urine loss in selected women with mild SUI. J Am Geriatr Soc 46: 870–874

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moller L, Lose G, Jorgensen T (2000) Incidence and remission rates of lower urinary tract symptoms at one year in women aged 40–60: longitudinal study. BMJ 320: 1429–1432

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore K, Simons A, Dowell C, et al (1999) Efficacy and user acceptability of the urethral occlusive device in women with urinary incontinence. J Urol 162: 464–468

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nemir A, Middleton R (1954) Stress incontinence in young nulliparous women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 68: 1166–1168

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Niemczyk P, Klutke J, Carlin B, et al (2001) United States experience with tension-free vaginal tape procedure for urinary stress incontinence: assessment of safety and tolerability. Tech Urol 7: 261–265

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nygaard I, Lemke J (1996) Urinary incontinence in rural older women: prevalence, incidence and remission. J Am Geriatr Soc 44: 1049–1054

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nygaard I, Kreder K, Lepic M, et al (1996) Efficacy of pelvic floor muscle exercises in women with stress, urge, and mixed urinary incontinence. Am J Obstet Gynecol 174: 120–125

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olsen A, Smith V, Bergstrom J, et al (1997) Epidemiology of surgically managed pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinence. Obstet Gynecol 89: 501–506

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ostaszkiewicz J, Johnston L, Roe B (2002) Habit retraining for the management of urinary incontinence in adults (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library, Issue 1. Update Software, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Pits M (2002) Rare complications of tension-free vaginal tape procedure: late intraurethral displacement and early misplacement of the tape. J Urol 167: 647

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramsay I, Clancy S, Hilton P (1992) Subtrigonal phenol injections in the treatment of idiopathic detrusor instability in the female–a long-term urodynamic follow-up. Br J Urol 69: 363–365

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramsay I, Ali H, Hunter M, et al (1996) A prospective, randomized controlled trial of inpatient versus outpatient continence programs in the treatment of urinary incontinence in the female. Int Urogynecol J 7: 260–263

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rezapour M, Falconer C, Ulmsten U (2001) Tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) in stress incontinent women with intrinsic sphincter deficiency (ISD) - a long-term follow-up. Int Urogynecol J 12: S12 - S14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson R, Jacobsen S, Rhodes T, et al (1998) Urinary incontinence in a community-based cohort: prevalence and healthcare-seeking. J Am Geriatr Soc 46: 467–472

    Google Scholar 

  • Roe B, Williams K, Palmer M (2002) Bladder training for urinary incontinence in adults (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library, Issue 3. Update Software, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Samuelsson E, Victor F, Svardsudd K (2000) Five-year incidence and remission rates of female urinary incontinence in a Swedish population less than 65 years old. Am J Obstet Gynecol 183: 568–574

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sand P, Bowen L, Panganiban R, et al (1987) The low pressure urethra as a factor in failed retropubic urethropexy. Obstet Gynecol 69: 399–402

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sandvik H, Hunskaar S, Vanvik A (1995) Diagnostic classification of female urinary incontinence: an epidemiologic survey corrected for validity. J Clin Epidemiol 48: 339–343

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schulman C, Claes H, Matthijs J (1997) Urinary incontinence in Belgium: a population-based epidemiologic survey. Eur Urol 32: 315–320

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siegel S, Catanzaro F, Dijkema H, et al (2000) Long-term results of a multicenter study on sacral nerve stimulation for treatment of urinary urge incontinence, urinary frequency, and retention. Urology 56: 87–91

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soergel T, Shott S, Heit M (2001) Poor surgical outcomes after fascia lata allograft slings. Int Urogynecol J 12: 247–253

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strohbehn K (1998) Normal pelvic floor anatomy. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 25: 683–705

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strohbehn K, DeLancey J (1997) The anatomy of stress incontinence. Oper Tech Gynecol Surg 2: 5–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Tamussino K, Hanzal E, Kolle D, et al (2001) Tension-free vaginal tape operation: results of the Austrian registry. Obstet Gynecol 98: 732–736

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Teasdale T, Taffet G, Luchi R, et al (1988) Urinary incontinence in a community-residing elderly population. J Am Geriatr Soc 36: 600–606

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Temml C, Haidinger G, Schmidbauer J, et al (2000) Urinary incontinence in both sexes: prevalence rates and impact on quality of life and sexual life. Neurourol Urodyn 19: 259–271

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thom D (1998) Variation in estimates of urinary incontinence prevalence in the community: effects of differences in definition, population characteristics, and study type. J Am Geriatr Soc 46: 473–480

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas TM, Plymat KR, Blannin J, et al (1980) Prevalence of urinary incontinence. BMJ 281: 1243–1245

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Toba K, Ouchi Y, Orimo H, et al (1996) Urinary incontinence in elderly inpatients in Japan: a comparison between general and geriatric hospitals. Aging (Milano) 8: 47–54

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ubersax J, Wyman J, Shumaker S, et al (1995) Short forms to assess life quality and symptom distress for urinary incontinence in women: the incontinence impact questionnaire and the urogenital distress inventory. Neurourol Urodyn 14: 131–139

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Urinary Incontinence Guideline Panel (1992) Urinary incontinence in adults: clinical practice guidelines. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research publication no. 92–0038. Public Health Service, US Department of Health and Human Services. Rockville

    Google Scholar 

  • Ushiroyama T, Ikeda A, Ueki M (1999) Prevalence, incidence, and awareness in the treatment of menopausal urinary incontinence. Maturitas 33: 127–132

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van Kerrebroeck P, Kreder K, Jonas U, et al (2001) Tolteridine once-daily: superior efficacy and tolerability in the treatment of overactive bladder. Urology 57: 414–421

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Venn S, Mundy T (2000) Detrusor instability. In: Stanton S, Monga A (eds) Clinical urogynaecology. Churchill Livingstone, London, pp 219–226

    Google Scholar 

  • Vierhout M, Lose G (1997) Preventative vaginal and intra-urethral devices in the treatment of female urinary stress incontinence. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 9: 325–328

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ward K, Hilton P, Browning J (2000) A randomised trial of colposuspension and Tension-free Vaginal Tape for primary stress genuine stress incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn 19: 386–388

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber A, Walters M (2000) Cost-effectiveness of urodynamic testing before surgery for women with pelvic organ prolapse and stress urinary incontinence. Am J Obstet Gynecol 183: 1338–1347

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolin L (1969) Stress incontinence in young, healthy nulliparous female subjects. J Urol 101: 545–549

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wyman J, Harkins S, Choi S, et al (1987) Psychosocial impact of urinary incontinence in women. Obstet Gynecol 70: 378–381

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wyman J, Fantl J, McClish D, et al (1988) Comparative efficacy of behavioral interventions in the management of female urinary incontinence. Continence Program for Women Research Group. Am J Obstet Gynecol 179: 999–1007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Young S, Howard A, Baker S (2001) Mersilene mesh sling: short-and long-term clinical and urodynamic outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 185: 32–40

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery, Methodist/Indiana University Hospital, 1633 N Capitol Avenue, Suite 436, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA

    D. S. Hale MD, FACOG

  2. Division of Urogynecology/Reconstructive Pelvic Surgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA

    K. Strohbehn MD, FACOG, FACS (Associate Professor, Dartmouth Medical School, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Director)

Authors
  1. F. M. Kelvin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. D. S. Hale MD, FACOG
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. K. Strohbehn MD, FACOG, FACS
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. St. Mark’s Hospital, Northwick Park, HA1 3UJ, Harrow, Middx., UK

    Clive I. Bartram FRCS, FRCP, FRCR (Consultant Radiologist, Professor of Gastrointestinal Radiology) (Consultant Radiologist, Professor of Gastrointestinal Radiology)

  2. Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, London, UK

    Clive I. Bartram FRCS, FRCP, FRCR (Consultant Radiologist, Professor of Gastrointestinal Radiology) (Consultant Radiologist, Professor of Gastrointestinal Radiology)

  3. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, L 4000 Women’s Hospital, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr., 48109-0276, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    John O. L. DeLancey MD (Norman F. Miller Professor of Gynecology) (Norman F. Miller Professor of Gynecology)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2003 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kelvin, F.M., Hale, D.S., Strohbehn, K. (2003). Urogenital Dysfunction. In: Bartram, C.I., DeLancey, J.O.L. (eds) Imaging Pelvic Floor Disorders. Medical Radiology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05206-8_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05206-8_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-05208-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-05206-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation