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Several MHC-Linked Ig Superfamily Genes Have Features of Ancestral Antigen-Specific Receptor Genes

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The Interface Between Innate and Acquired Immunity

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology ((CT MICROBIOLOGY,volume 266))

Abstract

The lymphocytes of the jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) are characterized by their antigen-specific receptors. Both the Ig of B cells and the TCRs of T cells belong to the immunoglobulin superfamily. The antigen-binding domain of the variable part of these receptors is generated by the somatic rearrangement of gene segments. The introduction of this mechanism during evolution is likely to have occurred only once and must have had “rapid” consequences which shaped the immune system of vertebrates into a coherent coevolving unit (Marchalonis and Schluter 1990; Thompson 1995). This gives the impression of an abrupt “invention” of the whole adaptive immune system (review in Du Pasquier and Flajnik 1999). Yet the many elements of the immune system must have been acquired in a stepwise manner. For instance, antigen-presenting molecules of the class I- or class II-type have not appeared simultaneously under their recognizable form (Flajnik et al. 1991; Kaufman et al. 1984). Was the common ancestor of these types present before the introduction of somatic rearrangement? Or did it acquire its characteristics to match the need for selection created by somatic rearrangement? As far as the antigen receptor is concerned, somatic rearrangement mechanisms and the separation of the ABCDEF strands from the G strand in variable region genes must have also been introduced in pre-existing unsplit genes.

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Abbreviations

A33:

CTX-elated human gene (Q99795), ref. for mapping (Johnstone 1999)

B-G:

MHC-linked antigen on chicken hematopoietic cells

BEAT:

Drosophila beaten path precursor

Buty:

Butyrophilin

CAR:

Coxsackie virus receptors (P78310)

CD4 Co:

receptor CD 1 with a first V domain (with an intron, but not a type 0 splice site as in CTX)

CD79a Co:

receptor of the B cell receptor formerly Igα or Mb1.Igsf C2 domain

CD83:

Marker of a subset of dendritic cells

CD147:

Basigin (Igsf member)

CEA:

Carcinoembryonic antigen=CD66

CRAM1:

New CTX-related molecule (Aurrand-Lions et al. 2000)

CRTAM:

Class-I MHC-restricted T cell-associated molecule (Homo sapiens). Human homologue of CTADS

CTADS:

Chicken thymocyte activation and developmental protein its first domain shows similarity with V domains of shark new antigen receptors. The second domain is close to Cl

CTHumx:

X-linked CTX human homologue (the closest for the external domains [Du Pasquier 2000a,b])

CTM.CTH:

Mouse (m) and human (h) CTX-related molecules (Chrétine et al. 1998)

CTX:

Cortical thymocyte marker of Xenopus (U43330), now also found in the digestive tract (Chrétine et al. 1998)

CTXR:

CTX-related gene or sequence

EVA:

Epithelial vascular antigen (AF030455). From the chicken data this region is also associated with the CD3 components (T. Goebel, personal communication)

FCGRT:

Fc receptor IgG alpha chain transporter. Molecule of the MHC class I-type (NM_004107)

FREP:

Fibrinogen-related proteins

FUT 1–7:

Fucosyl transferases (Costache et al. 1997)

HCAR:

Human coxsackie virus receptor

HTG:

High throughput genomic sequences

Ig:

Immunoglobulins

Igsf1:

Human sequence homologue of ILTs (AF034198)

Igsf4:

(NM014333) human Ig superfamily member with homology with PVR and NCAM

ILTs Immunoglobulin:

like transcripts (Nakajima et al. 1999)

Kappa:

Ig kappa light chain

KIRs:

Killer inhibitory receptors (reviewed in Lanier 1998)

LAG-3:

Lymphocyte activation gene 3

Lambda:

Ig lambda light chain

MAG:

Myelin-associated glycoprotein (AAB58805)

MHC:

Myosin heavy chain

MOG:

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (U18798)

MUC-18:

Melanoma-associated protein (M28882)

NAR:

New antigen receptor

NCAM:

Neural cell adhesion molecule

NK-p30:

Natural killer activating receptor=1C7 (AF031138)

NK-p44:

Natural killer cell activating receptor (AJ225109)

P0:

P0 myelin protein (V of the CTX type)

Poly Ig Receptor:

Igsf members made of 5 V domains (X73079)

PreToα:

Igsf C domain of the pre-T cell receptor

PreTα R:

Genomic region homologous to a region situated pstream of the pre-T cell receptor alpha gene of chromosome 6 (AL035587)

PRR:

Poliovirus receptor-related gene

PVR:

Poliovirus receptors (M24406)

RAGE:

Receptor for advanced glycolization end product (Q15109)

SiRP:

Signal regulatory protein

Tapas 9:

(V2320 in ref) tapasin-related gene segment on chromosome 9

Tapas 11:

(AC406 in ref) tapasin-related gene segment on chromosome 11

Tapas 12:

(AC005840 in ref) tapasin-related gene segment on chromosome 12

Tapasch:

Chicken tapasin

Tapashum:

Human MHC-linked tapasin

Tapasin-R:

Tapasin-related sequences

Tapaszf:

Zebrafish tapasin

TCR:

T cell receptor

TCRA:

Human TCR alpha

TCRB:

Human TCR beta

TCRDhum:

Human TCR delta

TCRGhum:

Human TCR gamma

TREM:

Triggering receptor expressed on monocytes

(VO):

V domain with a type 0 splicing of the two half domain exons

V$2320:

gene segment from chromosome 9 q34 related to V tapasin (Du Pasquier 2000a)

V$AC584ED:

Tapasin chromosome 12pl2 (Du Pasquier 2000a)

V$HS159:

V domain, single exon, related to CTX and present on chromosome X ql3

V$TAPAS:

11V domain of the tapasin family found upstream of the CI domain AC00406 (Du Pasquier 2000b)

V$TAPASCH:

Chicken tapasin (AL023516)

V$TAPASHUM:

Human tapasin (Y13582)

V$TAPASZF:

Zebrafish tapasin (AAD41075)

V$ZFCTX1:

A zebrafish CTX homologue

VH$HUM:

Ig human variable heavy chain

Xist:

X-inactive specific transcript

Xlp:

X-linked lymphoproliferative disease

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Basel Institute for Immunology, Grenzacherstrasse 487, 4005, Basel, Switzerland

    L. Du Pasquier

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  1. L. Du Pasquier
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Howard Hughes Medical Institute Research Laboratories, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 378 Wallace Tumor Institute, 35294, Birmingham, Alabama, USA

    Max D. Cooper

  2. Department of Microbiology and Immunology Center for Neurobiology, Jefferson Alumni Hall, Jefferson Medical College, 1020 Locust Street, 19197-6799, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Hilary Koprowski

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Du Pasquier, L. (2002). Several MHC-Linked Ig Superfamily Genes Have Features of Ancestral Antigen-Specific Receptor Genes. In: Cooper, M.D., Koprowski, H. (eds) The Interface Between Innate and Acquired Immunity. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 266. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04700-2_5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04700-2_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-07682-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-04700-2

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