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Local Geoid Models — Practical Considerations

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Vertical Reference Systems

Part of the book series: International Association of Geodesy Symposia ((IAG SYMPOSIA,volume 124))

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Abstract

For more than two decades Federal Agencies including the National Geodetic Survey (NGS), the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA), the Department of Defense (DoD), and others, have been involved in the research and development of national, continental, global geoid, and geopotential models. Several commercial endeavors continue to develop technology in the form of hardware and software products utilizing the Global Positioning System (GPS) that enable precise and accurate multi-dimensioned global positions.

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References

  • Jan VanSickle, 1996 “GPS For Land Surveyors” 1996 Ann Arbor Press, Chelsa, Michigan.

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  • Dennis G. Milbert and Dru Smith, 1996, “Converting GPS Height into NAVD88 Elevation with the GEOID99 Geoid Height Model”, National Geodetic Survey, Silver Spring, MD.

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  • National Geodetic Survey, 1999, “Technical Information Page for G99SSS, GEOID99, and DEFLEC99” www.ngs.noaa.gov/GEOID/GEOID99/tech.html.

  • Ernst Kohn, PLS; Scott Lutz, SIT, EIT; and Bryan Gale, SIT “GPS Control in West Chicago”; August 1999 issue, POB Magazine, pgs 20–26.

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  • David B. Zilkoski, Joseph D. D’Onofrio, Stephen J. Frakes, November 1997, “Guidelines for Establishing GPSDerived Ellipsoid Heights (Standards: 2 cm and 5 cm)” Version 4. 3, National Geodetic Survey, Silver Spring, Maryland.

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  • National Geodetic Survey, 1999 (NGS2 1999), “GEOID99 Readme file www.ngs.noaa.gov/GEOID/GEOID99/g1999rme.txt”.

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© 2002 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

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Douglas, W., Black, P.L.S. (2002). Local Geoid Models — Practical Considerations. In: Drewes, H., Dodson, A.H., Fortes, L.P.S., Sánchez, L., Sandoval, P. (eds) Vertical Reference Systems. International Association of Geodesy Symposia, vol 124. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04683-8_42

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04683-8_42

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-07701-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-04683-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

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