Abstract
The human factor ‘land use’ affects the interactions between water, soil, geomorphology, vegetation, etc. on several spatial and temporal scales in different manners and intensities. The implementation of strategies for sustainable land use assumes specific research concepts from the local to the global scale (micro-, meso- and macroscale). Therefore, landscape ecology science has to provide investigation methods for all these different scales. A number of papers from different scientific disciplines deal with the hierarchical organization of nature (Burns et al. 1991, O’Neill et al. 1986). The hierarchical concept was introduced into German landscape ecology by Neef (1963, 1967) and continued by several other landscape ecologists (Leser 1997). An overview of hierarchical concepts in landscape ecology is given by Klijn (1995). These concepts are mainly focused on the hypothesis, that each of the scale levels (micro-, meso- and macroscale) is characterized by specific temporal and spatial ranges. As a consequence, each scale level needs specific investigation methods as well as data layers with suitable spatio-temporal resolution on the one hand, and which provide specific knowledge on the other (Steinhardt & Volk 2000).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Bach M, Frede HG (1999) Regionalisierung als methodische Aufgabe. In: Steinhardt U, Volk M (Hrsg) Regionalisierung in der Landschaftsökologie — Forschung, Planung Praxis. Teubner, Leipzig-Stuttgart
Baldocchi DD (1993) Scaling water vapor and carbon dioxide exchange from leaves to a canopy: Rules and tools. In: Ehleringer JR, Field CB (eds): Scaling Physiological Processes: Leaf to Globe. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 77–114
Barsch H (1975) Zur Kennzeichnung der Erdhülle und ihrer räumlichen Gliederung in der landschaftskundlichen Terminologie. Petermanns Geogr. Mitt. 119
Barsch H, Billwitz K, Reuter B (1988) Einführung in die Landschaftsökologie. (Manuskript) Potsdam
Bailey RG (1976) Ecoregions of the United States (map 1:7,500,000). Ogden, Utah: USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Region
Bailey RG (1983) Delineation of ecosystem regions. Environmental Management 7: 365–373
Bailey RG (1989) Explanatory supplement to ecoregions map of the continents (with separate map at 1:30,000,000). Environmental Conservation 16: 307–309
Bailey RG (1995) Description of the Ecoregions of the United States. http://www.fs.fed.us/land/ecosysmgmt/ecoregl_home.html (01.11.2000)
Bailey RG (1996) Ecosystem Geography. Springer, New York
Bailey RG, Cushwa CT (1981) Ecoregions of North America (map 1:12,000,000). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC
Bierkens, MFP, Finke PA, de Willigen P (eds) (2000) Upscaling and Downscaling. Methods for Environmental Research. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
Burns TP, Pattan BC, Higashi H (1991) Hierarchical Evolution in Ecological Networks. In: Higashi, H. & T.P. Burns (eds): Theoretical Studies of Ecosystems: The Network Perspective. — New York
Burrough, P (1986) Principles of Geographical Information Systems for Land Ressources Assessment. Oxford University Press, New York
Di Castri F, Hadley M (1988) Enhancing the credibility of ecology: interacting along and across hierarchical scales. GeoJournal 17: 5–35
Dyck S (1983) Angewandte Hydrologie. Verlag für Bauwesen, Berlin
Egler FE (1942) Vegetation as an object of study. Philos. Sci. 9: 245–260
Fohrer N, Göbel S, Haverkamp P, Bastian P, Frede HG (1999): Regionalisierungsansätze bei der GIS-gestützten Modellierung des Landschaftswasserhaushaltes. In: Steinhardt U, Volk M (Hrsg) Regionalisierung in der Landschaftsökologie — Forschung, Planung Praxis. Teubner, Leipzig-Stuttgart
Goodchild MF, Quattrochi DA (1997) Scale, Multiscaling, Remote Sensing, and GIS. In: Quattrochi D A, Goodchild M F (eds) Scale in Remote Sensing and GIS. Lewis Publishers Boca Raton New York London Tokyo, pp 1–11
Haase G (1973) Zur Ausgliederung von Raumeinheiten in der chorischen und regionischen Dimension — dargestellt an Beispielen aus der Bodengeographie. Petermanns Geogr. Mitt. 117:81–90
Hairston JA (1995) Soil Management to Protect Water Quality. Estimating Soil Erosion Losses And Sediment Delivery Ratios, Alabama Cooperative Extension Service, Auburn University, Alabama (http://www.hermes.ecn.purdue.edu/cgi/convertwq?7778, 09.11.2000)
Helming K, Frielinghaus M (1999) Skalenaspekte der Bodenerosion. In: Steinhardt U, Volk M (Hrsg) Regionalisierung in der Landschaftsökologie. Forschung — Planung — Praxis, Teubner, Stuttgart-Leipzig, pp 79–95
Herz K (1973) Beitrag zur Theorie der landschaftsanalytischen Maßstabsbereiche. Petermanns Geogr. Mitt. 117: 1–96
Herz K (1984) Theoretische Grundlagen der Arealstrukturanalyse. Wiss. Z. Päd. Hochsch., Dresden http://www.geog.uni-hannover.de/phygeo/trianet/Grafik/Dimensionen.html (01.11.2000)
Jenny H (1941) Factors of Soil Formation. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Kiemstedt H, von Haaren C, Mönnecke M, Ott S (1997) Landschaftsplanung — Inhalte und Verfahrensweisen. Der Bundesminister für Umweltschutz und Reaktorsicherheit, 39 S.
Kleeberg HB (Hrsg) (1992) Regionalisierung in der Hydrologie. Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Mitteilung XI der Senatskommission für Wasserforschung, Weinheim, Basel
Kleeberg HB (Hrsg) (1998) Regionalisierung in der Hydrologie. Abschlußbericht des DFG Schwerpunktprogramms. Wiley-VCH.
Klijn JA (1995) Hierarchical concepts in landscape ecology and its underlying disciplines. DLO Winand Staring Centre Report 100, Wageningen
Klijn F (1997) A hierarchical approach to ecosystems and ist implications for ecological land classification; with examples of ecoregions, ecodistricts and ecoseries of the Netherlands. Theses Leiden University
Kolasa J, Pickett STA (eds) (1992) Ecological Heterogeinity. Springer, New York Berl in Heidelberg
Koestler A (1967) The Ghost in the Machine. Random House, New York
Leser H (1991, 1997): Landschaftsökologie. Ulmer, Stuttgart
Matson PA, Boone RD (1984) Natural disturbance and nitrogen mineralization: wave-form dieback of Mountain Hemlock in the Oregon Cascades. Ecology 65(5):1511–1516
Moss M (1983) Landscape Synthesis, Landscape Processes and Land Classification, some theoretical and methodological issues. GeoJournal 7.2: 145–153
Neef E (1963) Dimensionen geographischer Betrachtungen. Forschungen und Fortschritte 37: 3 61–3 63
Neef E (1967) Die theoretischen Grundlagen der Landschaftslehre. Haack, Gotha
Oliver MA (1990) Kriging: A Method of Interpolation for Geographical Information Systems. International Journal of GIS Vol.4 No.4: 313–332
O’Neill RV (1988) Hierarchy theory and global change. In: Rosswall T, Woodmansee RG, Risser PG (eds) Scales and Global Change. John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 29–45
O’Neill RV (1989) Perspectives in hierarchy and scale. In: Roughgarden J, May RM, Levin SA (eds) Perspectives in Ecological Theory, Princeton University Press, Princeton, pp. 140–156
O’Neill RV et al. (1986) A hierarchical concept of Ecosystems. — Prrinceton University Press, Princeton. N.J.
Rau S (1999) Der Einfluß von Gewässerrandstreifen auf Stoffflüsse in Landschaften. Einsatz eines mobilen Pen-Computers zur Kartierung im Einzugsgebiet der Parthe. Diplomarbeit, unveröff., Universität Potsdam
Rowe JS (1961) The level-of-integration concept and ecology. Ecology 42/2: 420–427
Salthe SN (1991) Two forms of hierarchy theory in western discourses. International Journal of General Systems 18: 251–264
Schultz J (1995) The Ecozones of the World. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York
Sherman LK (1932) Streamflow from rainfall by unit-hydrograph-method. Eng. News-Rec. 108: 501–505
Simon HA (1973) The organizationof complex systems. In: Pattee HH (ed.) Hierarchy Theory: The Challange of Complex Systems, George Braziller, New York, pp 1–27
Smuts JC (1926) Holism and Evolution (2nd printing, 1971). Viking press, New York
Steinhardt U (1999) Die Theorie der geographischen Dimensionen in der Angewandten Landschaftsökologie. In: Schneider-Sliwa R, Schaub D, Gerold G (eds) Angewandte Landschaftsökologie. Grundlagen und Methoden. Springer, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, pp. 47–64
Steinhardt U, Volk M (eds) (1999): Regionalisierung in der Landschaftsökologie. Teubner, Leipzig-Stuttgart
Steinhardt U, Volk M (2000) Von der Makropore zum Flußeinzugsgebiet — Hierarchische Ansätze zum Verständnis des landschaftlichen Wasser- und Stoffhaushaltes. Petermann’s Geogr. Mitt. 2/2000: 80–91
Tietje O, Tapkenhinrichs M (1993) Evaluation of Pedo-Transfer-Functions. Soil Sc.Soc.Am.J.57: 1088–1095
Troll C (1939) Luftbildplan und ökologische Bodenforschung. Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin: 241: 298
Turner M, Gardner R (1990) Quantitative Methods in Landscape Ecology. The Analysis and Interpretation of Landscape Heterogeneity. Springer, New York Belr in Heidelberg
Volk M (1999) Interactions between landscape balance and land use in the Dessau region, eastern Germany. A hierarchical approach. — In: Hlavinkova P, Munzar J (eds) Regional Prosperity and Sustainability. Proceedings of the 3rd Moravian Geographical Conference CONGEO′99, pp 201–209
Volk M, Steinhardt U (1998) Integration unterschiedlich erhobener Datenebenen in GIS fiir landschaftsökologische Bewertungen im mitteldeutschen Raum. Photogrammetrie, Fernerkundung, Geoinformation 6/1998: 349–362
Wilmking M (1998) Von der Tundra zum Salzsee. Landschaftsökologische Differenzierungen im westlichen Uvs — Nuur — Becken, Mongolei. (Tundra to Salt Lake. Landscape Ecological Differentiation in the Western Part of the Uvs Nuur Hollow, Mongolia). Diplomarbeit, unveröff., Universität Potsdam
Wu J (1999) Hierarchy and Scaling. Extrapolating Information Along a Scaling Ladder. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing 25(4): 367–380
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Steinhardt, U., Volk, M. (2001). Scales and spatio-temporal dimensions in landscape research. In: Krönert, R., Steinhardt, U., Volk, M. (eds) Landscape Balance and Landscape Assessment. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04532-9_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04532-9_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-08678-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-04532-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive