Abstract
The nonlinear optical effects described in Chaps. 4 and 5 have to be characterized for a given material up to a certain level before they can be applied in photonics. The already wide range of applications in science, technology and medicine contains analytic aspects, questions of the structure of matter, reaction mechanisms on all time scales and the production of new states, phases or even of new matter. Thus two main questions are asked in nonlinear optics:
-
Which nonlinear optical effect is, for a given material suitable for a new laser analytic method (analytic tasks)?
-
Which nonlinear optical effect is most suitable for a desired photonic application (material and light modification tasks)?
The second question can be related to the problems:
-
Which material is most suitable for a given nonlinear optical application or which kind of light is most suitable for a given material?
-
And thus nonlinear optical spectroscopy deals finally with the questions:
-
Which nonlinear optical properties does a given material have?
-
What are the reasons for this nonlinear optical behavior and how can materials with more useful nonlinear optical properties, such as e.g. higher nonlinear coefficients at certain wavelengths and smaller losses, be designed?
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
J. Kusba, J.R. Lakowicz: Definition and properties of the emission anisotropy in the absence of cylindrical symmetry of the emission field: Application to the light quenching experiments, J Chem Phys 111, p.89–99 (1999)
I.S. Osad’ko, S.L. Soldatov, A.U. Jalmukhambetov: The intensity and polarization aspects of photochemical hole burning, Chem. Phys. Lett. 118, p.97–100 (1985)
F. Pellegrino, A. Dagen, R.R. Alfano: Fluorescence polarization anisotropy and kinetics of malachite green measured as a function of solvent viscosity, Chem. Phys. 67, p.111–117 (1982)
D. Reiser, A. Laubereau: Picosecond Polarization Spectroscopy of Dye Molecules, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 86, p.1106–1114 (1982)
M.D. Barkley, A.A. Kowalczyk, L. Brand: Fluorescence decay studies of anisotropic rotations of small molecules, J. Chem. Phys. 75, p.3581–3593 (1981)
D.P. Millar, R. Shah, A.H. Zewail: Picosecond saturation spectroscopy of cresyl violet: Rotational diffusion by a “sticking” boundary condition in the liquid phase, Chem. Phys. Lett. 66, p.435–440 (1979)
A. v. Jena, H.E. Lessing: Rotational Diffusion of Prolate and Oblate Molecules from Absorption Relaxation, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 83, p.181–191 (1979)
H.E. Lessing, A. von Jena: Orientation of S1-Sn transition moments of oxazine dyes from continuous picosecond photometry, Chem. Phys. Lett. 59, p.249–254 (1978)
H.E. Lessing, A. von Jena: Separation of rotational diffusion and level kinetics in transient absorption spectroscopy, Chem. Phys. Lett. 42, p.213–217 (1976)
H.E. Lessing, A. von Jena, M. Reichert: Orientational aspect of transient absorption in solutions, Chem. Phys. Lett. 36, p.517–522 (1975)
D.W. Vahey: The effects of molecular reorientation on the absorption of intense light by organic-dye solutions, Chem. Phys. 10, p.261–270 (1975)
T.J. Chuang, K.B. Eisenthal: Theory of Fluorescence Depolarization by Anisotropic Rotational Diffusion, J. Chem. Phys. 57, p.5094–5097 (1972)
R. Antoine, A.A. TamburelloLuca, P. Hebert, P.F. Brevet, H.H. Girault: Picosecond dynamics of Eosin B at the air/water interface by time- resolved second harmonic generation: orientational randomization and rotational relaxation, Chem Phys Lett 288, p.138–146 (1998)
R.E. Dipaolo, J.O. Tocho: Polarization anisotropy applied to the determination of structural changes in the photoisomerization of DODCI, Chem Phys 206, p.375–382 (1996)
J.J. Larsen, H. Sakai, C.P. Safvan, I. WendtLarsen, H. Stapelfeldt: Aligning molecules with intense nonresonant laser fields, J Chem Phys 111, p.7774–7781 (1999)
D.S. Wiersma, A. Muzzi, M. Colocci, R. Righini: Time-resolved anisotropic multiple light scattering in nematic liquid crystals, Phys Rev Lett 83, p.4321–4324 (1999)
Th. Kühne, P. Vöhringer: Transient Anisotropy and Fragment Rotational Excitation in the Femtosecond Photodissociation of Triiodide in Solution, J. Phys. Chem. A 102, p.4177–4185 (1998)
S. Ashihara, K. Kuroda, Y. OkadaShudo, K. Jarasiunas: Autocorrelation of picosecond pulses in bacteriorhodopsin film using light self-diffraction from intensity and polarization holograms, Opt Commun 165, p.83–89 (1999)
J.M. Dudley, L.P. Barry, J.D. Harvey, M.D. Thomson, B.C. Thomsen, P.G. Bollond, R. Leonhardt: Complete characterization of ultrashort pulse sources at 1550 nm, IEEE J QE-35, p.441–450 (1999)
L. Gallmann, D.H. Sutter, N. Matuschek, G. Steinmeyer, U. Keller, C. Iaconis, I.A. Walmsley: Characterization of sub-6-fs optical pulses with spectral phase interferometry for direct electric-field reconstruction, Optics Letters 24, p.1314–1316 (1999)
D.J. Kane: Recent progress toward real-time measurement of ultrashort laser pulses, IEEE J QE-35, p.421–431 (1999)
J.W. Nicholson, F.G. Omenetto, D.J. Funk, A.J. Taylor: Evolving FROGS: phase retrieval from frequency-resolved optical gating measurements by use of genetic algorithms, Optics Letters 24, p.490–492 (1999)
F.G. Omenetto, J.W. Nicholson, A.J. Taylor: Second-harmonic generation-frequency-resolved optical gating analysis of low-intensity shaped femtosecond pulses at 1.55 mu m, Optics Letters 24, p. 1780–1782 (1999)
P.J. Bennett, A. Malinowski, B.D. Rainford, I.R. Shatwell, Y.P. Svirko, N.I. Zheludev: Femtosecond pulse duration measurements utilizing an ultrafast nonlinearity of nickel, Opt Commun 147, p.148–152 (1998)
M. Drabbels, G.M. Lankhuijzen, L.D. Noordam: Demonstration of a far-infrared streak camera, IEEE J QE-34, p.2138–2144 (1998)
J.K. Ranka, A.L. Gaeta, A. Baltuska, M.S. Pshenichnikov, D.A. Wiersma: Autocorrelation measurement of 6-fs pulses based on the two-photon-induced photocurrent in a GaAsP photodiode, Optics Letters 22, p.1344–1346 (1997)
K.W. Delong, D.N. Fittinghoff, R. Trebino: Practical issues in ultrashort-laser-pulse measurement using frequency-resolved optical gating, IEEE J QE-32, p.1253–1264 (1996)
Y.M. Li, R. Fedosejevs: Visible single-shot autocorrelator in BaF2 for subpicosecond KrF laser pulses, Appl Opt 35, p.2583–2586 (1996)
B. LutherDavies, M. Samoc, J. Swiatkiewicza, A. Samoc, M. Woodruff, R. Trebino, K.W. Delong: Diagnostics of femtosecond laser pulses using films of poly (p-phenylenevinylene), Opt Commun 131, p. 301–306 (1996)
A.V. Vinogradov, J. Janszky, T. Kobayashi: A single-molecule interferometer for measurement of femtosecond laser pulse duration, Opt Commun 127, p.223–229 (1996)
I. Will, P. Nickles, M. Schnuerer, M. Kalashnikov, W. Sander: Compact FROG system useful for measurement of multiterawatt laser pulses, Opt Commun 132, p.101–106 (1996)
D.R. Yankelevich, P. Pretre, A. Knoesen, G. Taft, M.M. Murnane, H.C. Kapteyn, R.J. Twieg: Molecular engineering of polymer films for amplitude and phase measurements of Ti:sapphire femtosecond pulses, Optics Letters 21, p.1487–1489 (1996)
A. Braun, J.V. Rudd, H. Cheng, G. Mourou, D. Kopf, I.D. Jung, K.J. Weingarten, U. Keller: Characterization of short-pulse oscillators by means of a high-dynamic-range autocorrelation measurement, Optics Letters 20, p.1889–1891 (1995)
G. Taft, A. Rundquist, M.M. Murnane, H.C. Kapteyn, K.W. Delong, R. Trebino, I.P. Christov: Ultrashort optical waveform measurements using frequency resolved optical gating, Optics Letters 20, p.743–745 (1995)
G. Szabo, A. Müller: A sensitive single shot method to determine duration and chirp of ultrashort pulses with a streak camera, Opt. Comm. 82, p.56–62 (1991)
S.A. Arakelian, R.N. Gyuzalian, S.B. Sogomonian: Comments of the Picosecond Pulse Width Measurement by the Single-Shot Second Harmonic Beam Technique, Opt. Comm. 44, p.67–72 (1982)
Z. Cheng, A. Furbach, S. Sartania, M. Lenzner, C. Spielmann, F. Krausz: Amplitude and chirp characterization of high-power laser pulses in the 5-fs regime, Optics Letters 24, p.247–249 (1999)
T. Udem, J. Reichert, R. Holzwarth, T.W. Hansch: Accurate measurement of large optical frequency differences with a mode-locked laser, Optics Letters 24, p.881–883 (1999)
W.T. Simpson, D.L. Peterson: Coupling Strength for Resonance Force Transfer of Electronic Energy in Van der Waals Solids, J. Chem. Phys. 26, p.588–593 (1957)
F. Rotermund, R. Weigand, A. Penzkofer: J-aggregation and disaggregation of indocyanine green in water, Chem Phys 220, p.385–392 (1997)
H.-H. Perkampus: UV-VIS Spectroscopy and Its Applications (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992)
S. Svanberg: Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1997)
Y.B. He, B.J. Orr: Ringdown and cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy using a continuous-wave tunable diode laser and a rapidly swept optical cavity, Chem Phys Lett 319, p.131–137 (2000)
D.G. Lancaster, R. Weidner, D. Richter, F.K. Tittel, J. Limpert: Compact CH4 sensor based on difference frequency mixing of diode lasers in quasi-phasematched LiNbO3, Opt Commun 175, p.461–468 (2000)
T.J. Latz, G. Weirauch, V.M. Baev, P.E. Toschek: External photoacoustic detection of a trace vapor inside a multimode laser, Appl Opt 38, p.2625–2629 (1999)
A. Garnache, A. Campargue, A.A. Kachanov, F. Stoeckel: Intra-cavity laser absorption spectroscopy near 9400 cm (-1) with a Nd:glass laser: application to (N20)-N-14–0–16, Chem Phys Lett 292, p.698–704 (1998)
U. Willamowski, D. Ristau, E. Welsch: Measuring the absolute absorptance of optical laser components, Appl Opt 37, p.8362–8370 (1998)
C. Zander, K.H. Drexhage, K.T. Han, J. Wolfrum, M. Sauer: Single-molecule counting and identification in a microcapillary, Chem Phys Lett 286, p.457–465 (1998)
M.S. Baptista, C.D. Tran: Near-infrared thermal lens spectrometer based on an erbium-doped fiber amplifier and an acousto-optic tunable filter, and its application in the determination of nucleotides, Appl Opt 36, p.7059–7065 (1997)
M.J. Fernee, P.F. Barker, A.E.W. Knight, H. RubinszteinDunlop: Infrared seeded parametric four-wave mixing for sensitive detection of molecules, Phys Rev Lett 79, p.2046–2049 (1997)
L. Lehr, P. Hering: Quantitative nonlinear spectroscopy: A direct comparison of degenerate four-wave mixing with cavity ring-down spectroscopy applied to NaH, IEEE J QE-33, p.1465–1473 (1997)
Y. Oki, K. Furukawa, M. Maeda: Extremely sensitive Na detection in pure water by laser ablation atomic fluorescence spectroscopy, Opt Commun 133, p.123–128 (1997)
D. Romanini, A.A. Kachanov, F. Stoeckel: Diode laser cavity ring down spectroscopy, Chem Phys Lett 270, p.538–545 (1997)
I. Derzy, V.A. Lozovsky, S. Cheskis: Absorption cross-sections and absolute concentration of singlet methylene in methane/air flames, Chem Phys Lett 313, p.121–128 (1999)
A.C.R. Pipino: Ultrasensitive surface spectroscopy with a miniature optical resonator, Phys Rev Lett 83, p.3093–3096 (1999)
P.H.S. Ribeiro, C. Schwob, A. Maitre, C. Fabre: Sub-shot-noise high-sensitivity spectroscopy with optical parametric oscillator twin beams, Optics Letters 22, p.1893–1895 (1997)
C.T. Hansen, S.C. Wilks, P.E. Young: Spectral evidence for collisionless absorption in subpicosecond laser- solid interactions, Phys Rev Lett 83, p.5019–5022 (1999)
R. Menzel, W. Kessler: Band Shape Analysis of the Absorption Bands of Four Triphenylmethane Dyes Using a Self Starting Routine, J. Mol. Liquids 39, p.279–298 (1988)
J. Humlicek: Optimized Computation of the Voigt and Complex Probability Functions, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 27, p.437–444 (1982)
R. Kubo: A stochastic theory of line shape, Adv. Chem. Phys. 15, p.101–127 (1969)
B.H. Armstrong: Spectrum Line Profiles: The Voigt Function, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 7, p.61–88 (1967)
D. Biswas, B. Ray, S. Dutta, P.N. Ghosh: Diode laser spectroscopic measurement of line shape of (1 + 3 3) band transitions of acetylene, Appl. Phys. B 68, p.1125–1130 (1999)
Y. Makdisi: Spectral line broadening of Sr under the influence of collisions with foreign gas perturbers, Opt Commun 142, p.215–219 (1997)
R. Sander, R. Menzel, K.-H. Naumann: Solvent Induced Broadening of Fluorescent Electronic Transitions of Para-Terphenyl, Ber. Bunsen-ges. Phys. Chem. 96, p.188–194 (1992)
E.T.J. Nibbering, D.A. Wiersma, K. Duppen: Femtosecond Non-Markovian Optical Dynamics in Solution, Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, p.2464–2467 (1991)
E.T.J. Nibbering, K. Duppen, D.A. Wiersma: Optical dephasing in solution: A line shape and resonance light scattering study of azulene in isopentane and cyclohexane, J. Chem. Phys. 93, p.5477–5484 (1990)
E.G. Myers, H.S. Margolis, J.K. Thompson, M.A. Farmer, J.D. Silver, M.R. Tarbutt: Precision measurement of the ls2p P-3 (2)-P-3 (1) fine structure interval in heliumlike fluorine, Phys Rev Lett 82, p.4200–4203 (1999)
B. Abel, A. Charvat, S.F. Deppe: Lifetimes of the lowest triplet state of ozone by intracavity laser absorption spectroscopy, Chem Phys Lett 277, p.347–355 (1997)
K.S.E. Eikema, W. Ubachs, W. Vassen, W. Hogervorst: Precision measurements in helium at 58 nm: Ground state lamb shift and the 1 (l)S-2 (1)P transition isotope shift, Phys Rev Lett 76, p.1216–1219 (1996)
J. R. Lakowicz: Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy (Plenum Press, New York, London, 1983)
J. R. Lakowicz: Topics in Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Vol. 1: Techniques (Plenum Press New York, London, 1991)
J. R. Lakowicz: Topics in Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Vol. 2: Principles (Plenum Press New York, London, 1991)
J. R. Lakowicz: Topics in Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Vol. 3; Biomedical Applications (Plenum Press New York, London, 1992)
J. Enderlein: New approach to fluorescence spectroscopy of individual molecules on surfaces, Phys Rev Lett 83, p.3804–3807 (1999)
K. Palewska, Z. Ruziewicz, H. Chojnacki: Shpolskii spectra and photophysical properties of dinaphtho (1,2-a;l′,2′-h)Anthracene — A Strongly non-planar, overcrowded aromatic hydrocarbon, J. Luminesc. 39, p.75–85 (1987)
G. Swiatkowski, R. Menzel, W. Rapp: Hindrance of the Rotational Relaxation in the Excited Singlet State of Biphenyl and Para-Terphenyl in Cooled Solutions by Methyl Substituents, J. Luminesc. 37, p.183–189 (1987)
R.A. Lampert, S.R. Meech, J. Metcalfe, D. Phillips: The Refractive Index Correction to the Radiative Rate Constant in Fluorescence Lifetime Measurements, Chem. Phys. Lett. 94, p.137–140 (1983)
F.J. Busselle, N.D. Haig, C. Lewis: Reply to the comment on the refractive index correction in luminescence spectroscopy, Chem. Phys. Lett. 88, p.128–130 (1982)
L.A. Bykovskaya, R.I. Personov, B.M. Kharlamov: Luminescence of solutions of 9-aminoacridine at 4.2 K: Sharp narrowing of spectral bands with laser excitation, Chem. Phys. Lett. 27, p.80–83 (1974)
R.I. Personov, E.I Al’Shits, L.A. Bykovskaya: The effect of fine structure appearance in laser-excited fluorescence spectra of organic compounds in solid solutions, Opt. Comm. 6, p. 169–173 (1972)
J.L. Richards, S.A. Rice: Study of Impurity-Host Coupling in Shpolskii Matrices, J. Chem. Phys. 54, p.2014–2023 (1971)
J.M.G. Levins, D.M. Benton, J. Billowes, P. Campbell, T.G. Cooper, P. Dendooven, D.E. Evans, D.H. Forest, I.S. Grant, J.A.R. Griffith et al.: First on-line laser spectroscopy of radioisotopes of a refractory element, Phys Rev Lett 82, p.2476–2479 (1999)
A.I. Lvovsky, S.R. Hartmann, F. Moshary: Omnidirectional superfluorescence, Phys Rev Lett 82, p.4420–4423 (1999)
M. Fukushima: Laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy of AlNC/AlCN in supersonic free expansions, Chem Phys Lett 283, p.337–344 (1998)
K. Ohta, T.J. Kang, K. Tominaga, K. Yoshihara: Ultrafast relaxation processes from a higher excited electronic state of a dye molecule in solution: a femtosecond time-resolved fluorescence study, Chem Phys 242, p.103–114 (1999)
T.J. Kang, K. Ohta, K. Tominaga, K. Yoshihara: Femtosecond relaxation processes from a higher excited electronic state of a dye molecule in solution, Chem Phys Lett 287, p.29–34 (1998)
G. Berden, J. Vanrooy, W.L. Meerts, K.A. Zachariasse: Rota-tionally resolved electronic spectroscopy of 4-aminobenzonitrile, Chem Phys Lett 278, p.373–379 (1997)
T.M. Woudenberg, S.K. Kulkarni, J.E. Kenny: Internal conversion rates for single vibronic levels of S2 in azulene, J. Chem. Phys. 89, p.2789–2796 (1988)
Z.S. Ruzevich: Fluorescence and Absorption Spectra of Azulene in Frozen Crystalline Solutions, Opt. Spektrosk. 15, p.191–193 (1962)
M. Kasha: Characterization of Electronic Transitions in Complex Molecules, Disc. Farady Soc. 9, p.14–19 (1950)
E.S. Medvedev, V.I. Osherov: Radiationless Transitions in Polyatomic Molecules, Springer Ser. in Chem. Phys. 57 (Springer-Verlag 1995)
N. Ito, O. Kajimoto, K. Hara: Picosecond time-resolved fluorescence depolarization of p-terphenyl at high pressures, Chem. Phys. Lett. 318, p.118–124 (2000)
S.D. Pack, M.W. Renfro, G.G. King, N.M. Laurendeau: Photon-counting technique for rapid fluorescence-decay measurement, Optics Letters 23, p.1215–1217 (1998)
A.N. Watkins, Ch.M. Ingersoll, G.A. Baker, F.V. Bright: A Parallel Multiharmonic Frequency-Domain Fluorometer for Measuring Excited-State Decay Kinetics Following One-, Two-, or Three-Photon Excitation, Anal. Chem. 70, p.3384–3396 (1998)
R. Muller, C. Zander, M. Sauer, M. Deimel, D.S. Ko, S. Siebert, J. Ardenjacob, G. Deltau, N.J. Marx, K.H. Drexhage, et al.: Time-resolved identification of single molecules in solution with a pulsed semiconductor diode laser, Chem Phys Lett 262, p.716–722 (1996)
W. Nadler, R.A. Marcus: Mean relaxation time description of quasi-dissipative behavior in finite-state quantum systems, Chem. Phys. Lett. 144, p.509–514 (1988)
W. Rettig, M. Vogel, E. Lippert: The dynamics of adiabatic photoreactions as studied by means of the time structure of synchrotron radiation, Chem. Phys. 103, p.381–390 (1986)
G. Calzaferri, Th. Hugentobler: Time-resolved fluorescence spectra derived from multiple frequency phase fluorimetry, Chem. Phys. Lett. 121, p.147–153 (1985)
K.N. Swamy, W.L. Hase: The heavy-atom effect in intramolecular vibrational energy transfer, J. Chem. Phys. 82, p. 123–133 (1985)
W. Wild, A. Seilmeier, N.H. Gottfried, W. Kaiser: Ultrafast investigation of vibrational hot molecules after internal conversion in solution, Chem. Phys. Lett. 119, p.259–263 (1985)
J. Chesnoy, G.M. Gale: Vibrational energy relaxation in liquids, Ann. Phys. Fr. 9, p.893–949 (1984)
N.H. Gottfried, A. Seilmeier, W. Kaiser: Transient internal temperature on anthracene after picosecond infrared excitation, Chem. Phys. Lett. 111, p.326–332 (1984)
J.R. Lakowicz: Time-Dependent Rotational Rates of Excited Fluorophores — A Linkage Between Fluorescence Depolarization and Solvent Relaxation, Biophys. Chem. 19, p.13–23 (1984)
J.R. Lakowicz, G. Laczko, H. Cherek: Analysis of fluorescence decay kinetics from variable-frequency phase shift and modulation data, Biophys. J. 46, p.463–477 (1984)
V. Sundström, T. Gillbro: Effects of solvent on TMP pho-tophysics. Transition from no barrier to barrier case, induced by solvent properties, J. Chem. Phys. 81, p.3463–3474 (1984)
F. Wondrazek, A. Seilmeier, W. Kaiser: Ultrafast intramolecular redistribution and intermolecular relaxation of vibrational energy in large molecules, Chem. Phys. Lett. 104, p.121–128 (1984)
W. Zinth, C. Kolmeder, B. Benna, A. Irgens-Defregger, S.F. Fischer, W. Kaiser: Fast and exceptionally slow vibrational energy transfer in acetylene and phenylacetylene in solution, J. Chem. Phys.78, p.3916–3921 (1983)
V. Lopez, R.A. Marcus: Heavy mass barrier to intramolecular energy transfer, Chem. Phys. Lett. 93, p.232–234 (1982)
D.P. Millar, R.J. Robbins, A.H. Zewail: Torsion and bending of nucleic acids studied by subnanosecond time-resolved fluorescence depolarization of intercalated dyes, J. Chem. Phys. 76, p.2080–2094 (1982)
W. Sibbett, J.R. Taylor, D. Welford: Substituent and Environmental Effects on the Picosecond Lifetimes of the Polymethine Cyanine Dyes, IEEE J. QE-17, p.500–509 (1981)
J.R. Taylor, M.C. Adams, W. Sibbett: Investigation of Viscosity Dependent Fluorescence Lifetime Using a Synchronously Operated Picosecond Streak Camera, App Phys 21, p.13–17 (1980)
Th. Förster: Zwischenmolekulare Energiewanderung und Fluoreszenz, Ann. Phys. 6, p.55–75 (1948)
D.V. O’Connor, D. Phillips: Time-Correlated Single-Photon Counting (Academic, New York 1989)
M. Ameloot, H. Hendrikckx: Extension of the Performance of Laplace Deconvolution in the Analysis of Fluorescence Dacay Curves, Biophys. J. 44, p.27–38 (1983)
D. Welford, W. Sibbett, J.R. Taylor: Dual component fluorescence lifetime of some polymethine saturable absorbing dyes, Opt. Comm. 34, p.175–180 (1980)
A. Polimeno, P.L. Nordio, G. Moro: Master Equation Representation of Fokker-Planck Operators in the Energy Diffusion Regime: Strong Collision Versus Random Walk Processes, Chem. Phys. Lett. 144, p.357–361 (1988)
B. Bagchi, G.R. Fleming, D.W. Oxtoby: Theory of electronic relaxation in solution in the absence of an activation barrier, J. Chem. Phys. 78, p.7375–7385 (1983)
D.F. Eaton: Reference Materials for Fluorescence Measurement, J. Photochem. and Photobiol. B: Biology 2, p.523–531 (1988)
M. Sonnenschein, A. Amirav, J. Jortner: Absolute fluorescence quantum yields of large molecules in supersonic expansions, J. Phys. Chem. 88, p.4214–4218 (1984)
S. Hamal, F. Hirayama: Actinometric Determination of Absolute Fluorescence Quantum Yields, J. Phys. Chem. 87, p.83–89 (1983)
A.I. Akimov, A.N. Solov’ev, V.I. Yuzhakov, M.A. Kir-pichenok: Luminescence spectra and lasing characteristics of some new coumarins, Sov. J. Quantum Electron. 22, p.999–1001 (1992)
M. Vogel, W. Rettig, R. Sens, K.H. Drexhage: Structural relaxation of rhodamine dyes with different n-substitution patterns: A study of fluorescence decay times and quantum yields, Chem. Phys. Lett. 147, p.452–460 (1988)
I. Lopez Arbeloa: Solvent effects on the photophysics of the molecular forms of rhodamine B. Internal conversion mechanism, Chem. Phys. Lett. 129, p.607–614 (1986)
D.C. Dong, M.A. Winnik: The Py scale of solvent polarities. Solvent effects on the vibronic fine structure of pyrene fluorescence and empirical correlations with Er and Y values, Photochem. and Photobiol. 35, p.17–21 (1982)
J.R. Lakowicz, G. Weber: Quenching of Fluorescence by Oxygen. A Probe for Structural Fluctuations in Macromolecules, Biochem. 12, p.4161–4170 (1973)
Th. Förster, G. Hoffmann: Die Viskositätsabhängigkeit der Fluoreszenzquantenausbeuten einiger Farbstoffsysteme, Z. Physik Chem. NF 75, p.63–76 (1971)
W. Siebrand: Nonradiative processes in molecular systems, in Dynamics of Molecular Collisions, ed. W.H. Miller, Modern Theoretical Chemistry, Vol. 1, Part A (Plenum, New York 1976), p. 249–302
F. Li, Y.L. Song, K. Yang, S.T. Liu, C.F. Li, Y.Q. Wu, X. Zuo, C.X. Yu, P.W. Zhu: Determination of nonlinear absorption mechanisms using a single pulse width laser, J Appl Phys 82, p.2004–2006 (1997)
T. Robl, A. Seilmeier: Ground State Recovery of Electronically Excited Malachite Green via Transient Vibrational Heating, Chem. Phys. Lett. 147, p.544–550 (1988)
M.J. Rosker, F.W. Wiese, C.L. Tang: Femtosecond Relaxation Dynamics of Large Molecules, Phys. Rev. Lett. 57, p.321–324 (1986)
D. Leupold, M. Scholz: Determination of the energy level scheme of saturable absorbers by variation of excitation pulse duration. Demonstration with chlorophyll, Chem. Phys. Lett. 115, p.434–436 (1985)
S. Oberländer, D. Leupold: Information contained in non-linear absorption curves with extrema, Opt. Comm. 52, p.57–62 (1984)
R. Trebino, A.E. Siegman: Subpicosecond relaxation study of malachite green using a three-laser frequency-domain technique, J. Chem. Phys. 79, p.3621–3626 (1983)
R.W. Eason, R.C. Greenhow, J.A.D. Matthew: Modeling of Picosecond Pump and Probe Photobleaching Experiments on Fast Saturable Absorbers, IEEE J. QE-17, p.95–102 (1981)
A. Penzkofer: Generation of picosecond and subpicosecond light pulses with saturable absorbers, Opto-Electr. 6, p.87–98 (1974)
G. Girard, M. Michon: Transmission of a Kodak 9740 Dye Solution Under Picosecond Pulses, IEEE J. QE-9, p.979–984 (1973)
G. Mourou, B. Drouin, M. Bergeron, M. M. Denariez-Roberge: Kinetics of Bleaching in Polymethine Cyanine Dyes, IEEE J. QE-9, p.745–748 (1973)
A. Zunger, K. Bar-Eli: Nonlinear Behavior of Solutions Illuminated by a Ruby Laser, J. Chem. Phys. 57, p.3558–3567 (1972)
H. Schüller, H. Puell: Investigations of non-linear absorption of light in solutions of cryptocyanine, Opt. Comm. 3, p.352–356 (1971)
M. Andorn, K.H. Bar-Eli: Optical Bleaching and Deviations from Beer-Lambert’s Law of Solutions Illuminated by Ruby Laser. I. Cry-tocyanine Solutions, J. Chem. Phys. 55, p.5008–5015 (1970)
L. Huff, L.G. DeShazer: Saturation of Optical Transitions in Organic Compounds by Laser Flux, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 60, p. 157–165 (1970)
M. Hercher: An Analysis of Saturable Absorbers, Appl. Opt. 6, p.947–954 (1967)
D. Leupold, R. König, B. Voigt, R. Menzel: Modell des sättigbaren Absorbers Crytocyanin/Methanol, Opt. Commun. 11, p.78–82 (1974)
G. Battaglin, P. Calvelli, E. Cattaruzza, R. Polioni, E. Borsella, T. Cesca, F. Gonella, P. Mazzoldi: Laser-irradiation effects during Z-scan measurement on metal nanocluster composite glasses, J Opt Soc Am B Opt Physics 17, p.213–218 (2000)
A.G. Bezerra, I.E. Borissevitch, A.S.L. Gomes, C.B. deAraujo: Exploitation of the Z-scan technique as a method to optically probe pK (A) in organic materials: application to porphyrin derivatives, Optics Letters 25, p.323–325 (2000)
A.G. Bezerra, A.S.L. Gomes, D.A. daSilva, L.H. Acioli, C.B. deAraujo, C.P. deMelo: Molecular hyperpolarizabilities of retinal derivatives, J Chem Phys 111, p.5102–5106 (1999)
J.A. Hermann, T. Bubner, T.J. Mckay, P.J. Wilson, J. Starom-lynska, A. Eriksson, M. Lindgren, S. Svensson: Optical limiting capability of thick nonlinear absorbers, J Nonlinear Opt Physics Mat 8, p.253–275 (1999)
T. Kawazoe, H. Kawaguchi, J. Inoue, O. Haba, M. Ueda: Measurement of nonlinear refractive index by time-resolved z-scan technique, Opt Commun 160, p.125–129 (1999)
R. QuinteroTorres, M. Thakur: Measurement of the nonlinear refractive index of polydiacetylene using Michelson interferometry and z-scan, J Appl Phys 85, p.401–403 (1999)
W.F. Zhang, M.S. Zhang, Z. Yin, Y.Z. Gu, Z.L. Du, B.L. Yu: Large third-order optical nonlinearity in SrBi2Ta209 thin films by pulsed laser deposition, Appl Phys Lett 75, p.902–904 (1999)
G. Xiao, J.H. Lim, E.V. Stryland, M. Bass, L. Weichman: Z-Scan Measurement of the Ground and Excited State Absorption Cross Sections of Cr4+ in Yttrium Aluminum Garnet, IEEE J. QE-35, p.1086–1091 (1999)
X. Chen, B. Lavorel, T. Dreier, N. Genetier, H. Misserey, X. Michaut: Self-focusing in Terbium Gallium Garnet using Z-scan, Opt Commun 153, p.301–304 (1998)
M. Falconieri, G. Salvetti, E. Cattaruzza, F. Gonella, G. Mattel, P. Mazzoldi, M. Piovesan, G. Battaglin, R. Polioni: Large third-order optical nonlinearity of nanocluster-doped glass formed by ion implantation of copper and nickel in silica, Appl Phys Lett 73, p.288–290 (1998)
F.E. Hernandez, A. Marcano, Y. Alvarado, A. Biondi, H. Maillotte: Measurement of nonlinear refraction index and two-photon absorption in a novel organometallic compound, Opt Commun 152, p.77–82 (1998)
B.M. Patterson, W.R. White, T.A. Robbins, R.J. Knize: Linear optical effects in Z-scan measurements of thin films, Appl Opt 37, p. 1854–1857 (1998)
T.H. Wei, T.H. Huang, M.S. Lin: Signs of nonlinear refraction in chloroamminum phthalocyanine solution, Appl Phys Lett 72, p.2505–2507 (1998)
O.V. Prhonska, J.H. Lim, D.J. Hagan, E.W. Vanstryland, M.V. Bondar, Y.L. Slominski: Nonlinear light absorption of polamethine dyes in liquid and solid media, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B15 p.802–809 (1998)
S. Bian, J. Frejlich, K.H. Ringhofer: Photorefractive saturable Kerr-type nonlinearity in photovoltaic crystals, Phys Rev Lett 78, p.4035–4038 (1997)
S. Bian: Estimation of photovoltaic field in LiNbO3 crystal by Z- scan, Opt Commun 141, p.292–297 (1997)
K. Kandasamy, P.N. Puntambekar, B.P. Singh, S.J. Shetty, T.S. Srivastava: Resonant nonlinear optical studies on porphyrin derivatives, J Nonlinear Opt Physics Mat 6, p.361–375 (1997)
F. Li, Y.L. Song, K. Yang, S.T. Liu, C.F. Li: Measurements of the triplet state nonlinearity of C-60 in toluene using a Z-scan technique with a nanosecond laser, Appl Phys Lett 71, p.2073–2075 (1997)
V. Pilla, P.R. Impinnisi, T. Catunda: Measurement of saturation intensities in ion doped solids by transient nonlinear refraction, Appl Phys Lett 70, p.817–819 (1997)
M. Terazima, H. Shimizu, A. Osuka: The third-order nonlinear optical properties of porphyrin oligomers, J Appl Phys 81, p.2946–2951 (1997)
F. Michelotti, F. Caiazza, G. Liakhou, S. Paoloni, M. Bertolotti: Effects of nonlinear Fabry-Perot resonator response on Z- scan measurements, Opt Commun 124, p.103–110 (1996)
R.E. Bridges, G.L. Fischer, R.W. Boyd: Z-scan measurement technique for non-Gaussian beams and arbitrary sample thicknesses, Optics Letters 20, p.1821–1823 (1995)
T.H. Wei, D.J. Hagan, M.J. Sence, E.W. Van Stryland, J.W. Perry, D.R. Coulter: Direct Measurement of Nonlinear Absorption and Refraction in Solutions of Phthalocyannines, Appl. Phys. B 54, p.46–51 (1992)
P. Klovekorn, J. Munch: Investigation of transient nonlinear optical mechanisms using a variable pulselength laser, IEEE J QE-35, p. 187–197 (1999)
W.F. Sun, C.C. Byeon, C.M. Lawson, G.M. Gray, D.Y. Wang: Third-order susceptibilities of asymmetric pentaazadentate porphyrin- like metal complexes, Appl Phys Lett 74, p.3254–3256 (1999)
M.O. Martin, L. Canioni, L. Sarger: Measurements of complex third-order optical susceptibility in a collinear pump-probe experiment, Optics Letters 23, p.1874–1876 (1998)
J. Vanhanen, V.P. Leppanen, T. Haring, V. Kettunen, T. Jaaskelainen, S. Parkkinen, J.P.S. Parkkinen: Nonlinear refractive index change of photoactive yellow protein, Opt Commun 155, p.327–331 (1998)
S. Dhanjal, S.V. Popov, I.R. Shatwell, Y.P. Svirko, N.I. Zheludev, V.E. Gusev: Femtosecond optical nonlinearity of metallic indium across the solid-liquid transition, Optics Letters 22, p. 1879–1881 (1997)
H.J. Huang, G. Gu, S.H. Yang, J.S. Fu, P. Yu, G.K.L. Wong, Y.W. Du: Nonlinear optical response of the higher fullerene C-90 — A comparison with C-60, Chem Phys Lett 272, p.427–432 (1997)
I. Kang, T. Krauss, F. Wise: Sensitive measurement of nonlinear refraction and two- photon absorption by spectrally resolved two-beam coupling, Optics Letters 22, p.1077–1079 (1997)
P. Klovekorn, J. Munch: Variable stimulated Brillouin scattering pulse compressor for nonlinear optical measurements, Appl Opt 36, p.5913–5917 (1997)
J.Y. Wu, J. Yan, D.C. Sun, F.M. Li, L.W. Zhou, M. Sun: Third-order nonlinear optical property of a polyphenylene oligomer: Poly (2,5-dialkozyphenylene), Opt Commun 136, p.35–38 (1997)
J. Yan, J.Y. Wu, H.Y. Zhu, X.T. Zhang, D.C. Sun, Y.M. Hu, F.M. Li, M. Sun: Excited state enhancement of the third order nonlinear optical susceptibility of nonether polyphenylquinoxaline, Optics Letters 20, p.255–257 (1995)
N.I. Zheludev, P.J. Bennett, H. Loh, S.V. Popov, I.R. Shatwell, Y.P. Svirko, V.E. Gusev, V.F. Kamalov, E.V. Slobodchikov: Cubic optical nonlinearity of free electrons in bulk gold, Optics Letters 20, p. 1368–1370 (1995)
H. Fei, Z. Wei, Q. Yang, Y. Che: Low-power phase conjugation in push-pull azobenzene compounds, Opt. Lett. 20, p. 1518–1520 (1995)
A. Marcano OL. Aranguren: Absolute values of the nonlinear susceptibility of dye solutions measured by polarization spectroscopy, J. Appl. Phys. 62, p.3100–3103 (1987)
E.J. Heilweil, R.M. Hochstrasser: Nonlinear spectroscopy and picosecond transient grating study of colloidal gold, J. Chem. Phys. 82, p.4762–4770 (1985)
J.P. Hermann, J. Ducuing: Third-order polarizabilities of long-chain molecules, J. Appl. Phys. 45, p.5100–5102 (1974)
M.D. Levenson, N. Bloembergen: Dispersion of the nonlinear optical susceptibilities of organic liquids and solutions, J.Chem. Phys. 60, p.1323–1327 (1974)
M.D. Levenson, N. Bloembergen: Dispersion of the nonlinear optical susceptibility tensor in centrosymmetric media, Phys. Rev. B 10, p.4447–4463 (1974)
K.C. Rustagi, J. Ducuing: Third-order optical polarizability of conjugated organic molecules, Opt. Coram. 10, p.258–261 (1974)
J.P. Hermann, D. Ricard: Optical nonlinearities in conjugated systems: beta-carotene, Appl. Phys. Lett. 23, p. 178–180 (1973)
A. Owyoung, R.W. Hellwarth, N. George: Intensity-Induced Changes in Optical Polarizations in Glasses, Phys. Rev. B 5, p.628–633 (1972)
J.J. Wynne: Nonlinear Optical Spectroscopy of X (3) in LiNbO3, Phys. Rev. Lett. 29, p.650–653 (1972)
M. Sheik-Bahae, A.A. Said, T.-H. Wei, D.J. Hagan, E.W. Van Stryland: Sensitive Measurement of Optical Nonlinearities Using a Single Beam, IEEE J. QE-26, p.760–769 (1990)
M. Martinelli, S. Bian, J.R. Leite, R.J. Horowicz: Sensitivity-enhanced reflection Z-scan by oblique incidence of a polarized beam, Appl Phys Lett 72, p.1427–1429 (1998)
P.B. Chappie, J. Staromlynska, J.A. Hermann, T.J. Mckay, R.G. Mcduff: Single-beam Z-scan: Measurement techniques and analysis, J Nonlinear Opt Physics Mat 6, p.251–293 (1997)
C.R. Mendonca, L. Misoguti, S.C. Zilio: Z-scan measurements with Fourier analysis in ion-doped solids, Appl Phys Lett 71, p.2094–2096 (1997)
P.B. Chappie, P.J. Wilson: Z-scans with near-Gaussian laser beams, J Nonlinear Opt Physics Mat 5, p.419–436 (1996)
W. Zhao, P. Palffy-Muhoray: Z-scan measurement of X (3) using top-hat beams, Appl. Phys. Lett. 65, p.673–675 (1994)
G. Xiao, J.H. Lim, E.V. Stryland, M. Bass, L. Weichman: Z-Scan Measurement of the Ground and Excited State Absorption Cross Sections of Cr4+ in Yttrium Aluminum Garnet, IEEE J. QE-35, p.1086–1091 (1999)
H.S. Loka, S.D. Benjamin, P.W.E. Smith: Optical Characterization of Low-Temperature-Grown GaAs for Ultrafast All-Optical Switching Devices, IEEE J. QE-34, p.1426–1436 (1998)
D. Leupold, I.E. Kochevar: Multiphoton Photochemistry in Biological Systems: Introduction, Photochem. and Photobiol. 66, p.562–565 (1997)
S. Oberländer, D. Leupold: Instantaneous fluorescence quantum yield of organic molecular systems: information content of ist intensity dependence, J. Luminesc. 59, p.125–133 (1994)
K.R. Naqvi, D.K. Sharma, G.J. Hoytink: Measurements of Sub-Nanosecond Lifetimes from Biphotonic Fluorescence Produced by Nanosecond Laser Pulses, Chem. Phys. Lett. 22, p.222–225 (1973)
N. Kamiya, M. Ishikawa, K. Kasahara, M. Kaneko, N. Yamamoto, H. Ohtani: Picosecond fluorescence spectroscopy of the purple membrane of Halobacterium halobium in alkaline suspension, Chem Phys Lett 265, p.595–599 (1997)
S. Reindl, A. Penzkofer: Triplet quantum yield determination by picosecond laser double-pulse fluorescence excitation, Chem Phys 213, p.429–438 (1996)
T. Doust: Picosecond Fluorescence Decay Kinetics of Crystal Violet in Low-Viscosity Solvents, Chem. Phys. Lett. 96, p.522–525 (1983)
E.F. Hilinski, P.M Rentzepis: Chemical Applications of Picosecond Spectroscopy, Acc. Chem. Res. 16, p.224–232 (1983)
V. Sundström, T. Gillbro, H. Bergström: Picosecond Kinetics of Radiationless Relaxations of Triphenyl Methane Dyes. Evidence for a Rapid Excited-State Equilibrium Between States of Differing Geometry, Chem. Phys. 73, p.439–458 (1982)
G.R. Fleming, A.E.W. Knight, J.M. Morris, R.J. Robbins, G.W. Robinson: Picosecond spectroscopic studies of spontaneous and stimulated emission in organic dye molecules, Chem. Phys. 23p.61–70 (1977)
S.H. Lee, I.C. Chen: Non-exponential decays of the S-1 vibronic levels of acetaldehyde, Chem Phys 220, p.175–189 (1997)
V. Sundström, T. Gillbro: A Discussion of the Problem of Detemining Multiple Lifetimes from Picosecond Absorption Recovery Data as Encountered in Two Carbocyanine Dyes, Appl. Phys. B 31, p.235–247 (1983)
J.R. Torga, J.I. Etcheverry, M.C. Marconi: Design of a fluorescence technique using double laser pulse excitation for the measurement of molecular Brownian dynamics, Opt Commun 143, p.230–234 (1997)
B.D. Fainberg, B. Zolotov, D. Huppert: Nonlinear laser spectroscopy of nonlinear solvation, J Nonlinear Opt Physics Mat 5, p.789–807 (1996)
J.R. Lakowicz, A. Balter: Differential-Wavelength Deconvolution of Time-Resolved Fluorescence Intensities, Biophys. Chem. 16, p.223–240 (1982)
H. Kano, S. Kawata: Two-photon-excited fluorescence enhanced by a surface plasmon, Optics Letters 21, p. 1848–1850 (1996)
J. Mertz, C. Xu, W.W. Webb: Single-molecule detection by two-photon-excited fluorescence, Optics Letters 20, p.2532–2534 (1995)
D. Klemp, B. Nickel: Relative quantum yield of the S2–S1 fluorescence from azulene, Chem. Phys. Lett. 130, p.493–497 (1986)
Y. Kurabayashi, K. Kikuchi, H. Kokubun, Y. Kaizu, H. Kobayashi: S2–S0 Fluorescence of Some Metallotetraphenylporphyrins, J. Phys. Chem. 88, p.1308–1310 (1984)
G.J. Hoytink: The “anomalous” fluorescence of 1,12-benzperyl-ene in n-heptane, Chem. Phys. Lett. 22, p.10–12 (1983)
A. Maciejewski, R.P. Steer: Effect of solvent on the subnanosec-ond decay of the second excited singlet state of tetramethylindanethione, Chem. Phys. Lett. 100, p.540–545 (1983)
A.A. Krasheninnikov, A.V. Shablya: Determination of luminescence quantum yield from highly excited electronic states of moleculaes by the photo-acoustic effect, Opt. Spectrosc. (USSR) 52, p.159–162 (1982)
S. Muralidharan, G. Ferraudi, L.K. Patterson: Luminescence from Upper Electronic Excited States of Phthalocyanines, Inorganica Chim-ica Acta 65, p.L235–L236 (1982)
B.S. Vogt, S.G. Schulman: Anomalous Fluorescence of 9-Aminofluorene, Chem. Phys. Lett. 89, p.320–323 (1982)
V.L. Bogdanov, V.P. Klochkov: Secondary emission of coronene molecules with excitation of higher electronic states, Opt. Spectrosc. (USSR) 50, p.479–484 (1981)
K. Teuchner, S. Dähne: The anomalous blue fluorescence of pseudoisocyanine dyes, J. Luminesc. 23, p.413–422 (1981)
E.N. Kaliteevskaya, T.K. Razumova: Photochemical conversions and short-wavelength luminescence of polymethine dyes. Studies of short-wavelength luminescence, Opt. Spectrosc. (USSR) 48, p.269–273 (1980)
M. Orenstein, S. Kimel, S. Speiser: Laser excited S2–S1 and S1–S0 emission spectra and the S2-Sn absorption spectrum of azulene in solution, Chem. Phys. Lett. 58, p.582–585 (1978)
J.R. Huber, M. Mahaney: S2–S0 fluorescence in an aromatic thioketone, xanthione, Chem. Phys. Lett. 30, p.410–412 (1975)
J.B. Birks: Dual fluorescence of isolated aromatic molecules, Chem. Phys. Lett. 25, p.315–460 (1974)
L. Bajema, M. Gouterman: Porphyrens XXIII. Fluorescence of the Second Excited Singlet and Quasiline Structure of Zinc Tetrabenz-porphin, J. Mol. Spectr. 39, p.421–431 (1971)
M. Assel, R. Laenen, A. Laubereau: Retrapping and solvation dynamics after femtosecond UV excitation of the solvated electron in water, J Chem Phys 111, p.6869–6874 (1999)
V.V. Lozovoy, O.M. Sarkisov, A.S. Vetchinkin, S.Y. Umanskii: Coherent control of the molecular iodine vibrational dynamics by chirped femtosecond light pulses: theoretical simulation of the pump- probe experiment, Chem Phys 243, p.97–114 (1999)
F. Stienkemeier, F. Meier, A. Hagele, H.O. Lutz, E. Schreiber, C.P. Schulz, I.V. Hertel: Coherence and relaxation in potassium-doped helium droplets studied by femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy, Phys Rev Lett 83, p.2320–2323 (1999)
S. Hashimoto: Diffuse reflectance laser photolytic studies of pyrene included in zeolites — Formation of pyrene anion radicals via excited-state electron transfer between guest molecules, Chem Phys Lett 252, p. 236–242 (1996)
J.N. Heyman, K. Unterrainer, K. Craig, J. Williams, M.S. Sherwin, K. Campman, P.F. Hopkins, A.C. Gossard, B.N. Murdin, C.J.G.M. Langerak: Far-infrared pump-probe measurements of the intersubband lifetime in an AlGaAs/GaAs coupled-quantum well, Appl Phys Lett 68, p.3019–3021 (1996)
P. Tamarat, B. Lounis, J. Bernard, M. Orrit, S. Kummer, R. Kettner, S. Mais, T. Basche: Pump-probe experiments with a single molecule: ac-Stark effect and nonlinear optical response, Phys Rev Lett 75, p.1514–1517 (1995)
D.S. Kliger, A.C. Albrecht: Polarized Spectroscopy of Excites States of Substituted Anthracenes on a Nanosecond Time Scale, J. Chem. Phys. 53, p.4059–4065 (1970)
G. Porter, F.R.S. Topp, M.R. Topp: Nanosecond flash photolysis, Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. A. 315, p.163–184 (1970)
H. Takahashi (ed.): Transient Vibrational Spectroscopy, Springer Proc. Phys, Vol. 68 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1992)
G. Haran, W.D. Sun, K. Wynne, R.M. Hochstrasser: Femtosecond far-infrared pump-probe spectroscopy: A new tool for studying low-frequency vibrational dynamics in molecular condensed phases, Chem Phys Lett 274, p.365–371 (1997)
E. Budiarto, J. Margolies, S. Jeong, J. Son, J. Bokor: High-intensity terahertz pulses at 1-kHz repetition rate, IEEE J QE-32, p. 1839–1846 (1996)
N. Zhavoronkov, V. Petrov, F. Noack: Transient excited-state absorption measurements in chromium-doped forsterite, Phys Rev B 61, p.1866–1870 (2000)
G.M. Gale, G. Gallot, F. Hache, N. Lascoux, S. Bratos, J.C. Leicknam: Femtosecond dynamics of hydrogen bonds in liquid water: A real time study, Phys Rev Lett 82, p. 1068–1071 (1999)
J.P. Likforman, M. Joffre, D. Hulin: Hyper-Raman gain due to excitons coherently driven with femtosecond pulses, Phys Rev Lett 79, p.3716–3719 (1997)
D. Tittelbachhelmrich, R.P. Steer: Subpicosecond population decay time of the first excited singlet state of thioxanthione in fluid solution, Chem Phys Lett 262, p.369–373 (1996)
T. Okada, N. Mataga, W. Baumann, A. Siemiarczuk: Picosecond Laser Spectroscopy of 4- (9-Anthryl)-N,N-dimethylaniline and Related Compounds, J. Phys. Chem. 91, p.4490–4495 (1987)
T. Okada, N. Mataga, W. Baumann: Sn-Sl Absorption Spectra of 4- (N,N-Dimethylamino)benzonitrile in Various Solvents: Confirmation of the Intramolecular Ion Pair State in Polar Solvents, J. Phys. Chem. 91, p.760–762 (1987)
E. Morikawa, K. Shikichi, R. Katoh, M. Kotani: Transient photoabsorption by singlet excitons in p-terphenyl single crystals, Chem. Phys. Lett. 131, p.209–212 (1986)
C.V. Shank, R. Yen, J. Orenstein, G.L. Baker: Femtosecond excited-state relaxation in polyacetylene, Phys. Rev. B 28, p.6095–6096 (1983)
S.K. Chattopadhyay, P.K. Das: Singlet-singlet absorption spectra of Diphenylpolyenes, Chem. Phys. Lett. 87, p.145–150 (1982)
T. Okada, N. Tashita, N. Mataga: Direct observation of intermediate heteroexcimer in the photoinduced hydrogen-atom transfer reaction by picosecond laser spectroscopy, Chem. Phys. Lett. 75, p.220–223 (1980)
C.V. Shank, E.P. Ippen, R.L. Fork, A. Migus, T. Kobayashi: Application of subpicosecond optical techniques to molecular dynamics, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A 298, p.303–308 (1980)
S. Tagawa, W. Schnabel: Laser flash photolysis studies on excited singlet states of benzene, toluene, p-xylene, polystyrene, and poly-alpha-methylstyrene, Chem. Phys. Lett. 75, p.120–122 (1980)
A. Müller, J. Schulz-Hennig, H. Tashiro: Excited State Absorption of 1,3,3,1′,3′,3′-Hexamethylindotricarboncyanine Iodide: A Quantitative Study by Ultrafast Absorption Spectroscopy, Appl. Phys. 12, p.333–339 (1977)
D. Magde, M.W. Windsor, D. Holten, M. Gouterman: Picosecond flash photolysis: transient absorption in Sn (IV), Pd (II), and Cu (II) porphyrins, Chem. Phys. Lett. 29, p.183–188 (1974)
A.B. Myers, R.M. Hochstrasser Comparision of Four-Wave Mixing Techniques for Studying Orientational Relaxation, IEEE J. QE-22, p.1482–1492 (1986)
T.F. Heinz, S.L. Palfrey, K.B. Eisenthal: Coherent Coupling Effects in pump-probe measurements with collinear, copropagating beams, Opt. Lett. 9, p.359–361 (1984)
A. v. Jena, H.E. Lessing: Coherent Coupling Effects in Picosecond Absorption Experiments, Appl. Phys. 19, p.131–144 (1979)
C. Brunei, B. Lounis, P. Tamarat, M. Orrit: Triggered source of single photons based on controlled single molecule fluorescence, Phys Rev Lett 83, p.2722–2725 (1999)
A. Leitenstorfer, C. Furst, A. Laubereau: Widely tunable two color mode locked Ti:sapphire laser with pulse jitter of less than 2 fs, Optics Letters 20, p.916–918 (1995)
N. Karasawa, R. Morita, H. Shigekawa, M. Yamashita: Generation of intense ultrabroadband optical pulses by induced phase modulation in an argon-filled single-mode hollow waveguide, Optics Letters 25, p. 183–185 (2000)
A. Brodeur, S.L. Chin: Ultrafast white-light continuum generation and self-focusing in transparent condensed media, J Opt Soc Am B Opt Physics 16, p.637–650 (1999)
A.A. Zozulya, S.A. Diddams, A.G. VanEngen, T.S. Clement: Propagation dynamics of intense femtosecond pulses: Multiple splittings, coalescence, and continuum generation, Phys Rev Lett 82, p. 1430–1433 (1999)
J.U. Kang, R. Posey: Demonstration of supercontinuum generation in a long-cavity fiber ring laser, Optics Letters 23, p. 1375–1377 (1998)
J.P. Likforman, A. Alexandrou, M. Joffre: Intracavity white-light continuum generation in a femtosecond Ti: sapphire oscillator, Appl Phys Lett 73, p.2257–2259 (1998)
E.T.J. Nibbering, O. Duhr, G. Korn: Generation of intense tunable 20-fs pulses near 400 nm by use of a gas-filled hollow waveguide, Optics Letters 22, p.1335–1337 (1997)
A. Brodeur, F.A. Ilkov, S.L. Chin: Beam filamentation and the white light continuum divergence, Opt Commun 129, p. 193–198 (1996)
M. Wittmann, A. Penzkofer: Spectral superbroadening of femtosecond laser pulses, Opt Commun 126, p.308–317 (1996)
H. Nishioka, W. Odajima, K. Ueda, H. Takuma: Ultrabroadband flat continuum generation in multichannel propagation of terrawatt Ti:sapphire laser pulses, Optics Letters 20, p.2505–2507 (1995)
I.A. Bufetov, M.V. Grekov, K.M. Golant, E.M. Dianov, R.R. Khrapko: Ultraviolet-light generation in nitrogen-doped silica fiber, Optics Letters 22, p.1394–1396 (1997)
I. Ilev, H. Kumagai, K. Toyoda, I. Koprinkov: Highly efficient wideband continuum generation in a single- mode optical fiber by powerful broadband laser pumping, Appl Opt 35, p.2548–2553 (1996)
R.R. Alfano, Q.X. Li, T. Jimbo, J.T. Manassah, P.P. Ho: Induced spectral broadening of a weak picosecond pulse in glass produced by an intense picosecond pulse, Opt. Lett. 11, p.626–628 (1986)
R. Menzel, C.W. Hoganson, M.W. Windsor: Picosecond Bleaching Behavior of the Ground-State Absorption and Excited-State Absorptions of Crystal Violet between 455 and 720 nm, Chem. Phys. Lett. 120, p.29–34 (1985)
A. Borghese, S.S. Merola: Time-resolved spectral and spatial description of laser-induced breakdown in air as a pulsed, bright, and broadband ultraviolet-visible light source, Appl Opt 37, p.3977–3983 (1998)
S.V. Chernikov, Y. Zhu, J.R. Taylor, V.P. Gapontsev: Super-continuum self-Q-switched ytterbium fiber laser, Optics Letters 22, p.298–300 (1997)
R. Menzel, W. Rapp: Excited Singlet- and Triplet-Absorptions of Pentaphene, Chem. Phys. 89, p.445–455 (1984)
S. Kubodera, M. Kitahara, J. Kawanaka, W. Sasaki, K. Kurosawa: A vacuum ultraviolet flash lamp with extremely broadened emission spectra, Appl Phys Lett 69, p.452–454 (1996)
T. Udem, J. Reichert, R. Holzwarth, T.W. Hansch: Absolute optical frequency measurement of the cesium D-1 line with a mode-locked laser, Phys Rev Lett 82, p.3568–3571 (1999)
B.C. Young, F.C. Cruz, W.M. Itano, J.C. Bergquist: Visible lasers with subhertz linewidths, Phys Rev Lett 82, p.3799–3802 (1999)
B. deBeauvoir, F. Nez, L. Julien, B. Cagnac, F. Biraben, D. Touahri, L. Hilico, O. Acef, A. Clairon, J.J. Zondy: Absolute frequency measurement of the 2S–8S/D transitions in hydrogen and deuterium: New determination of the Rydberg constant, Phys Rev Lett 78, p.440–443 (1997)
P.A. Blanche, P.C. Lemaire, M. Dumont, M. Fischer: Photoin-duced orientation of azo dye in various polymer matrices, Optics Letters 24, p.1349–1351 (1999)
E.L. Quitevis, K.G. Casey, T.W. Sinor: Picosecond rotational reorientation of cresyl violet in polymer solution, Chem. Phys. Lett. 132, p.77–82 (1986)
G.J. Blanchard, M.J. Wirth: A critical comparision of molecular reorientation in the ground and excited states: Cresyl violet in methanol, J. Chem. Phys. 82, p.39–44 (1985)
L.A. Philips, S.P. Webb, J.H. Clark: High-pressure studies of rotational reorientation dynamics: The role of dielectric friction, J. Chem. Phys. 83, p.5810–5821 (1985)
D. Reiser, A. Laubereau: Effect of electronic excitation on ultrafast rotational motion of dye molecules, Chem. Phys. Lett. 92, p.297–301 (1982)
A. v. Jena, H.E. Lessing: Rotational Diffusion of Dyes in Solvents of Low Viscosity from Transient-Dichroism Experiments, Chem. Phys. Lett. 78, p.187–193 (1981)
A. Penzkofer, J. Wiedmann: Orientation of transition dipole moments of Rhodamine 6G determined by excited state absorption, Opt. Comm. 35, p.81–86 (1980)
A. Penzkofer, W. Falkenstein: Photoinduced dichroism and vibronic relaxation of rhodamine dyes, Chem. Phys. Lett. 44, p.547–552 (1976)
H.E. Lessing, A. von Jena, M. Reichert: Orientational aspect of transient absorption in solutions, Chem. Phys. Lett. 36, p.517–522 (1975)
D. Magde, S.T. Gaffney, B.F. Campbell: Excited Singlet Absorption in Blue Laser Dyes: Measurement by Picosecond Falsh Photolysis, IEEE J. QE-17, p.489–495 (1981)
J.F. Shepanski, R.W. Anderson, Jr.: Chlorophyll-a excited singlet state absorption measured in the picosecond time regime, Chem. Phys. Lett. 78, p.165–173 (1981)
F.E. Doany, B.I. Greene, R.M. Hochstrasser: Excitation energy effects in the photophysics of trans-stilbene in solution, Chem. Phys. Lett. 75, p.206–208 (1980)
H.E. Lessing, A. von Jena: Separation of rotational diffusion and level kinetics in transient absorption spectroscopy, Chem. Phys. Lett. 42, p.213–217 (1976)
N. Nakashima, N. Mataga: Picosecond flash photolysis and transient spectral measurements over the entire visible, near ultraviolet and near infrared regions, Chem. Phys. Lett. 35, p.487–492 (1975)
D. Magde, M.W. Windsor: Picosecond flash photolysis and spectroscopy: 3,3′-diethyloxadicarbocyanine iodide (DODCI), Chem. Phys. Lett. 27, p.31–36 (1974)
H. Tashiro, T. Yajima: Picosecond absorption spectroscopy of excited states of dye molecules, Chem. Phys. Lett. 25, p.582–586 (1974)
E. Sahar, I. Wieder: Excited singlet state absorption spectrum with tunable dye lasers, Chem. Phys. Lett. 23, p.518–521 (1973)
H. Masuhara, N. Mataga: Fluorescence spectra and excited singlet-singlet absorption spectra of s-tetracyanobenzene EDA complexes by laser excitation, Chem. Phys. Lett. 6, p.608–610 (1970)
D.S. Kliger, A.C. Albrecht: Nanosecond Excited-State Polarized Absorption Spectroscopy of Anthracene in the Visible Region, J. Chem. Phys. 50, p.4109–4111 (1969)
G. Porter, M.R. Topp: Nanosecond Flash Photolysis and the Absorption Spectra of Excited Singlet States, Nature 220, p. 1228–1229 (1968)
R.S. Taylor, S. Mihailov: Excited Singlet-State Absorption in Laser Dyes at the XeCl Wavelength, Appl. Phys. B 38, p. 131–137 (1985)
R. Menzel, W. Rapp: Excited Singlet- and Triplet-Absorptions of Pentaphene, Chem. Phys. 89, p.445–455 (1984)
A. Penzkofer, W. Blau: Theoretical analysis of S1-state lifetime measurements of dyes with picosecond laser pulses, Opt. Quantum Electr. 15, p.325–347 (1983)
Yu.I. Kiryukhin, Z.A. Sinitsyna, Kh. S. Bagdasaryan: Spectra and extinction coefficients for the Sn-S1 absorption of naphthalene and pyrene in the UV region, Opt. Spectrosc. (USSR) 46, p.517–519 (1979)
A.V. Aristov, Yu.S. Maslyukov: Effect of the solvent on the cross section and absorption spectra of the excited states of organic luminor molecules, Opt. Spectrosc. 41, p.240–243 (1976)
J.-P. Fouassier, D.-J. Lougnot, J. Faure: Transient absorptions in a polymethine laser dye, Chem. Phys. Lett. 35, p. 189–193 (1975)
R.M. Hochstrasser, H. Lutz, G.W. Scott: The dynamics of populating the lowest triplet state of benzophenone following singlet excitation, Chem. Phys. Lett. 24, p.162–167 (1974)
J. Shah, R.F. Leheny: Excited-state absorption spectrum of cresyl violet Perchlorate, Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, p.562–564 (1974)
D. Lavalette, C.J. Werkhoven, D. Bebelaar, J. Langelaar, J.D.W. van Voorst: Excited singlet state polarization and absorption spectra of 1,2-benzcoronene, 1,12-benzperylene and 1,2:3,4-dibenzanthracene, Chem. Phys. Lett. 9, p.230–233 (1971)
J.M. Larkin, W.R. Donaldson, T.H. Foster, R.S. Knox: Reverse intersystem crossing from a triplet state of rose bengal populated by sequential 532-+1064-nm laser excitation, Chem Phys 244, p.319–330 (1999)
S. Reindl, A. Penzkofer: Higher excited-state triplet-singlet intersystem crossing of some organic dyes, Chem Phys 211, p.431–439 (1996)
N. Kanamaru, J. Tanaka: Nanosecond Laser Photolysis of N-Methylindole in Acetonitrile, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 59, p.569–573 (1986)
Sya Koshihara, T. Kobayashi: Sn-S1 and Tn-T1 absorption spectra of highly purified chrysene in solution, Chem. Phys. Lett. 124, p.331–335 (1986)
M.R. Wasielewski: Direct measurement of the lowest excited singlet state lifetime of all-trans-beta-carotene and related carotenoids, Chem. Phys. Lett. 128, p.238–243 (1986)
S. Mory, H.-J. Weigmann, A. Rosenfeld, M. Siegmund, R. Mitzner, J. Bendig: The S1 and T1 transient absorptions of 10-substituted acridin-9-ones measured by nanosecond laser spectroscopy, Chem. Phys. Lett. 115, p.201–204 (1985)
R.S. Taylor, S. Mihailov: Excited Singlet-State Absorption in Laser Dyes at the XeCl Wavelength, Appl. Phys. B 38, p. 131–137 (1985)
D. Leupold, J. Ehlert, S. Oberländer, B. Wiesner: S1 absorption of chlorophyll-a in the red region, Chem. Phys. Lett. 100, p.345–350 (1983)
J.S. Horwitz, R.A. Goldbeck, D.S. Kliger: Excited-state absorption spectroscopy and state ordering in polyenes. 1,3,5,7-octatetraene, Chem. Phys. Lett. 80, p.229–234 (1981)
G.W. Scott, L.D. Talley: Excited state absorption spectra and intersystem crossing kinetics in diazanaphthalenes, J. Chem. Phys. 72, p.5002–5013 (1980)
E.L. Russell, A.J. Twarowski, D.S. Kliger, E. Switkes: The excited singlet state absorption spectrum of 1,4-diphenylnaphthalene, J. Chem. Phys. 22p.l67–173 (1977)
N. Mataga, T. Okada, H. Masuhara, N. Nakashima, Y. Sakata, S. Misumi: Electonic structure and dynamical behvior of some intramolecular exciplexes, J. Luminesc. 12/13, p. 159–168 (1976)
A. Mueller, J. Schulz-Hennig, H. Tashiro: Ultrafast absorption spectroscopy of laser dyes using a streak camera, Opt. Comm. 18, p. 152–153 (1976)
M.A. Slifkin, A.O. Al-Chalabi: S1-Sn transitions of some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons observed by modulation excitation spectrophotometry, Chem. Phys. Lett. 29, p.405–409 (1974)
Ch.R. Goldschmidt, M. Ottolenghi: Excited singlet-singlet spectra of anthracene, N,N-diethylaniline and their CT complex, Chem. Phys. Lett. 4, p.570–572 (1970)
J.R. Novak, M.W. Windsor: Laser Photolysis and Spectroscopy in the Nanosecond Time Range: Excited Singlet State Absorption in Coronene, J. Chem. Phys. 47, p.3075–3076 (1967)
N. Tamai, T. Asahi, H. Masuhara: Intersystem crossing of benzophenone by femtosecond transient grating spectroscopy, Chem. Phys. Lett. 198, p.413–418 (1992)
C. Kryschi, H. Kupka, H.-H. Perkampus: Triplet-triplet absorption spectra of phenanthrene and azaanalogues, Chem. Phys. 116, p.53–60 (1987)
I. Carmichael, G.L. Hug: Triplet-Triplet Absorption Spectra of Organic Molecules in Condensed Phases, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 15, p.1–250 (1986)
K. Kikuchi, H. Fukumura, H. Kokubun: The Sm-T1 absorption spectrum of 9,10-dibromoanthracene, Chem. Phys. Lett. 123, p.226–228 (1986)
J. Saltiel, G.R. Marchand, R. Dabestani, J.M. Pecha: The quenching of anthracene triplets by ground-state anthracene, Chem. Phys. Lett. 100, p.219–222 (1983)
L.M. Bolotko, V.V. Gruzinskii, V.I. Danilova, T.N. Kopylova: Triplet-triplet absorption of organic compounds lasing efficiency in the ultraviolet, Opt. Spectrosc. (USSR) 52, p.379–381 (1982)
A.P. Darmanyan: Laser photolysis study of the mechanism of rubrene quenching by molecular oxygen, Chem. Phys. Lett. 86, p.405–410 (1982)
H. Fukumura, K. Kikuchi, H. Kokubun: Temperature effect on inverse (Tn-S1) intersystem crossing, Chem. Phys. Lett. 92, p.29–32 (1982)
H. Görner: Triplet States of Phenylethylenes in Solution. Energies, Lifetimes, and Absorption Spectra of 1,1-Diphenyl-, Triphenyl-, and Tetraphenylethylene Triplets, J. Phys. Chem. 86, p.2028–2035 (1982)
H. Hirano, T. Azumi: A new method to determine the quantum yield of intersystem crossing, Chem. Phys. Lett. 86, p.109–112 (1982)
H.E. Lessing, D. Richardt, A. von Jena: Quantitative Triplet Photophysics by Picosecond Photometry, J. Mol. Struct. 84, p.281–292 (1982)
L. J.A. Martins, T.J. Kemp: Triplet State of 2-Nitrothiophen, J. Chem. Soc, Faraday Trans. I 78, p.519–531 (1982)
G.J. Smith: Enhanced Intersystem Crossing in the Oxygen Quenching of Aromatic Hydrocarbon Triplet States with High Energies, J. Chem. Soc, Faraday Trans. 2 78, p.769–773 (1982)
M.A. El-Sayed: Double Resonance and the Properties of the Lowest Excited Triplet State of Organic Molecules, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 26, p.235–258 (1975)
R.W. Anderson, R.M. Hochstrasser, H. Lutz, G.W. Scott: Measurements of intersystem crossing kinetics using 3545 A picosecond pulses: nitronaphthalenes and benzophenone, Chem. Phys. Lett. 28, p. 153–157 (1974)
J.L. Laporte, Y. Rousset, P. Peretti, P. Ranson: Triplet-singlet radiationless energy transfer between benzophenone and perylene in vitreous solution, Chem. Phys. Lett. 29, p.444–446 (1974)
A.R. Horrocks, F. Wilkinson: Triplet state formation efficiencies of aromatic hydrocarbons in solution, Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. A. 306, p.257–273 (1968)
B. Dick: Accessibility of the lowest quintet state of organic molecules through triplet-triplet annihilation; an indo CI study, Chem. Phys. 78, p.1–16 (1983)
T. Freudenberg, V. Stert, W. Radloff, J. Ringling, J. Gudde, G. Korn, I.V. Hertel: Ultrafast dynamics of ammonia clusters excited by femtosecond VUV laser pulses, Chem Phys Lett 269, p.523–529 (1997)
A. Grofcsik, M. Kubinyi, W.J. Jones: Intermolecular photoin-duced proton transfer in nile blue and oxazine 720, Chem Phys Lett 250, p.261–265 (1996)
J. Dobler, W. Zinth, W. Kaiser, D. Oesterhelt: Excited-state reaction dynamics of bacteriorhodopsin studied by femtosecond spectroscopy, Chem. Phys. Lett. 144, p.215–220 (1988)
T. Elsaesser, W. Kaiser: Visible and infrared spectroscopy of intramolecular proton transfer using picosecond laser pulses, Chem. Phys. Lett. 128, p.231–237 (1986)
R.W. Yip, D.K. Sharma, R. Giasson, D. Gravel: Picosecond Excited-State Absorption of Alkyl Nitrobenzenes in Solution, J. Phys. Chem. 88, p.5770–5772 (1984)
T. Doust: Picosecond flourescence decay kinetics of crystal violet in low-viscosity solvents, Chem. Phys. Lett. 96, p.522–515 (1983)
R. Trebino, A.E. Siegman: Subpicosecond relaxation study of malachite green using a three-laser frequency-domain technique, J. Chem. Phys. 79, p.3621–3626 (1983)
T. Kobayashi: Picosecond time-resolved Sn-Sl absorption spectrum on the tetracyanobenzene-toluene complex, Chem. Phys. Lett. 85, p.170–174 (1982)
B. Kopainsky, W. Kaiser: Ultrafast transient processes of monomers, dimers, and aggregates of pseudoisocyanine chloride (PIC), Chem. Phys. Lett. 88, p.337–361 (1982)
S.K. Rentsch, D. Fassler, P. Hampe, R.V. Danielius, R.A. Gadonas: Picosecond time-resolved spectroscopic studies of a monomer-dimer system of 3.3’-diethyl thiacarcocyanine iodide in aqueous solution, Chem. Phys. Lett. 89, p.249–253 (1982)
V. Sundström, T. Gillbro, H. Bergström: Picosecond kinetics of radiationless relaxations of triphenyl methane dyes. Evidence for a rapid excited-state equilibrium between states of differing geometry, Chem. Phys. 73, p.439–458 (1982)
Y. Wang, E.V. Sitzmann, F. Novak, C. Dupuy, K.B. Eisenthal: Reactions of Excited Triplet Diphenylcarbene Studied with Picosecond Lasers, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 104, p.3238–3239 (1982)
D. Huppert, S.D. Rand, P.M. Rentzepis, P.F. Barbara, W.S. Struve, Z.R. Grabowski: Picosecond kinetics of p-dimethylaminobenzonitrile, J. Chem. Phys. 75, p.5714–5719 (1981)
S.K. Rentsch, R.V. Danielius, R.A. Gadonas, A. Piskarskas: Picosecond kinetics of transient spectra of pseudoisocyanine monomers and J-aggregates in aqueous solution, Chem. Phys. Lett. 84, p.446–449 (1981)
M.C. Adams, D.J. Bradley, W. Sibbett, J.R. Taylor: Application of the synchroscan streak camera to real time picosecond measurements of molecular energy transfer, J. Mol. Struct. 61, p.5–10 (1980)
T. Kobayashi, E.O. Degenkolb, R. Bersohn, P.M. Rentzepis, R. MacColl, D.S. Berns: Energy Transfer among the Chromophores in Phycocyanins Measured by Picosecond Kinetics, Biochem. 18, p.5073–5078 (1979)
R. Menzel, C.W. Hoganson, M.W. Windsor: Picosecond Bleaching Behavior of the Ground-State Absorption and Excited-State Absorptions of Crystal Violet between 455 and 720 nm, Chem. Phys. Lett. 120, p.29–34 (1985)
B.S. Ham, S.M. Shahriar, P.R. Hemmer: Electromagneti-cally induced transparency over spectral hole-burning temperature in a rare-earth-doped solid, J Opt Soc Am B Opt Physics 16, p.801–804 (1999)
S.T. Li, G.K. Liu, W. Zhao: Converting Eu3+ between defect sites in BaFCl for persistent spectral hole burning, Optics Letters 24, p.838–840 (1999)
J. Pieper, K.D. Irrgang, M. Ratsep, T. Schrotter, J. Voigt, G.J. Small, G. Renger: Effects of aggregation on trimeric light-harvesting complex II of green plants: A hole-burning study, J Phys Chem A 103, p.2422–2428 (1999)
Z. Hasan, L. Biyikli, P.I. Macfarlane: Power-gated spectral holeburning in MgS:Eu2+, Eu3+: A case for high- density persistent spectral holeburning, Appl Phys Lett 72, p.3399–3401 (1998)
Z. Hasan, M. Solonenko, P.I. Macfarlane, L. Biyikli, V.K. Mathur, F.A. Karwacki: Persistent high density spectral holeburning in CaS:Eu and CaS: Eu,Sm phosphors, Appl Phys Lett 72, p.2373–2375 (1998)
A. Muller, W. Richter, L. Kador: Persistent spectral hole burning in the few-molecule limit: terrylene in p-terphenyl, Chem Phys Lett 285, p.92–98 (1998)
H. Sasaki, K. Karaki: Optical parallel pattern recognition of multiple stored images in a persistent spectral holeburning memory, Opt Commun 153, p.9–13 (1998)
Z. Hasan, L. Biyikli, P.I. Macfarlane: Power-gated spectral holeburning in MgS:Eu2+, Eu3+: A case for high-density persistent hole-burning, Appl. Phys. Lett. 72, p.3399–3401 (1998)
Z. Hasan, M. Solonenko, P.L Macfarlane, L. Biyikli: Persistent high density spectral holeburning in CaS:Eu and CaS:Eu,Sm phosphors, Appl. Phys. Lett. 72, p.2373–2375 (1998)
M. Nogami, Y. Abe: High-temperature persistent spectral hole burning of Eu3+- doped SiO2 glass prepared by the sol-gel process, Appl Phys Lett 71, p.3465–3467 (1997)
M. Tian, F. Grelet, D. Pavolini, J.P. Galaup, J.L. LeGouet: Four-wave hole burning spectroscopy with a broadband laser source, Chem Phys Lett 274, p.518–524 (1997)
J. Valenta, J. Moniatte, P. Gilliot, R. Levy, B. Honerlage, A.I. Ekimov: Hole-filling of persistent spectral holes in the excitonic absorption band of CuBr quantum dots, Appl Phys Lett 70, p.680–682 (1997)
M. Nogami, Y. Abe: High-temperature persistent spectral hole burning of Eu3+-doped SiO2 glass prepared by the sol-gel process, Appl. Phys. Lett. 71, p.3465–3467 (1997)
Y. Mao, P. Gavrilovic, S. Singh, A. Bruce, W.H. Grodkiewicz: Persistent spectral hole burning at liquid nitrogen temperature in Eu (3+)-doped aluminosilicate glass, Appl Phys Lett 68, p.3677–3679 (1996)
M. Nogami, Y. Abe, K. Hirao, D.H. Cho: Room temperature persistent spectra hole burning in Sm2+-doped silicate glasses prepared by the sol-gel process, Appl. Phys. Lett. 66, p.2952–2954 (1995)
Y.-L Pan, Y.-Y. Zhao, Y.Yin, L.-b. Chen, R.-s. Wang, F.-m. Li: The observation of photoproducts and multiple photon-gated spectral hole burning in a donor-acceptor and a donor1+donor2-acceptor system, Opt. Comm. 119, p.538–544 (1995)
R.B. Altmann, I. Renge, L. Kador, D. Haarer: Dipole moment differences of nonpolar dyes in polymeric matrices: Stark effect and photochemical hole burning. I, J. Chem. Phys. 97, p.5316–5322 (1992)
W.P. Ambrose, A.J. Sievers: Persistent infrared spectral hole burning of the fundamental stretching mode of SH- in alkali halides, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 9, p.753–762 (1992)
S. Arnold, J. Comunale: Room-temperature microparticle-based persistent hole-burning spectroscopy, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 9, p.819–824 (1992)
Th. Basché, W.R Ambrose, W.E. Moerner: Optical spectra and kinetics of single impurity molecules in a polymer: spectral diffusion and persistent spectral hole burning, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 9, p.829–836 (1992)
R.L. Cone, P.C. Hansen, M.J.M. Leask: Eu3+ optically detected nuclear quadrupole resonance in stoichiometric europium vanadate, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 9, p.779–783 (1992)
R. Hirschmann, J. Friedrich: Hole burning of long-chain molecular aggregates: homogeneous line broadening, spectral-diffusion broadening, and pressure broadening, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 9, p.811–815 (1992)
H. Inoue, T. Iwamoto, A. Makishima, M. Ikemoto, K. Horie: Preperation and properties of sol-gel thin films with porphins, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 9, p.816–818 (1992)
L. Kümmerl, H. Wolfrum, D. Haarer: Hole Burning with Chelate Complexes of Quinizarin in Alcohol Glasses, J. Phys. Chem. 96, p.10688–10693 (1992)
S.P. Love, C.E. Mungan, A.J. Sievers: Persistant infrared spectral hole burning of Tb3+ in the glasslike mixed crystal Bal-x-yLaxTbyF2+x+y, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 9, p.794–799 (1992)
C.E. Mungan, A.J. Sievers: Persistent infrared spectral hole burning of the fundamental stretching mode of SH- in alkali halides, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 9, p.746–752 (1992)
D. Redman, S. Brown, S.C. Rand: Origin of persistent hole burning of N-V centers in diamond, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 9, p.768–774 (1992)
R.J. Reeves, R.M. Macfarlane: Persistent spectral hole burning induced by ion motion in DaF2:Pr3+:D- and SrF2:Pr3+:D- crystals, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 9, p.763–767 (1992)
I. Renge: Relationship between electron-phonon coupling and intermolecular interaction parameters in dye-doped organic glasses, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 9, p.719–723 (1992)
W. Richter, M. Lieberth, D. Haarer: Frequency dependence of spectral diffusion in hole-burning systems: resonant effects of infrared radiation, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 9, p.715–718 (1992)
N.E. Rigby, N.B. Manson: Spectral hole burning in emerald, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 9, p.775–778 (1992)
B. Sauter, Th. Basché, C. Bräuchle: Temperature-dependent spectral hole-burning study of dye-surface and mixed matrix-dye-surface systems, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 9, p.804–810 (1992)
L. Shu, G.J. Small: Mechanism of nonphotochemical hole burning: Cresyl Violet in polyvinyl alcohol films, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 9, p.724–732 (1992)
L. Shu, G.J. Small: Dispersive kinetics of nonphotochemical hole burning and spontaneous hole filling: Cresyl Violet in polyvinyl films, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 9, p.733–737 (1992)
L. Shu, G.J. Small: Laser-induced hole filling: Cresyl Violet in polyvinyl alcohol films, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 9, p.738–745 (1992)
H. Talon, L. Fleury, J. Bernard, M. Orrit: Fluorescence excitation of single molecules, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 9, p.825–827 (1992)
L.L. Wald, E.L. Hahn, M. Lukac: Variation of the Pr3+ nuclear quadrupole resonance spectrum across the inhomogeneous optical line in Pr3+:LaF3, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 9, p.789–793 (1992)
D. Wang, L. Hu, H. He, J. Rong, J. Xie, J. Zhang: Systems of organic photon-gated photochemical hole burning, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 9, p.800–803 (1992)
K.-R Müller, D. Haarer: Spectral Diffusion of Optical Transitions in Doped Polymer Glasses below 1 K, Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, p.2344–2347 (1991)
L. Kador, S. Jahn, D. Haarer: Contributions of the electrostatic and the dispersion interaction to the solvent shift in a dye-polymer system, as investigated by hole-burning spectroscopy, Phys. Rev. B 41, p. 12215–12226 (1990)
R.F. Mahrt, H. Bässler: Vibronic hole burning in acene-doped MTHF glasses, Chem. Phys. Lett. 165, p.125–130 (1990)
U.P. Wild, A. Renn: Spectral hole burning and holographic image storage, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 183, p.119–129 (1990)
J.K. Gillie, G.J. Small, J.H. Golbeck: Nonphotochemical Hole Burning of the Native Antenna Complex of Photosystem I (PSI-200), J. Phys. Chem. 93, p.1620–1627 (1989)
R. Jankowiak, D. Tang, G.J. Small: Transient and Persistant Hole Burning of the Reaction Center of Photosystem II, J. Phys. Chem. 93, p.1649–1654 (1989)
A.J. Meixner, A. Renn, U.P. Wild: Spectral hole-burning and holography. I. Transmission and holographic detection of spectral holes, J. Chem. Phys. 91, p.6728–6736 (1989)
A. Renn, S.E. Bucher, A.J. Meixner, E.C. Meister, U.P. Wild: Spectral hole burning: electric field effect on resorufin, oxazine-4 and cre-sylviolet in polyvinylbutyral, J. Luminesc. 39, p. 181–187 (1988)
A. Elschner, H. Bässler: Site-selective fluorescence and hole-burning spectroscopy of MTHF glasses doped with tetracene or pentacene, Chem. Phys. 112, p.285–291 (1987)
J.K. Gillie, B.L. Fearey, J.M. Hayes, G.J. Small: Persistent hole burning of the primary donor state of photosystem I: Strong linear electron-phonon coupling, Chem. Phys. Lett. 134, p.316–322 (1987)
J.K. Gillie, J.M. Hayes, G.J. Small, J.H. Golbeck: Hole Burning Spectroscopy of a Core Antenna Complex, J. Phys. Chem. 91, p.5524–5527 (1987)
R. Jankowiak, G.J. Small: Hole-Burning Spectroscopy and Relaxation Dynamics of Amorphous Solids at Low Temperatures, Science 237, p.618–625 (1987)
R.F. Loring, Y.J. Yan, S. Mukamel: Hole-Burning Spectroscopy of Polar Molecules in Polar Solvents: Solvation Dynamics and Vibrational Relaxation, J. Phys. Chem. 91, p.1302–1305 (1987)
R.M. Macfarlane, R.M. Shelby: Homogeneous line broadening of optical transitions of ions and molecules in glasses, J. Luminesc. 36, p.179–207 (1987)
K.K. Rebane, A.A. Gorokhovskii: Hole-Burning Study of Zero-Phonon Linewidths in Organic Glasses, J. Luminesc. 36, p.237–250 (1987)
S. Völker: Optical linewidth and dephasing of organic amorphous and semi-crystalline solids studied by hole burning, J. Luminesc. 36, p.251–262 (1987)
A. Gorokhovskii, V. Korrovits, V. Palm, M. Trummal: Temperature broadening of a photochemical hole in the spectrum of H2-octaethylporphin in polystyrene between 0.05 and 1.5 K, Chem. Phys. Lett. 125, p.355–359 (1986)
H.W.H. Lee, A.L. Huston, M. Gehrtz, W.E. Moerner: Photochemical hole-burning in a protonated phthalocynine with GaAlAs diode lasers, Chem. Phys. Lett. 114, p.491–496 (1985)
M. Romagnoli, W.E. Moerner, F.M. Schellenberg, M.D. Levenson, G.C. Bjorklund: Beyond the bottleneck: submicrosecond hole burning in phthalocyanine, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 1, p.343–348 (1984)
J. Friedrich, D. Haarer: Reversible and irreversible broadening of photochemical holes in amorphous solids, Chem. Phys. Lett. 95, p.119–123 (1983)
H.P.H. Thijssen, R. van den Berg, S. Völker: Thermal broadening of optical homogeneous linewidths in organic glasses adn polymers studied via photochemical hole-burning, Chem. Phys. 97, p.295–302 (1983)
R.M. Shelby, D.P. Burum, R.M. Macfarlane: Nonphotochemical hole burning and antihole production in the mixed molecular crystal pentacene in benzoic acid, J. Chem. Phys. 77, p.2283–2289 (1982)
J.M.J. Vankan, W.S. Veeman: Inhomogeneous triplet absorption in 1,4-dibromonaphthalene, Chem. Phys. Lett. 91, p.358–361 (1982)
A.I.M. Dicker, M. Noort, H.P.H. Thijssen, S. Völker, J.H. Van der Waals: Zeeman effect of the S1-S0 transition of the two tautomeric forms of chlorin: A study by photochemical hole burning in an n-hexane host at 4.2 K, Chem. Phys. Lett. 78, p.212–218 (1981)
R.M. Macfarlane, R.M. Shelby: Sub-Kilohertz Optical Line-width of the 7F0–5D0 Transition in Y203:Eu3+, Opt. Comm. 39, p.169–171 (1981)
S. Völker, R.M. Macfarlane, A.Z. Genack, H.P. Trommsdorf:, J. Chem. Phys. 67, p.1759–1765 (1977)
H.W. Song, T. Hayakawa, M. Nogami: Room temperature spectral hole burning and electron transfer in Sm- doped aluminosilicate glasses, J Appl Phys 86, p.5619–5623 (1999)
K. Fujita, K. Tanaka, K. Hirao, N. Soga: Room-temperature persistent spectral hole burning of EU3+ in sodium aluminosilicate glasses, Optics Letters 23, p.543–545 (1998)
M. Benhmida, V. Netiksis, M. Robino, J.B. Grun, M. Pe-trauskas, B. Honerlage: Picosecond spectral hole burning in ZnCdTe layers, J Appl Phys 80, p.4632–4636 (1996)
K. Hirao, S. Todoroki, N. Soga: Room temperature persistent spectral hole burning of Sm2+ in fluorohafnate glasses, J. Luminesc. 55, p.217–219 (1993)
C.H. Brito Cruz, R.L. Fork, W.H. Knox, C.V. Shank: Spectral hole burning in large molecules probed with 10 fs optical pulses, Chem. Phys. Lett. 132, p.341–344 (1986)
G. Mourou: Spectral Hole Burning in Dye Solutions, IEEE J. QE-11, p.1–8 (1975)
D. Leupold, R. König, B. Voigt, R. Menzel: Modell des sättigbaren Absorbers Crytocyanin/Methanol, Opt. Commun. 11, p.78–82 (1974)
G. Mourou, B. Drouin, M.M. Denariez-Roberge: Observation du “Hole-burning” dans une solution de cryptocyanine dans le methanol, Opt. Comm. 8, p.56–59 (1973)
B.H. Soffer, B.B. McFarland: Frequency locking and dye spectral hole burning in Q-spoiled lasers, Appl. Phys. Lett. 8, p. 166–169 (1966)
B. Voigt, F.R. Nowak, W. Beenken: A new set-up for nonlinear polarization spectroscopy in the frequency domain: experimental examples and theoretical background, Meas. Sci. Technol. 10, p.N7-N11 (1999)
W. Beenken, J. Ehlert: Subband analysis of molecular electronic transitions by nonlinear polarization spectroscopy in the frequency domain, J. Chem. Phys. 109, p.10126–10137 (1998)
W. Beenken, V. May: Strong-field theory of nonlinear polarization spectroscopy. Fundamentals and the two-level system, J. Opt. Soc. Am B 14, p.2804–2810 (1997)
B. Voigt, F. Nowak, J. Ehlert, W. Beenken, D. Leupold, W. Sandner: Substructures and different energy relaxation time within the first electronic transition of pinacyanol, Chem. Phys. Lett. 278, p.380–390 (1997)
D.T. Reid, M. Padgett, C. Mcgowan, W.E. Sleat, W. Sibbett: Light-emitting diodes as measurement devices for femtosecond laser pulses, Optics Letters 22, p.233–235 (1997)
P.R. Spyak: Beam expander, pinhole, and crosshair alignment to laser beams, Appl Opt 36, p.9111–9112 (1997)
T. Baumert, G. Gerber: Femtosecond spectroscopy of molecules and clusters, Adv. Atom, Mol. and Opt. Phys. 35, p. 163–208 (1995)
M. Dantus, M. Rosker, A.H. Zewail: Real-time-femtosecond probing of “transition states” in chemical reactions, J. Chem. Phys. 87, p.2395–2397 (1987)
C.V. Shank, B.I. Greene: Femtosecond Spectroscopy and Chemistry:, J. Phys. Chem. 87, p.732–734 (1983)
C.V. Shank: Measurement of Ultrafast Phenomena in the Femtosecond Time Domain, Science 219, p.1027–1031 (1983)
A. Bartels, T. Dekorsy, H. Kurz: Femtosecond Ti: sapphire ring laser with a 2-GHz repetition rate and its application in time-resolved spectroscopy, Optics Letters 24, p.996–998 (1999)
Y.L.S. Zhang, J. Cheng: Theoretical study of transient thermal conduction and temperature distribution generated by pulsed laser, Appl. Phys. B 70p. 85–90 (2000)
C. Tietz, O. Chekhlov, A. Drabenstedt, J. Schuster, J. Wrachtrup: Spectroscopy on single light-harvesting complexes at low temperature, J Phys Chem B 103, p.6328–6333 (1999)
S.C. Chen, C.P. Grigoropoulos: Noncontact nanosecond-time-resolution temperature measurement in excimer laser heating of Ni-P disk substrates, Appl Phys Lett 71, p.3191–3193 (1997)
K. Teuchner, M. Schulzevers, D. Leupold, D. Strehlow, W. Rudiger: The complex excited state dynamics of the early photocycle of phytochrome, Chem Phys Lett 268, p.157–162 (1997)
M. Pirotta, A. Renn, M.H.V. Werts, U.P. Wild: Single molecule spectroscopy, perylene in the Shpol’skii matrix n-nonane, Chem Phys Lett 250, p.576–582 (1996)
W. Ketterle, N.J. van Druten: Evaporative cooling of trapped atoms, Adv. Atom, Mol. and Opt. Phys. 37, p. 181–236 (1996)
H. Lueck, R. Menzel, R. Sander: Inherent sample heating and temperature calibration in excited state absorption (ESA) measurements between room temperature and 77 kelvin, Opt. Commun. 108, p. 258–264 (1994)
M. Pirotta, F. Guttler, H. Gygax, A. Renn, J. Sepiol, U.P. Wild: Single molecule spectroscopy. Fluorescence-lifetime measurements of pentacene in p-terphenyl, Chem. Phys. Lett. 208, p.379–384 (1993)
U.P. Wild, F. Güttier, M. Pirotta, A. Renn: Single molecule spectroscopy: Stark effect of pentacene in p-terphenyl, Chem. Phys. Lett. 193, p.451–455 (1992)
D. Ben-Amotz, C.B. Harris: Torsional dynamics of molecules on barrierless potentials in liquids. I. Temperature and wavelength dependent picosecond studies of triophenyl-methane dyes, J. Chem. Phys. 86, p.4856–4870 (1987)
D. Ben-Amotz, C.B. Harris: Torsional dynamics of molecules on barrierless potentials in liquids. II. Test of theoretical models, J. Chem. Phys. 86, p.5433–5440 (1987)
D. Ben-Amotz, R. Jeanloz, C.B. Harris: Torsional dynamics of molecules on barrierless potentials in liquids. III. Pressure dependent picosecond studies of triphenyl-methane dye solutions in a diamond anvil cell, J. Chem. Phys. 86, p.6119–6127 (1987)
H.-H. Perkampus: UV-VIS Atlas of Organic Compounds (VCH, Weinheim, 1992)
B.C. Edwards, J.E. Anderson, R.I. Epstein, G.L. Mills, A.J. Mord: Demonstration of a solid-state optical cooler: An approach to cryogenic refrigeration, J Appl Phys 86, p.6489–6493 (1999)
T.R. Gosnell: Laser cooling of a solid by 65 K starting from room temperature, Optics Letters 24, p. 1041–1043 (1999)
H. Wadi, E. Pollak: Theory of laser cooling of polyatomic molecules in an electronically excited state, J Chem Phys 110, p. 11890–11905 (1999)
C.E. Wieman, D.E. Pritchard, D.J. Wineland: Atom cooling, trapping, and quantum manipulation, Rev. Mod. Phys. 71, p.253–262 (1999)
G. Lamouche, P. Lavallard, R. Suris, R. Grousson: Low temperature laser cooling with a rare-earth doped glass, J Appl Phys 84, p.509–516 (1998)
G. Lei, J.E. Anderson, M.I. Buchwald, B.C. Edwards, R.L Epstein, M.T. Murtagh, G.H. Sigel: Spectroscopic evaluation of Yb3+-doped glasses for optical refrigeration, IEEE J QE-34, p. 1839–1845 (1998)
X. Luo, M.D. Eisaman, T.R. Gosnell: Laser cooling of a solid by 21 K starting from room temperature, Optics Letters 23, p.639–641 (1998)
T. Esslinger, I. Bloch, T.W. Hänsch: Bose-Einstein condensation in a quadrupole-Ioffe-configuration trap, Phys. Rev. A 58, p.R2664-R2667 (1998)
C.E. Mungan, M.I. Buchwald, B.C. Edwards, R.L Epstein, T.R. Gosnell: Laser cooling of a solid by 16 K starting from room temperature, Phys Rev Lett 78, p.1030–1033 (1997)
C.E. Mungan, M.I. Buchwald, B.C. Edwards, R.I. Epstein, T.R. Gosnell: Internal laser cooling of Yb3+-doped glass measured between 100 and 300 K, Appl Phys Lett 71, p.1458–1460 (1997)
L.A. Riviin, A.A. Zadernovsky: Laser cooling of semiconductors, Opt Commun 139, p.219–222 (1997)
G. Morigi, J.I. Cirac, M. Lewenstein, P. Zoller: Ground-state laser cooling beyond the Lamb-Dicke limit, Europhys. Lett. 39, p. 13–18 (1997)
E.G. Bessonov, K.J. Kim: Radiative cooling of ion beams in storage rings by broad- band lasers, Phys Rev Lett 76, p.431–434 (1996)
J.L. Clark, G. Rumbles: Laser cooling in the condensed phase by frequency up- conversion, Phys Rev Lett 76, p.2037–2040 (1996)
H.J. Lee, C.S. Adams, M. Kasevich, S. Chu: Raman cooling of atoms in an optical dipole trap, Phys Rev Lett 76, p.2658–2661 (1996)
M.O. Mewes, M.R. Andrews, N.J. van Druten, D.M. Kurn, D.S. Durfee, W. Ketterle: Bose-Einstein Condensation in a Tightly Confining dc Magnetic Trap, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, p.416–419 (1996)
J. Lawall, S. Kulin, B. Saubamea, N. Bigelow, M. Leduc, C. Cohentannoudji: Three-dimensional laser cooling of helium beyond the single-photon recoil limit, Phys Rev Lett 75, p.4194–4197 (1995)
M.H. Anderson, J.R. Ensher, M.R. Matthews, C.E. Wieman, E.A. Cornell: Observation of Bose-Einstein Condensation in a Dilute Atomic Vapor, Science 269, p.198–201 (1995)
J. Reichel, F. Bardou, M.B. Dasan, E. Peik, S. Rand, C. Salomon, C. Cohen-Tannoudji: Raman Cooling of Cesium below 3 nK: New Approach Inspired by L’evy Flight Statistics, Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, p.4575–4578 (1995)
C.N. Cohen-Tannoudji, W.D. Phillips: New mechanisms for laser cooling, Phys. Today 43, p.33–40 (1990)
A. Aspect, E. Arimondo, R. Kaiser, N. Vansteenkiste, C. Cohen-Tannoudji: Laser cooling below the one-photon recoil energy by velocity-selctive coherent population trapping: theoretical analysis, J. Opt. Soc. Am B 6, p.2112–2124 (1989)
S. Chu, C. Wieman: Laser Cooling and Trapping, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 6, p.2020 (1989)
J. Dalibard, C. Cohen-Tannoudji: Laser cooling below the Doppler limit by polarization gradients: simple theoretical models, J. Opt. Soc. Am B 6, p.2023–2045 (1989)
S. Stenholm: The semiclassical theory of laser cooling, Rev. Mod. Phys. 58, p.699–739 (1986)
S. Chu, L. Holberg. J.E. Bjorkholm, A. Cable, A. Ashkin: Three-Dimensional Viscous Confinement and Cooling of Atoms by Resonance Radiation Pressure, Phys. Rev. Lett. 55, p.48–51 (1985)
J.E. Bjorkholm, R.R. Freeman, A. Ashkin, D.B. Pearson: Experimental observation of the influence of the quantum fluctuations of resonance-radiation pressure, Opt. Lett. 5, p.111–113 (1980)
A. Ashkin, J.P. Gordon: Cooling and trapping of atoms by resonance radiation pressure, Opt. Lett. 4, p. 161–163 (1979)
W. Neuhauser, M. Hohenstatt, P. Toschek, H. Dehmelt: Optical-Sideband Cooling of Visible Atom Cloud Confined in Parabolic Well, Phys. Rev. Lett. 41, p.233–236 (1978)
W. Neuhauser, M. Hohenstatt, P. Toschek: Visiual Observation and Optical Cooling of Electrodynamically Contained Ions, Appl. Phys. 17, p.123 (1978)
D.J. Wineland, R.E. Drullinger, F.L. Walls: Radiation-Pressure Cooling of Baound Resonant Absorbers, Phys. Rev. Lett. 40, p.1639–1642 (1978)
M. Lorono, H.A. Cruse, P.B. Davies: Infrared laser absorption spectroscopy of the nu (7) band of jet-cooled iron pentacarbonyl, J Mol Struct 519, p. 199–204 (2000)
M.M. Ahern, M.A. Smith: Low temperature relaxation of OH in the X-2 Pi and A (2)Sigma states in an argon free-jet, J Chem Phys 110, p.8555–8563 (1999)
M.A. Duncan, A.M. Knight, Y. Negishi, S. Nagao, Y. Nakamura, A. Kato, A. Nakajima, K. Kaya: Production of jet-cooled coronene and coronene cluster anions and their study with photoelectron spectroscopy, Chem Phys Lett 309, p.49–54 (1999)
D.R. Farley, K.G. Estabrook, S.G. Glendinning, S.H. Glenzer, B.A. Remington, K. Shigemori, J.M. Stone, R.J. Wallace, G.B. Zimmerman, J.A. Harte: Radiative jet experiments of astrophysical interest using intense lasers, Phys Rev Lett 83, p.1982–1985 (1999)
P. Farmanara, H.H. Ritze, V. Stert, W. Radioff: Vibrational wavepacket motion in 1–2 excited with femtosecond laser pulses in the 200 nm wavelength region, Chem Phys Lett 307, p. 1–7 (1999)
A.L. Mcintosh, Z. Wang, R.R. Lucchese, J.W. Bevan, A.C. Legon: Identification of the OC-IH isomer based on near-infrared diode laser spectroscopy, Chem Phys Lett 305, p.57–62 (1999)
M. Decker, A. Schik, U.E. Meier, W. Stricker: Quantitative Raman imaging investigations of mixing phenomena in high- pressure cryogenic jets, Appl Opt 37, p.5620–5627 (1998)
T. Ditmire, R.A. Smith: Short-pulse laser interferometric measurement of absolute gas densities from a cooled gas jet, Optics Letters 23, p.618–620 (1998)
S. Ishiuchi, H. Shitomi, K. Takazawa, M. Fujii: Nonresonant ionization detected IR spectrum of jet-cooled phenol. Ionization mechanism and its application to overtone spectroscopy, Chem Phys Lett 283, p.243–250 (1998)
G.R. Kennedy, C.L. Ning, J. Pfab: The 355 nm photodissociation of jet-cooled CH3SNO: alignment of the NO photofragment, Chem Phys Lett 292, p.161–166 (1998)
A. Kumar, C.C. Hsiao, Y.Y. Lee, Y.P. Lee: Observation of saturation dip in degenerate four-wave mixing and two- color resonant four-wave mixing spectra of jet-cooled CH, Chem Phys Lett 297, p.300–306 (1998)
A.M. Little, G.K. Corlett, A.M. Ellis: UV absorption of LiO in a supersonic jet, Chem Phys Lett 286, p.439–445 (1998)
Z.A. Liu, R.J. Livingstone, P.B. Davies: Pulse pyrolysis infrared laser jet spectroscopy of free radicals, Chem Phys Lett 291, p.480–486 (1998)
G.N. Patwari, S. Doraiswamy, S. Wategaonkar: Hole-burning spectroscopy of jet-cooled hydroquinone, Chem Phys Lett 289, p.8–12 (1998)
A. Vdovin, J. Sepiol, J. Jasny, J.M. Kauffman, A. Mordzin-ski: Excited state proton transfer in jet-cooled 2,5-di- (2-benzoxazolyl)phenol, Chem Phys Lett 296, p.557–565 (1998)
X. Yang, I. Gerasimov, P.J. Dagdigian: Electronic spectroscopy and excited state dynamics of the Al-N-2 complex, Chem Phys 239, p.207–221 (1998)
A. Zehnacker, F. Lahmani, J.P. Desvergne, H. BouasLau-rent: Conformation-dependent intramolecular exciplex formation in jet-cooled bichromophores, Chem Phys Lett 293, p.357–365 (1998)
H.G. Kramer, M. Keil, J. Wang, R.A. Bernheim, W. Demtroder: Intercombination transitions b (3)Pi (u)¡-Chi (1)Sigma (+) (g) in Na-2, Chem Phys Lett 272, p.391–398 (1997)
H.Z. Li, P. Dupre, W. Kong: Degenerate four wave mixing and laser induced fluorescence of pyrazine and pyridazine, Chem Phys Lett 273, p.272–278 (1997)
K. Tanaka, Y. Tachikawa, T. Tanaka: Time-resolved infrared diode laser spectroscopy of jet-cooled FeCO and Fe (CO) (2) radicals produced by the UV photolysis of Fe (CO) (5), Chem Phys Lett 281, p.285–291 (1997)
T. Troxler, B.A. Pryor, M.R. Topp: Spectroscopy and dynamics of jet-cooled 2- methoxynaphthalene, Chem Phys Lett 274, p.71–78 (1997)
D.T. Anderson, S. Davis, T.S. Zwier, D.J. Nesbitt: An intense slit discharge source of jet-cooled molecular ions and radicals (T-rot¡30K), Chem Phys Lett 258, p.207–212 (1996)
M. Fukushima, K. Obi: Laser-induced fluorescence spectra of jet cooled p- chlorobenzyl radical, Chem Phys Lett 248, p.269–276 (1996)
Y. Nibu, D. Sakamoto, T. Satho, H. Shimada: Dispersed phosphorescence spectra in a supersonic free jet by electric discharge excitation, Chem Phys Lett 262, p.615–620 (1996)
H.K. Sinha, V.J. Mackenzie, R.P. Steer: Laser-induced fluorescence excitation spectroscopy of jet-cooled tropolone carbon monoxide van der Waals complexes, Chem Phys 213, p.397–411 (1996)
Y. Tang, S.A. Reid: Infrared degenerate four wave mixing spectroscopy of jet- cooled C2H2, Chem Phys Lett 248, p.476–481 (1996)
A. Zehnacker, F. Lahmani, E. Breheret, J.P. Desvergne, H. BouasLaurent, A. Germain, V. Brenner, P. Millie: Laser induced fluorescence of jet-cooled non-conjugated bichromophores: Bis-phenoxymethane and bis-2,6-dimethylphenoxymethane, Chem Phys 208, p.243–257 (1996)
E. Zingher, S. Kendler, Y. Haas: The photophysics of a pho-toreactive system in a supersonic jet. Styrene-trimethylamine, Chem Phys Lett 254, p.213–222 (1996)
S.A. Wittmeyer, M.R. Topp: Spectral hole burning in free perylene and in small clusters with methane and alcyl halides, Chem. Phys. Lett. 163, p.261–268 (1989)
P. Erman, O. Gustafsson, P. Lindblom: A Simple Supersonic Jet Discharge Source for Sub-Doppler Spectroscopy, Phys. Scripta 38, p.789–792 (1988)
A.G. Taylor, W.G. Bouwman, A.C. Jones, C. Guo, D. Phillips: Laser-induced fluorescence of jet-cooled 7-diethylamino-4-trifluoro-methyl coumarin, Chem. Phys. Lett. 145, p.71–74 (1988)
S. Hirayama: A comparative study of the fluorescence lifetimes of 9-cyanoanthracene in a bulb and supersonic free jet, J. Chem. Phys. 85, p.6867–6873 (1986)
J.A. Warren, E.R. Bernstein: The S2-S0 laser photoexcitation spectrum and excited state dynamics of jet-cooled acetophenone, J. Chem. Phys. 85, p.2365–2367 (1986)
N.P. Ernsting; The visible spectrum of jet-cooled CCIF2NO, J. Chem. Phys. 80, p.3042–3049 (1984)
P.M. Felker, A.H. Zewail: Jet spectroscopy of isoquinoline, Chem. Phys. Lett. 94. p.448–453 (1983)
P.M. Felker, A.H. Zewail: Stepwise solvation of molecules as studies by picosecond-jet spectroscopy: Dynamics and spectra, Chem. Phys. Lett. 94, p.454–460 (1983)
H.T. Jonkman, D.A. Wiersma: Spectroscopy and dynamics of jet-cooled 1,1′-binaphthyl, Chem. Phys. Lett. 97, p.261–264 (1983)
H. Abe, N. Mikami, M. Ito: Fluorescence Excitation Spectra of Hydrogen-Bonded Phenols in a Supersonic Free Jet, J. Chem. Phys. 86, p.1768–1771 (1982)
P.M. Felker, S. R. Lambert, A.H. Zewail: Picosecond excitation of jet-cooled pyrazine: Magnetic field effects on the fluorescence decay and quantum beats, Chem. Phys. Lett. 89, p.309–314 (1982)
R.E. Smalley: Vibrational Randomization Measurements with Supersonic Beams, J. Phys. Chem. 86, p.3504–3512 (1982)
M.D. Duncan, P. Österiin, R.L. Byer: Pulsed supersonic molecular-beam coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy of C2H2, Opt. Lett. 6, p.90–92 (1981)
I. Raitt, A.M. Griffiths, P.A. Freedman: Resonance fluorescence from nitrogen dioxide cooled in a supersonic jet, Chem. Phys. Lett. 77, p.433–436 (1981)
A. Amirav, U. Even, J. Jortner: Butterfly motion of the isolated pentacene molecule in its first-excited singlet state, Chem. Phys. Lett. 72, p.21–24 (1980)
D. Coe, R. Robben, L. Talbot: Interferometric measurements of linewidths and spin doubling in the N2+ first negative band system in free-jet expansions, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 70, p.1238–1144 (1980)
N. Mikami, A. Hiraya, I. Fujiwara, M. Ito: The fluorescence spectrum of aniline in a supersonic free jet: Double minimum potential for the inversion vibration in the excited state, Chem. Phys. Lett. 74, p.531–535 (1980)
J.J. Valentini, P. Esherick, A. Owoyoung: Use of a free-expansion jet in ultra-high-resolution inverse Raman spectroscopy, Chem. Phys. Lett. 75, p.590–592 (1980)
P. Huber-Wälchli, D.M. Guthals, J.W. Nibler: CARS spectra of supersonic molecular beams, Chem. Phys. Lett. 67, p.233–236 (1979)
D.H. Levy, L. Wharton, R.E. Smalley: Laser spectroscopy in supersonic jets, in Chemical and Biochemical Applications of Laser, Vol. II, ed. by C.B. Moore (Academic, New York 1977)
N. Ito, O. Kajimoto, K. Hara: Picosecond time-resolved fluorescence depolarization of p-terphenyl at high pressures, Chem. Phys. Lett. 318, p.118–124 (2000)
Ch. Spitz, S. Dähne: Architecture of J-Aggregates Studied by Pressure-Dependent Absorption and Fluorescence Measurements, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 102, p.738–744 (1998)
T.P. Russell, T.M. Allen, Y.M. Gupta: Time resolved optical spectroscopy to examine chemical decomposition of energetic materials under static high pressure and pulsed heating conditions, Chem Phys Lett 267, p.351–358 (1997)
A. Anderson, W. Smith, J.F. Wheeldon: Infrared study of sulphur at high pressures, Chem Phys Lett 263, p.133–137 (1996)
J. Liu, Y.K. Vohra: Fluorescence emission from high purity synthetic diamond anvil to 370 GPa, Appl Phys Lett 68, p.2049–2051 (1996)
M. Croci, H.-J. Müschenborn, F. Güttier, A. Renn, U.P. Wild: Single molecule spectroscopy: pressure effect on pentacene in p-terphenyl, Chem. Phys. Lett. 212, p.71–77 (1993)
R. Menzel, M.W. Windsor: Picosecond Kinetics of the Excited State Absorption of 4- (9-Anthryl)-N,N-dimethylaniline in a Pressurized Solution, Chem. Phys. Lett. 184, p.6–10 (1991)
N. Redline, M. Windsor, R. Menzel: The Effect of Pressure on the Secondary Charge Transfer Step in Bacterial Reaction Centers of Rhodobacter Spheroides R-26, Chem. Phys. Lett. 186, p.204–209 (1991)
H. Lueck, M.W. Windsor: Pressure Dependence of the Kinetics of Photoinduced Intramolecular Charge Separation in 9,9’-Bianthryl Monitored by Picosecond Transient Absorption: Comparision with Electron Transfer in Photosynthesis, J. Phys. Chem. 94, p.4550–4559 (1990)
M.W. Windsor, R. Menzel: Effect of Pressure on the 12 ns Charge Recombination Step in Reduced Bacterial Reaction Centers of Rhodobacter Sphaeroides R-26, Chem. Phys. Lett. 164, p.143–150 (1989)
R. Menzel, H. Lueck, K. Jordan, M.W. Windsor: Pressure Dependence of the Conformational Relaxation Process in the Excited State of Tetra-Methyl-Paraterphenyl in Solution, Chem. Phys. Lett. 145, p.61–66 (1988)
K. M. Sando, Shih-I Chu: Pressure broadening and laser-induced spectral line shapes, Adv. At. Mol. Phys. 25, p.133–161 (1988)
Th. Sesselmann, W. Richter, D. Haarer: Hole-Burning Experiments in Doped Polymers Under Uniaxial and Hydrostatic Pressure, J. Luminesc. 36, p.263–271 (1987)
F.T. Clark, H.G. Drickamer: High-Pressure Study of Triphenylmethane Dyes in Polymeric and Aqueous Media, J. Phys. Chem. 90, p.589–592 (1986)
H.G. Drickamer: Pressure Tuning Spectroscopy, Accounts of Chem. Research 19, p.329–344 (1986)
F.T. Clark, H.G. Drickamer: High-pressure studies of rotational isomerism of triphenylmethane dye molecules, Chem. Phys. Lett. 115, p.173–175 (1985)
F.T. Clark, H.G. Drickamer: The effect of pressure on the adsorption of crystal violet on oriented ZnO crystals, J. Chem. Phys. 81, p.1024–1029 (1984)
D. Kirin, S.L. Chaplot, G.A. Mackenzie, G.S. Pawley: The pressure dependence of the low-frequency Raman spectra of crystalline biphenyl and p-terphenyl, Chem. Phys. Lett. 102, p.105–108 (1983)
R. S. Bradley, ed.: High Pressure Physics and Chemistry (Academic Press, New York, 1963)
M. Quack, W. Kutzelnigg: Molecular Spectroscopy and Molecular Dynamics: Theory and Experiment, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 99, p.231–245 (1995)
D.C. Harris, M.D. Bertolucci: Symmetry and Spectroscopy. An Introduction to Vibrational and Electronic Spectroscopy (Oxford University Press, New York 1987)
A. Longarte, J.A. Fernandez, I. Unamuno, F. Castano: Ground and first electronic excited state vibrational modes of the methyl-p-amino-benzoate molecule, Chem Phys Lett 308, p.516–522 (1999)
B.A. Zon: Born-Oppenheimer approximation for molecules in a strong light field, Chem Phys Lett 262, p.744–746 (1996)
G. Hohlneicher, J. Wolf: Interference between Franck-Condon and Herzberg-Teller Contributions in Naphthalene and Phenanthrene, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 99, p.366–370 (1995)
L. Kador, S. Jahn, D. Haarer: Contributions of the electrostatic and the dispersion interaction to the solvent shift in a dye-polymer system, as investigated by hole-burning spectroscopy, Phys. Rev. B 41, p. 12215–12226 (1990)
M. Maroncelli, G. R. Fleming: Picosecond solvation dynamics of coumarin 153: The importance of molecular aspects of solvation, J. Chem. Phys. 86, p.6221–6239 (1987)
A.C. Borin, F.R. Ornellas: The lowest triplet and singlet electronic states of the molecule SO, Chem Phys 247, p.351–364 (1999)
R. Menzel, K.-H. Naumann: Towards a Theoretical Description of UV-Vis Absorption Bands of Organic Molecules, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 95, p.834–837 (1991)
A. Smolyar, C.F. Wong: Theoretical studies of the spectroscopic properties of tryptamine, tryptophan and tyrosine, J. Mol. Struct. 488, p.51–67 (1999)
M. Aoyagi, Y. Osamura, S. Iwata: An MCSCF study of the low-lying states of trans-butadiene, J. Chem. Phys. 83, p.1140–1148 (1985)
R.A. Goldbeck, E. Switkes: Localized Excitation Analysis of the Singlet Excited States of Polyenes and Diphenylpolyenes, J. Phys. Chem. 89, p.2585–2591 (1985)
R.J. Hemley, U. Dinur, V. Vaida, M. Karplus: Theoretical Study of the Ground and Excited Singlet States of Styrene, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 107, p.836–844 (1985)
R.L. Ellis, G. Kuehnlenz, H.H. Jaffé: The Use of the CNDO Method in Spectroscopy, Theoret. chim. Acta (Berl.) 26, p.131–140 (1972)
J. Lavalette, C. Tetreau, J. Langelaar: SCF MO Calculations on Excited Singlet-Singlet and Triplet-Triplet Transitions of 1,2:3,4-Dibenzanthracene, 1,12-Benzperylene and 3,4-Benzcoronene, Chem. Phys. Lett. 9, p.319–322 (1971)
M. Mestechkin, L. Gutyrya, V. Poltavets: Excited states of alternant hydrocarbons in the LCAO MO approximation. II. Singlet and Triplet Absorption Spectra of Condensed Aromatic Systems, p.244–247 (1969)
J.J. Bene, H.H. Jaffé: Use of the CNDO Method in Spectroscopy. I. Benzene, Pyridine, and the Diazines, J. Chem. Phys. 48, p. 1807–1810 (1968)
G.W. Robinson: Intensity Enhancement of Forbidden Electronic Transitions by Weak Intermolecular Interactions, J. Chem. Phys. 46, p.572–585 (1967)
A. Schweig: Calculation of static electric polarizabilities of closed shell organic Pi-electron systems using a variation method, Chem. Phys. Lett. 1, p.163–166 (1967)
J.A. Pople, G.A. Segal: Approximate Self-Consistent Molecular Orbital Theory. II. Calculations with Complete Neglect of Differential Overlap, J. Chem. Phys. 43, p.136–138 (1965)
K.H.J. Buschow, J. Dieleman, G.J. Hoijtink: Corrrelations between the electronic spectra of alternant hydrocarbon molecules and their mono- and di-valent ions. III. Linear polyphenyls, p. 1–9 (1962)
R. Pariser: Theory of the Electronic Spectra and Structure of the Polyacenes and of Alternant Hydrocarbons, J. Chem Phys. 24p.250–268 (1956)
F. Zerbetto, M.Z. Zgierski: Theoretical Study of the CC Stretching Vibrations in Linked Polyene Chains: Nystatin, Chem. Phys. Lett. 144, p.437–443 (1988)
G.A. Voth, R.A. Marcus: Semiclassical Theory of Fermi Resonance Between Stretching and Bending Modes in Polyatomic Molecules, J Chem Phys 82, p.4064–4072 (1985)
S.M. Lederman, R.A. Marcus: Densities of Vibrational States of Given Symmetry Species Linear Molecules and Rovibrational States of Nonlinear Molecules, J Chem Phys 81, p.5601–5607 (1984)
G.A. Voth, A.H. Zewail, R.A. Marcus: The Highly Excited C H Stretching States of Chd3, Cht3, and Ch3D, J Chem Phys 81, p.5494–5507 (1984)
A. Warshel, A. Lappicirella: Calculations of Ground- and Excited-State Potential Surfaces for Conjugated Heteroatomic Molecules, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 103, p.4664–4673 (1981)
A. Warshel: The QCFF/PI+MCA Program Package Efficiency and Versatility in Molecular Mechanics, Computers & Chemistry 1, p. 195–202 (1977)
S. Lifson, A. Warshel: Consistent Force Field for Calculations of Conformations, Vibrational Spectra, and Enthalpies of Cycloallkane andn n-Alkane Molecules, J. Chem. Phys. 49, p.5116–5129 (1968)
C.L. Tang: A Simple Molecular-Orbital Theory of the Nonlinear Optical Properties of Group III-V and II-VI Compounds, IEEE J. QE-9, p.755–762 (1973)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Menzel, R. (2001). Nonlinear Optical Spectroscopy. In: Photonics. Advanced Texts in Physics. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04521-3_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04521-3_7
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-04523-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-04521-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive