Skip to main content

Properties and Description of Light

  • Chapter
Book cover Photonics

Part of the book series: Advanced Texts in Physics ((ADTP))

  • 703 Accesses

Abstract

Light is commonly used in photonic applications such as laser beams with a complex distribution of the intensity as a function of wavelength, space, time and polarization. In addition the coherence properties have to be recognized and sometimes just single photons are used. In this chapter different classifications of these physical properties are described. In nonlinear optical processes these properties have to be recognized carefully, because the nonlinearity may depend on these in a complicated manner.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

2. Properties and Description of Light

  1. D.L. Burke, R.C. Field, G. Hortonsmith, J.E. Spencer, D. Walz, S.C. Berridge, W.M. Bugg, K. Shmakov, A.W. Weidemann, C. Bula, et al.: Positron production in multiphoton light-by-light scattering, Phys Rev Lett 79, p.1626–1629 (1997)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  2. W.K. Kuo, Y.T. Huang, S.L. Huang: Three-dimensional electric-field vector measurement with an electro- optic sensing technique, Optics Letters 24, p.1546–1548 (1999)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  3. P. Varga, P. Torok: The Gaussian wave solution of Maxwell’s equations and the validity of scalar wave approximation, Opt Commun 152, p.108–118 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  4. J. Durnin, J.J. Miceli, Jr, J.H. Eberly: Diffraction-Free Beams, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, p.1499–1501 (1987)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. J. Durnin: Exact solutions for nondiffracting beams. I. The scalar theory, J.Opt. Soc. Am. A 4, p.651–654 (1987)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  6. R. Pratesi, L. Ronchi: Generalized Gaussian beams in free space, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 67, p.1274–1276 (1977)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. V. Laude, S. Olivier, C. Dirson, J.P. Huignard: Hartmann wave-front scanner, Optics Letters 24, p.1796–1798 (1999)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. S. Linden, J. Kuhl, H. Giessen: Amplitude and phase characterization of weak blue ultrashort pulses by downconversion, Optics Letters 24, p.569–571 (1999)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. A. Baltuska, M.S. Pshenichnikov, D.A. Wiersma: Amplitude and phase characterization of 4.5-fs pulses by frequency- resolved optical gating, Optics Letters 23, p.1474–1476 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. J.C. Chanteloup, F. Druon, M. Nantel, A. Maksimchuk, G. Mourou: Single-shot wave-front measurements of high-intensity ultrashort laser pulses with a three-wave interferometer, Optics Letters 23, p.621–623 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  11. G.Y. Yoon, T. Jitsuno, M. Nakatsuka, S. Nakai: Shack Hartmann wave-front measurement with a large F- number plastic microlens array, Appl Opt 35, p.188–192 (1996)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. J. M. Geary: Introduction to Wavefront Sensors (SPIE Optical Engineering Press, London, 1995)

    Google Scholar 

  13. S. Gangopadhyay, S. Sarkar: ABCD matrix for reflection and refraction of Gaussian light beams at surfaces of hyperboloid of revolution and efficiency computation for laser diode to single-mode fiber coupling by way of a hyperbolic lens on the fiber tip, Appl Opt 36, p.8582–8586 (1997)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  14. P.A. Bélanger: Beam propagation and the ABCD ray matrices, Opt. Lett. 16, p.196–198 (1991)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  15. A. Yariv: Operator algebra for propagation problems involving phase conjugation and nonreciprocal elements, Appl. Opt. 26, p.4538–4540 (1987)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  16. K. Halbach: Matrix Representation of Gaussian Optics, Am. J. Phys. 32, p.90–108 (1964)

    ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  17. A. Gerrard, J.M. Burch: Introduction to Matrix Methods, in Optics (Wiley London 1975)

    Google Scholar 

  18. S. Ameerbeg, A.J. Langley, I.N. Ross, W. Shaikh, P.F. Taday: An achromatic lens for focusing femtosecond pulses: Direct measurement of femtosecond pulse front distortion using a second-order autocorrelation technique, Opt Commun 122, p.99–104 (1996)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  19. M. Gu, E. Yap: Axial imaging behaviour of a single lens illuminated by an ultrashort pulsed beam, Opt Commun 124, p.202–207 (1996)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  20. M. Kempe, U. Stamm, B. Wilhelmi, W. Rudolph: Spatial and temporal transformation of femtosecond laser pulses by lenses and lens systems, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 9, p.1158–1165 (1992)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  21. E. Collett: Polarized Light — Fudamentals and Applications (Marcel Dekker Inc, New York, Basel, Hong Kong, 1993)

    Google Scholar 

  22. R.C. Jones: A new calculus for the treatment of optical systems. VIII Electromagnetic theory, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 38, p. 126–131 (1956)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  23. R.C. Jones: A New Calculus for the Treatment of Optical Systems, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 32, p.486–493 (1942)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  24. S. Huard: Polarization of Light (Wiley, VCH, Chichester, 1997)

    Google Scholar 

  25. J. Junghans, M. Keller, H. Weber: Laser Resonators with Polarizing Elements — Eigenstates and Eigenvalues of Polarization, Appl. Opt. 13, p.2793–2798 (1974)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  26. A.H. Carried: Neural network pattern recognition by means of differential absorption Mueller matrix spectroscopy, Appl Opt 38, p.3759–3766 (1999)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. E. Compain, S. Poirier, B. Drevillon: General and self-consistent method for the calibration of polarization modulators, Polarimeters, and Mueller-matrix ellipsometers, Appl Opt 38, p.3490–3502 (1999)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  28. G. Yao, L.V. Wang: Two-dimensional depth-resolved Mueller matrix characterization of biological tissue by optical coherence tomography, Optics Letters 24, p.537–539 (1999)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  29. C. Ye: Photopolarimetric measurement of single, intact pulp fibers by Mueller matrix imaging polarimetry, Appl Opt 38, p. 1975–1985 (1999)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  30. B.D. Cameron, M.J. Rakovic, M. Mehrubeoglu, G.W. Kattawar, S. Rastegar, L.V. Wang, G.L. Cote: Measurement and calculation of the two-dimensional backscattering Mueller matrix of a turbid medium (Vol 23, pg 485, 1998), Optics Letters 23, p.1630 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  31. B.D. Cameron, M.J. Rakovic, M. Mehrubeoglu, G.W. Kattawar, S. Rastegar, L.V. Wang, G.L. Cote: Measurement and calculation of the two-dimensional backscattering Mueller matrix of a turbid medium, Optics Letters 23, p.485–487 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  32. A.H. Carrieri, J.R. Bottiger, D.J. Owens, E.S. Roese: Differential absorption Mueller matrix spectroscopy and the infrared detection of crystalline organics, Appl Opt 37, p.6550–6557 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  33. H. Kogelnik, L.E. Nelson, J.P. Gordon, R.M. Jopson: Jones matrix for second-order polarization made dispersion, Optics Letters 25, p. 19–21 (2000)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  34. XD. Penninckx, V. Morenas: Jones matrix of polarization mode dispersion, Optics Letters 24, p.875–877 (1999)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  35. G. Grönninger, A. Penzkofer: Determination of energy and duration of picosecond light pulses by bleaching of dyes, Opt. Quant. Electr. 16, p.225–233 (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  36. A. Penzkofer, W. Falkenstein: Direct Determination of the Intensity of Picosecond Light Pulses by Two-Photon Absorption, Opt. Comm. 17, p.1–5 (1976)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  37. T.R. Gentile, J.M. Houston, G. Eppeldauer, A.L. Migdall, C.L. Cromer: Calibration of a pyroelectric detector at 10.6 mu m with the National Institute of Standards and Technology high- accuracy cryogenic radiometer, Appl Opt 36, p.3614–3621 (1997)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  38. D.N. Fittinghoff, J.L. Bowie, J.N. Sweetser, R.T. Jennings, M.A. Krumbugel, K.W. Delong, R. Trebino, I.A. Walmsley: Measurement of the intensity and phase of ultraweak, ultrashort laser pulses, Optics Letters 21, p.884–886 (1996)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  39. M.A. Bolshtyansky, N.V. Tabiryan, B.Y. Zeldovich: BRIEFING: Beam reconstruction by iteration of an electromagnetic field with an induced nonlinearity gauge, Optics Letters 22, p.22–24 (1997)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  40. A. Cutolo, R. Ferreri, T. Isernia, R. Pierri, L. Zeni: Measurements of the waist and the power distribution across the transverse modes of a laser beam, Opt. Quantum Electron. 24, p.963–971 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  41. R. Borghi, M. Santarsiero: Modal decomposition of partially coherent flat-topped beams produced by multimode lasers, Optics Letters 23, p.313–315 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  42. T.Y. Cherezova, S.S. Chesnokov, L.N. Kaptsov, A.V. Kudrya-shov: Super-Gaussian laser intensity output formation by means of adaptive optics, Opt Commun 155, p.99–106 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  43. J.J. Kasinski, R.L. Burnham: Near-diffraction-limifced laser beam shaping with diamond- turned aspheric optics, Optics Letters 22, p.1062–1064 (1997)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  44. N. Lisi, P. Dilazzaro, F. Flora: Time-resolved divergence measurement of an excimer laser beam by the knife-edge technique, Opt Commun 136, p.247–252 (1997)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  45. W. Plass, R. Maestle, K. Wittig, A. Voss, A. Giesen: High-resolution knife-edge laser beam profiling, Opt Commun 134, p.21–24 (1997)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  46. D. Dragoman: Can the Wigner transform of a two-dimensional rotationally symmetric beam be fully recovered from the Wigner transform of its one- dimensional approximation?, Optics Letters 25, p.281–283 (2000)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  47. B. Eppich, C. Gao, H. Weber: Determination of the ten second order intensity moments, Opt. Laser Technol.30p.337–340 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  48. H. Weber: Propagation of higher-order intensity moments in quadratic-index media, Opt. Quant. Electr. 24, p.1027–1049 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  49. H.O. Bartelt, K.-H. Brennner, A.W. Lohmann: The Wigner distribution function and its optical production, Opt. Commun. 32, p.32–38 (1980)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  50. M.J. Bastiaans: Wigner distribution function and its application to first-order optics, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 69, p.1710–1716 (1979)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  51. S. Bollanti, P. Dilazzaro, D. Murra: How many times is a laser beam diffraction-limited?, Opt Commun 134, p.503–513 (1997)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  52. G. Nemes: Measurement of all ten second-order moments of an astigmatic beam by the use of rotating simple astigmatic (anamorphic) optics, J.Opt. Soc. Am. A 11, p.2257–2264 (1994)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  53. A. Caprara, G.C. Reali: Time varying M2 in Q-switched lasers, Opt. Quant. Electr. 24, p.1001–1009 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  54. N. Hodgson, T. Haase, R. Kostka, H. Weber: Determination of laser beam parameters with the phase space beam analyser, Opt. Quantum Electron. 24, p.927–949 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  55. N. Reng, B. Eppich: Definition and measurements of high-power laser beam parameters, Opt. Quant. Electr. 24, p.973–992 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  56. Anonymus: ISO Standards Handbook 2: Units of Measurement, 2d ed. (International Organization for Standardization, 1982)

    Google Scholar 

  57. ISO, Norm-Manuscript ISO/DIS 11146 “Optics and optical instruments — Lasers and laser related equipment — Test methods for laser beam parameters: Beam widths, divergence angle and beam propagation factor, 1995

    Google Scholar 

  58. D. Wright, P. Greve, J. Fleischer, L. Austin: Laser beam width, divergence and beam propagation factor — an international standardization approach, Opt. Quant. Electr. 24, p.993–1000 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  59. L. LeDeroff, P. Salieres, B. Carre: Beam-quality measurement of a focused high-order harmonic beam, Optics Letters 23, p. 1544–1546 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  60. H.L. Offerhaus, C.B. Edwards, W.J. Witteman: Single shot beam quality (M-2) measurement using a spatial Fourier transform of the near field, Opt Commun 151, p.65–68 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  61. T.F. Johnston, J.M. Fleischer: Calibration standard for laser beam profilers: Method for absolute accuracy measurement with a Fresnel diffraction test pattern, Appl Opt 35, p.1719–1734 (1996)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  62. P.F. Cohadon, A. Heidmann, M. Pinard: Cooling of a mirror by radiation pressure, Phys Rev Lett 83, p.3174–3177 (1999)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  63. V. Chickarmane, S.V. Dhurandhar, R. Barillet, P. Hello, J.Y. Vinet: Radiation pressure and stability of interferometric gravitational- wave detectors, Appl Opt 37, p.3236–3245 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  64. S. Nemoto, H. Togo: Axial force acting on a dielectric sphere in a focused laser beam, Appl Opt 37, p.6386–6394 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  65. Y.N. Ohshima, H. Sakagami, K. Okumoto, A. Tokoyoda, T. Igarashi, K.B. Shintaku, S. Toride, H. Sekino, K. Kabuto, I. Nishio: Direct measurement of infinitesimal depletion force in a colloid-polymer mixture by laser radiation pressure, Phys Rev Lett 78, p.3963–3966 (1997)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  66. Y. Harada, T. Asakura: Radiation forces on a dielectric sphere in the Rayleigh scattering regime, Opt Commun 124, p.529–541 (1996)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  67. K. Sasaki, M. Tsukima, H. Masuhara: Three-dimensional potential analysis of radiation pressure exerted on a single microparticle, Appl Phys Lett 71, p.37–39 (1997)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  68. M. Trunk, J.F. Lubben, J. Popp, B. Schrader, W. Kiefer: Investigation of a phase transition in a single optically levitated microdroplet by Raman-Mie scattering, Appl Opt 36, p.3305–3309 (1997)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  69. A. Ashkin, J.M. Dziedzic: Feedback stabilization of optically levitated particles, Appl. Phys. Lett. 30, p.202–204 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  70. A. Ashkin, J.M. Dziedzic: Optical levitation in high vacuum, Appl. Phys. Lett. 28, p.333–335 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  71. A. Ashkin, J.M. Dziedzic: Optical Levitation by Radiation Pressure, Appl. Phys. Lett. 19, p.283–285 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  72. P. Zemanek, A. Jonas, L. Sramek, M. Liska: Optical trapping of nanoparticles and microparticles by a Gaussian standing wave, Optics Letters 24, p.1448–1450 (1999)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  73. K.M. O’Hara, S.R. Granade, M.E. Gehm, t.A. Savard, S. Bali, C. Freed, J.E. Thomas: Ultrastable CO2 Laser Trapping of Lithium Fermions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, p.4204–4207 (1999)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  74. S. Chang, S.S. Lee: Optical torque exerted on a sphere in the evanescent field of a circularly-polarized Gaussian laser beam, Opt Commun 151, p.286–296 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  75. R.C. Gauthier, M. Ashman: Simulated dynamic behavior of single and multiple spheres in the trap region of focused laser beams, Appl Opt 37, p.6421–6431 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  76. T. Takekoshi, B.M. Patterson, R.J. Knize: Observation of optically trapped cold cesium molecules, Phys Rev Lett 81, p.5105–5108 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  77. J.P. Yin, Y.F. Zhu: Dark-hollow-beam gravito-optical atom trap above an apex of a hollow optical fibre, Opt Commun 152, p.421–428 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  78. P. Zemanek, A. Jonas, L. Sramek, M. Liska: Optical trapping of Rayleigh particles using a Gaussian standing wave, Opt Commun 151, p.273–285 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  79. T. Kuga, Y. Torii, N. Shiokawa, T. Hirano: Novel optical trap of atoms with a doughnut beam, Phys Rev Lett 78, p.4713–4716 (1997)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  80. T. Vanderveldt, J.F. Roch, P. Grelu, P. Grangier: Nonlinear absorption and dispersion of cold Rb 87 atoms, Opt Commun 137, p.420–426 (1997)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  81. W.L. Power, R.C. Thompson: Laguerre-Gaussian laser beams and ion traps, Opt Commun 132, p.371–378 (1996)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  82. A. Ashkin: Trapping of Atoms by Resonance Radiation Pressure, Phys. Rev. Lett. 40, p.729–732 (1978)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  83. M.E.J. Friese, A.G. Truscott, H. RubinszteinDunlop, N.R. Heckenberg: Three-dimensional imaging with optical tweezers, Appl Opt 38, p.6597–6603 (1999)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  84. M.S.Z. Kellermayer, S.B. Smith, H.L. Granzier, C. Bustamante: Folding-unfolding transitions in single titin molecules characterized with laser tweezers, Science 276, p.1112–1116 (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  85. S. Kawata, T. Tani: Optically driven Mie particles in an evanescent field along a channeled waveguide, Optics Letters 21, p.1768–1770 (1996)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  86. Y. Liu, G.J. Sonek, M.W. Berns, K. König, B.J. Tromberg: Two-photon fluorescence excitation in continuous-wave infrared optical tweezers, Optics Letters 20, p.2246–2248 (1995)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  87. L. Mandel: Fluctuations of light beams. Progress in Optics 2, 181 (North Holland, Amsterdam 1963)

    Google Scholar 

  88. G. Chirico, M. Gardella: Photon cross-correlation spectroscopy to 10-ns resolution, Appl Opt 38, p.2059–2067 (1999)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  89. V.P. Kozich, A.I. Vodtchits, D.A. Ivanov, V.A. Orlovich: Changing the statistical properties of noisy laser radiation in a saturable absorber, Opt Commun 169, p.97–102 (1999)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  90. Y.J. Qu, S. Singh, C.D. Cantrell: Measurements of higher order photon bunching of light beams, Phys Rev Lett 76, p.1236–1239 (1996)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  91. J.M. Raimond, P. Goy, M. Gross, C. Fabre, S. Haroche: Collective absorption of blackbody radiation by Rydberg atoms in a cavity — An Experiment on Bose statistics and Brownian motion, Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, p.117–120 (1982)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  92. S. Kasapi, S. Lathi, Y. Yamamoto: Sub-shot-noise frequency-modulation spectroscopy by use of amplitude- squeezed light from semiconductor losers, J Opt Soc Am B Opt Physics 17, p.275–279 (2000)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  93. J.R. Krenn, A. Dereux, J.C. Weeber, E. Bourillot, Y. Lacroute, J.P. Goudonnet, G. Schider, W. Gotschy, A. Leitner, F.R. Aussenegg et al.: Squeezing the optical near-field zone by plasmon coupling of metallic nanoparticles, Phys Rev Lett 82, p.2590–2593 (1999)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  94. D. Levandovsky, M. Vasilyev, P. Kumar: Amplitude squeezing of light by means of a phase-sensitive fiber parametric amplifier, Optics Letters 24, p.984–986 (1999)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  95. Y.Q. Li, D. Guzun, M. Xiao: Sub-shot-noise-limited optical heterodyne detection using an amplitude-squeezed local oscillator, Phys Rev Lett 82, p.5225–5228 (1999)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  96. Y.Q. Li, D. Guzun, M. Xiao: Quantum-noise measurements in high-efficiency single-pass second-harmonic generation with femtosecond pulses, Optics Letters 24, p.987–989 (1999)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  97. X.M. Hu, J.S. Peng: Dynamic quantum noise reduction in a Lambda quantum-beat laser, Opt Commun 154, p.152–159 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  98. Z.H. Lu, S. Bali, J.E. Thomas: Observation of squeezing in the phase-dependent fluorescence spectra of two-level atoms, Phys Rev Lett 81, p.3635–3638 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  99. S. Rebic, A.S. Parkins, D.F. Walls: Transfer of photon statistics in a Raman laser, Opt Commun 156, p.426–434 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  100. C.M. Schucan, A.M. Fox, J.F. Ryan: Femtosecond quadrature-squeezed light generation in CdSe at 1.55 mu m, Optics Letters 23, p.712–714 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  101. M.S. Shahriar, P.R. Hemmer: Generation of squeezed states and twin beams via non-degenerate four- wave mixing in a Lambda system, Opt Commun 158, p.273–286 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  102. K.C. Peng, Q. Pan, H. Wang, Y. Zhang, H. Su, C.D. Xie: Generation of two-mode quadrature-phase squeezing and intensity-difference squeezing from a cw-NOPO, Appl. Phys. B 66, p.755–758 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  103. S. Kakimoto, K. Shigihara, Y. Nagai: Laser diodes in photon number squeezed state, IEEE J QE-33, p.824–830 (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  104. S. Kasapi, S. Lathi, Y. Yamamoto: Amplitude-squeezed, frequency-modulated, tunable, diode- laser-based source for sub-shot-noise FM spectroscopy, Optics Letters 22, p.478–480 (1997)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  105. Y.Q. Li, P. Lynam, M. Xiao, P.J. Edwards: Sub-shot-noise laser Doppler anemometry with amplitude- squeezed light, Phys Rev Lett 78, p.3105–3108 (1997)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  106. J. Maeda, T. Numata, S. Kogoshi: Amplitude squeezing from singly resonant frequency- doubling laser, IEEE J QE-33, p. 1057–1067 (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  107. F. Marin, A. Bramati, V. Jost, E. Giacobino: Demonstration of high sensitivity spectroscopy with squeezed semiconductor lasers, Opt Commun 140, p.146–157 (1997)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  108. D.K. Serkland, P. Kumar, M.A. Arbore, M.M. Fejer: Amplitude squeezing by means of quasi-phase-matched second-harmonic generation in a lithium niobate waveguide, Optics Letters 22, p. 1497–1499 (1997)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  109. E. Giacobino, F. Marin, A. Bramati, V. Jost: Quantum noise reduction in lasers, J Nonlinear Opt Physics Mat 5, p.863–877 (1996)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  110. K. Schneider, R. Bruckmeier, H. Hansen, S. Schiller, J. Mlynek: Bright squeezed-light generation by a continuous-wave semimonolithic parametric amplifier, Optics Letters 21, p.1396–1398 (1996)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  111. J. Kitching, A. Yariv, Y. Shevy: Room temperature generation of amplitude squeezed light from a semiconductor laser with weak optical feedback, Phys Rev Lett 74, p.3372–3375 (1995)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  112. J. Kitching, D. Provenzano, A. Yariv: Generation of amplitude-squeezed light from a room- temperature Fabry-Perot semiconductor laser, Optics Letters 20, p.2526–2528 (1995)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  113. F. Marin, A. Bramati, E. Giacobino, T.C. Zhang, J.P. Poizat, J.F. Roch, P. Grangier: Squeezing and intermode correlations in laser diodes, Phys Rev Lett 75, p.4606–4609 (1995)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  114. K. Bergman, C.R. Doerr, H.A. Haus, M. Shirasaki: Sub-Shot-Noise Measurement with Fiber-Squeezed Optical Pulses, Optics Letters 18, p.643–645 (1993)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  115. C.R. Doerr, M. Shirasaki, H.A. Haus: Dispersion of Pulsed Squeezing for Reduction of Sensor Nonlinearity, Optics Letters 17, p. 1617–1619 (1992)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  116. D.F. Walls: Squeezed states of light, Nature 306, p.141–146 (1983)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  117. H. Luck, K.O. Muller, P. Aufmuth, K. Danzmann: Correction of wavefront distortions by means of thermally adaptive optics, Opt Commun 175, p.275–287 (2000)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  118. H.P. Ho, K.M. Leung, K.S. Chan, E.Y.B. Pun: Highly stable differential phase optical interferometer using rotating Ronchi gratings, Appl Opt 37, p.3494–3497 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  119. J.Y. Lee, D.C. Su: High resolution central fringe identification, Opt Commun 156, p.1–4 (1998)

    MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  120. A. Araya, N. Mio, K. Tsubono, K. Suehiro, S. Telada, M. Ohashi, M.K. Fujimoto: Optical mode cleaner with suspended mirrors, Appl Opt 36, p.1446–1453 (1997)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  121. H. Welling, B. Wellegehausen: High Resolution Michelson Interferometer for Spectral Investigations of Lasers, Appl. Opt. 11, p. 1986–1990 (1972)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  122. D.A. Shaddock, M.B. Gray, D.E. McClelland: Experimental demonstration of resonant sideband extraction in a Sagnac interferometer, Appl Opt 37, p.7995–8001 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  123. L. Gallmann, D.H. Sutter, N. Matuschek, G. Steinmeyer, U. Keller, C. Iaconis, I.A. Walmsley: Characterization of sub-6-fs optical pulses with spectral phase interferometry for direct electric-field reconstruction, Optics Letters 24, p. 1314–1316 (1999)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  124. S. Leute, T. Lottermoser, D. Frohlich: Nonlinear spatially resolved phase spectroscopy, Optics Letters 24, p. 1520–1522 (1999)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  125. A.M. Rollins, J.A. Izatt: Optimal interferometer designs for optical coherence tomography, Optics Letters 24, p.1484–1486 (1999)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  126. P.T. Wilson, Y. Jiang, O.A. Aktsipetrov, E.D. Mishina, M.C. Downer: Frequency-domain interferometric second-harmonic spectroscopy, Optics Letters 24, p.496–498 (1999)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  127. D. Braun, P. Fromherz: Fluorescence interferometry of neuronal cell adhesion on microstructured silicon, Phys Rev Lett 81, p.5241–5244 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  128. W.D. Zhou, L.L. Cai: Optical readout for optical storage with phase jump, Appl Opt 38, p.5058–5065 (1999)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  129. D.J. Ulness, M.J. Stimson, A.C. Albrecht: High-contrast interferometry based on anti-Stokes stimulated Raman scattering with broadband and narrow-band quasi-continuous-wave laser light, Optics Letters 22, p.433–435 (1997)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  130. J.L.A. Chilla, J.J. Rocca, O.E. Martinez, M.C. Marconi: Soft-x-ray interferometer for single-shot laser linewidth measurements, Optics Letters 21, p.955–957 (1996)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  131. L. Mandel, E. Wolf: Coherence properties of optical fields, Rev. Mod. Phys. 37, p.271 (1965)

    MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  132. R.F. Wuerker, J. Munch, L.O. Heflinger: Coherence length measured directly by holography, Appl. Opt. 28, p. 1015–1017 (1989)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  133. E. Fischer, E. Dalhoff, H. Tiziani: Overcoming coherence length limitation in two wavelength interferometry — An experimental verification, Opt Commun 123, p.465–472 (1996)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  134. C.C. Cheng, M.G. Raymer: Long-range saturation of spatial decoherence in wave-field transport in random multiple-scattering media, Phys Rev Lett 82, p.4807–4810 (1999)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  135. G. Mueller, Q.Z. Shu, R. Adhikari, D.B. Tanner, D. Reitze, D. Sigg, N. Mavalvala, J. Camp: Determination and optimization of mode matching into optical cavities by heterodyne detection, Optics Letters 25, p.266–268 (2000)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  136. J.Y. Lee, D.C. Su: Common-path heterodyne interferometric detection scheme for measuring wavelength shift, Opt Commun 162, p.7–10 (1999)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  137. C.M. Wu, J. Lawall, R.D. Deslattes: Heterodyne interferometer with subatomic periodic nonlinearity, Appl Opt 38, p.4089–4094 (1999)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  138. S. Yoon, Y. Lee, K. Cho: Intermode beat heterodyne sensor scheme for mapping optical properties of optical media, Opt Commun 161, p.182–186 (1999)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  139. C. Chou, C.Y. Han, W.C. Kuo, Y.C. Huang, C.M. Feng, J.C Shyu: Noninvasive glucose monitoring in vivo with an optical heterodyne Polarimeter, Appl Opt 37, p.3553–3557 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  140. H. Ludvigsen, M. Tossavainen, M. Kaivola: Laser linewidth measurements using self-homodyne detection with short delay, Opt Commun 155, p.180–186 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  141. G.Y. Lyu, S.S. Lee, D.H. Lee, C.S. Park, M.H. Kang, K. Cho: Simultaneous measurement of multichannel laser linewidths and spacing by use of stimulated Brillouin scattering in optical fiber, Optics Letters 23, p.873–875 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  142. S.A. Shen, T. Liu, J.H. Guo: Optical phase-shift detection of surface plasmon resonance, Appl Opt 37, p. 1747–1751 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  143. M.J. Snadden, R.B.M. Clarke, E. Riis: FM spectroscopy in fluorescence in laser-cooled rubidium, Opt Commun 152, p.283–288 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  144. J.T. Hoffges, H.W. Baldauf, T. Eichler, S.R. Helmfrid, H. Walther: Heterodyne measurement of the fluorescent radiation of a single trapped ion, Opt Commun 133, p.170–174 (1997)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  145. S. Matsuo, T. Tahara: Phase-stabilized optical heterodyne detection of impulsive stimulated Raman scattering, Chem Phys Lett 264, p.636–642 (1997)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  146. M. Pitter, E. Jakeman, M. Harris: Heterodyne detection of enhanced backscatter, Optics Letters 22, p.393–395 (1997)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  147. K.X. Sun, M.M. Fejer, E.K. Gustafson, R.L. Byer: Balanced heterodyne signal extraction in a postmodulated Sagnac interferometer at low frequency, Optics Letters 22, p.1485–1487 (1997)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  148. R. Onodera, Y. Ishii: Effect of beat frequency on the measured phase of laser- diode heterodyne interferometry, Appl Opt 35, p.4355–4360 (1996)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  149. R. Onodera, Y. Ishii: Two-wavelength laser-diode heterodyne interferometry with one phasemeter, Optics Letters 20, p.2502–2504 (1995)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2001 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Menzel, R. (2001). Properties and Description of Light. In: Photonics. Advanced Texts in Physics. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04521-3_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04521-3_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-04523-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-04521-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics