Abstract
Injuries to the elbow joint occur often in athletes. Although less common than injuries to the knee, shoulder, and ankle joints, those to the elbow can present a significant challenge to the sports medicine clinician. Often they are difficult to rehabilitate due to athletes’ unique anatomy and the often excessively high stresses applied to the elbow joint during specific sport movements. Elbow injuries can occur due to microtraumatic repetitive stresses or macrotraumatic force. Overhead athletes experience sports-specific patterns of injury to the elbow. The repetitive overhead motion involved in throwing or tennis service is responsible for unique specific injuries. These may be caused by chronic stress overload or repetitive traumatic stress. Conversely, injuries to the elbow can occur due to large magnitude stresses during sports such as football, hockey, wrestling, or soccer. In these contact sports, falls onto an extended arm, blows to the arm, or abnormal movements can result in elbow dislocations, fractures, or muscular strains.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Alley RM, Pappas AM (1995) Acute and performance-related injuries of the elbow. In: Pappas AM (ed) Upper extremity injuries in the athlete. Churchill Livingstone, New York, pp339-364
Werner SL, Fleisig GS, Dillman CJ et al. (1993) Biomechanics of the elbow during baseball pitching. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 17: 274–278
Fleisig GS, Escamilla RF (1996) Biomechanics of the elbow in the throwing athlete. Op Tech Sports Med 4 (2): 62–68
Wilson FD, Andrews JR, Blackburn TA et al. (1983) Valgus extension overload in pitching elbow. Am J Sports Med 11: 83–88
Andrews JR, Craven WM (1991) Lesions of the posterior compartment of the elbow. Clin Sports Med 10: 637–652
Glousman RE (1990) Ulnar nerve problems in the athlete’s elbow. Clin Sports Med 9: 365–377
Regan WD (1994) Acute traumatic sports injuries of the elbow in the athlete. In: Griffin LY (ed) Sports medicine orthopaedic knowledge update. American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons, Rosemont USA, 191–203
Deaven KE, Evarts CM (1972) Throwing injuries of the elbow in athletes. Orthop Clin North Am 4: 801–808
Schwab GH, Bennett JB, Woods GW (1980) Biomechanics of elbow instability. Clin Orthop 146: 42–52
Gabel GT, Morrey BF (1994) Medial epicondylitis: Surgical management, influence of ulnar neuropathy. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 3: 511–516
Nirschel RP (1983) Medial tennis elbow, surgical treatment. Orthop Trans 7: 298
Vangsness T, Jobe F (1988) The surgical treatment of medial epicondylitis. Orthop Trans 12: 733
Bennett GE (1936) Elbow and shoulder lesions of baseball players. Am J Surg 18: 921–940
Morrey BF, An KN (1984) Stability of the elbow joint: A biomechanical assessment. Am J Sports Med 12:315–319
Jobe FW, Stark H, Lombardo SJ (1986) Reconstruction of the ulnar collateral ligament in athletes. J Bone Joint Surg 28: 1158–1163
Conway JE, Jobe FW, Glousman RE et al. (1992) Medial instability of the elbow in throwing athletes. Treatment by repair or reconstruction of the ulnar collateral ligament. J Bone Joint Surg 74: 67–83
Azar FM, Andrews JR, Wilk KE, Groh D (2000) Operative treatment of ulnar collateral ligament injuries of the elbow in athletes. Am J Sports Med 28(1)x6–23
Major HP (1883) Lawn-tennis elbow. B Med Joint Surg 2: 557
Coonrad RW (1986) Tennis elbow. Instr Course Lect 35: 94101
zo. Werner CO (1979) Lateral elbow pain and posterior interosseous nerve entrapment. Acta Orthop Scand Supp1174: 1–62
Nirschl RP, Pettrone FA (1979) Tennis elbow: The surgical treatment of lateral epicondylitis. J Bone Joint Surg 61: 832839
Nirschl RP (1988) Prevention and treatment of elbow and shoulder injuries in the tennis player. Clin Sports Med 7: 289–308
Nirschl RP (1973) Tennis elbow. Orthop Clin North Am 4: 787–800
McLean DA (1989) Use of adhesive strapping in sport. Br J Spots Med 23: 147–149
Panner HJ (1929) A peculiar affection of the capitellum humeri resembling Calve-Perthes disease of the hip. Acta Radiol 10: 234–242
Haraldsson S (1959) On osteochondritis deformans juveniles capitula humeri including investigation of intra-osseous vasculature on distal humerus. Acta Orthop Scand 38[Supplla-232
Kvidera A, Madera D, Pedegano AL (1983) Stress fracture of the olecranon: A report of two cases and a review of the literature. Orthop Rev 12: 113–116
Gardiner JB (1955) Osteochondritis dissecans in three members of one family. J Bone Joint Surg Br 37:139–142
Sougaard J (1964) Familial occurrence of osteochondritis dissecans. J Bone Joint Surg Br 46: 542–543
Jackson DW, Silvino N, Reiman P (1989) Osteochondritis on the female gymnast’s elbow. Arthroscopy 5: 129–136
Naguro S (1960) The so-called osteochondritis desiccans of Konig. Clin Orthop 18x00–122
Smith MGH (1964) Osteochondritis of the humeral capitellum. J Bone Joint Surg Br 46:50–54
Pappas AM (1981) Osteochondritis dissecans. Clin Orthop 158: 57–69
Morrey BF (1994) Osteochondritis dissecans. In: DeLee JC, Drez D (eds) Orthopaedic Sports Medicine. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 908–912
Roberts W, Hughes R (1950) Osteochondritis dissecans of the elbow joint: A clinical study. J Bone Joint Surg Br 32: 348–360
Baur M, Jonsson K, Josefsson PO et al. (1992) Osteochondritis dissecans of the elbow; a long-term follow-up study. Clin Orthop 284: 156–160
Woodward AH, Bianco AJ Jr (1975) Osteochondritis disse-cans of the elbow. Clin Orthop 110: 35–41
Bennett GE (1941) Shoulder and elbow lesions of the professional baseball pitcher. J AMA 117: 510–514
Indelicato PA, Jobe FA, Kerlin RK et al. (1979) Correctable elbow lesions in professional baseball players. Am J Sports Med 7: 72–75
Andrews JR, McCluskey GM, McLeod WD (1976) Musculotendinous injuries of the shoulder and elbow in athletes, Schering symposium. Athletic Training 11: 68–71
Nuber GW, Diment MT (1992) Olecranon stress fractures in throwers: A report of two cases and a review of the literature. Clin Orthop 278: 58–61
Wilk KE, Arrigo CA (1993) Current concepts in the rehabilitation of the athletic shoulder. J Orthop Sports Phy Ther 18: 365–378
Wilk KE (1994) Current concepts in the rehabilitation of athletic shoulder injuries. In: Andrews JR, Wilk KE (eds) The Athlete’s Shoulder. Churchill Livingstone, New York, pp 335–354
Wilk KE, Andrews JR, Arrigo CA et al. (1997) Preventive and rehabilitative exercises for the shoulder and elbow. American Sports Medicine Institute, Birmingham USA
Wilk KE (1994) Rehabilitation of the elbow following arthroscopic surgery. In: Andrews JR, Soffer SR (eds) Elbow arthroscopy. Mosby, St. Louis, USA, pp 109–116
Coutts R, Rothe C, Kaita J (1981) The role of continuous passive motion in the rehabilitation of the total knee patient. Clin Orthop 159x26–132
Dehne E, Tory R (1971) Treatment ofjoint injuries by immediate mobilization based upon the spiral adaption concept. Clin Orthop 77: 218–232, 1971
Noyes FR, Mangine RE, Barber SE (1987) Early knee motion after open and arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 15: 149–160
Akeson WH, Amiel D, Woo SLY (1980) Immobilization effects on synovial joints. The pathomechanics of joint contracture. Biorheology 17: 95–107
Green DP, McCoy H (1979) Turnbuckle orthotic correction of elbow flexion contractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am 61Aao92
Nirschl RP, Morrey BF (1985) Rehabilitation. In: Morrey BF (ed) The elbow and its disorders. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 147–152
Timmerman L, Andrews JR (1994) Arthroscopic treatment of post-traumatic elbow pain and stiffness. Am J Sports Med 22:230-235
Gossman MR, Sahrmann SA, Rose SJ (1982) Review of length associated changes in muscles: Experimental evidence and clinical implications. Phys Ther 62: 1799–1807
Tabary JC, Tabary C, Tardiev C (1972) Physiological and structural changes in the cat’s soleus muscle due to immobilization at different lengths by plaster casts. J Physiol (Lond) 224: 231–244
Kaltenborn KM (1980) Mobilization of extremity joints. Examination and basic treatment techniques. Olaf Norlis Bokhard, Oslo, pp 86–91
Kottke FJ, Pauley DL, Ptak RA (1966): The rationale for prolonged stretching for correction of shortening of connective tissue. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 47: 345–352
Sapega AA, Quedenfeld TC, Moyer RA et al. (1976) Biophysical factors in range of motion exercise. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 57: 122–126
Warren CG, Lehmann JF, Koblanski JN (1976) Heat and stretch procedures: An evaluation using rat tail tendon. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 57x22–126
Warren CB, Lehmann JF, Koblanski JN (1971) Elongation of rat tail tendon: Effect of load and temperature. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 52: 465–474
Wilk KE, Voight M, Keirns MJ et al. (1993) Plyometrics for the upper extremities: Theory and clinical application. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 17:225-239
Wilk KE, Arrigo CA, Courson RE et al. (1991) Preventive and rehabilitation exercises for the shoulder and elbow (edn 3 ). American Sports Medicine Institute, Birmingham, USA
Moseley JS, Jobe FW, Pink M et al. (1991) Electromyographic analysis of the glenohumeral muscles during a baseball rehabilitation program. Am J Sports Med 19: 264–269
Townsend H, Jobe FW, Pink M et al. (1991) Electromyographic analysis of the glenohumeral muscles during a baseball rehabilitation program. Am J Sports Med 19: 264269
Blackburn TA, McLeod WD, White B (1990) EMG analysis of posterior rotator cuff exercises. Athl Training 25: 40–45
Jobe FW, Moynes DW (1985) Delineation of diagnostic criteria and a rehabilitation program for rotator cuff injuries. Am J Sports Med 10: 336–340
Pappas AM, Zawacki RM: (1985) Rehabilitation of the pitching shoulder. Am J Sports Med 13: 223–226
Wilk KE, Arrigo CA, Andrews JR (1993) Rehabilitation of the elbow in the throwing athlete. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 17: 305–317
Andrews JR, Joyce M, Jelsma R et al. (1996) Open surgical procedures for injuries to the elbow in throwers. Op Tech Sports Med 4x09–113
Jobe FW, Stark H, Lombardo SJ (1986) Reconstruction of the ulnar collateral ligament in athletes. J Bone Joint Surg 68: 1158–1163
Davidson PA, Pink M, Perry J et al. (1995) Functional anatomy of the flexor pronator muscle in group relation to the medial collateral ligament of the elbow. Am J Sports Med 23: 245–250
Bennett GE (1941) Shoulder and elbow lesions of the professional baseball pitcher. J Am Med Assoc 117: 510–514
Andrews JR, Frank W (1985) Valgus extension overload in the pitching elbow. In: Andrews JR, Zarins B, Carson WB (eds) Injuries to the throwing arm. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp250–257
Wilson FD, Andrews JR, Blackburn TA et al. (1983) Valgus extension overload in the pitching elbow. Am J Sports Med 11: 83–87
Andrews JR, Timmerman L (1995) Outcome of elbow surgery in professional baseball players. Am J Sports Med 23: 407–413
Soffer SR, Andrews JR (1994) Arthroscopic surgical procedure of the elbow: Common cases. In: Andrews JR, Soffer SR (eds) Elbow arthroscopy. Mosby, St. Louis, USA, pp 7478
Green DP, McCoy H (1979) Turnbuckle orthotic correction of elbow flexion contractures after acute injuries. J Bone Joint Surg Am 61A: 1092–1096
Buxton JD (1985) Ossification in the ligaments of the elbow. Contemp Orthop 11: 21–26
Morrey BF (1985) The elbow and its disorders. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Wilk, K.E., Andrews, J.R. (2001). Rehabilitation of Elbow Injuries. In: Puddu, G., Giombini, A., Selvanetti, A. (eds) Rehabilitation of Sports Injuries. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04369-1_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04369-1_7
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-08690-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-04369-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive