Abstract
The machine tool industry was long considered to be more a typical example of slow and incremental development (March et al., 1989, Carlsson, 1990). But since the middle of the 1970s, the speed of innovation has become an ever-more important factor of survival. Due to sinking product life cycles, down to five years or less (Finegold et al., 1994), emphasis on competition is shifting from the product to the process of its creation. In this situation, firms are increasingly forced to bring their products onto the market at a low price with a short time to market while still taking into account special customer wishes (Pfeiffer, 1983, Hirsch-Kreinsen in this book).
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Lippert, I. (2000). Reorganizing Process Chains in the German and American Machine Tool Industry. In: Jürgens, U. (eds) New Product Development and Production Networks. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04255-7_7
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